By-Products of the Babassu Agribusiness for Ruminant Diets.

The use of babassu agro-industrial residues in animal feed, in addition to being an economic option of great importance in reducing the environmental impact in regions of the Brazilian Cerrado, provides the production of good quality foods of animal origin due to its nutritional characteristics. However, information related to the nutritional components of babassu by-industrial residues has not yet been sufficiently explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of some by-products from the babassu production chain through chemical composition and in situ degradability analyses. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design, with 4 by-products from babassu processing (cake, greasy, fine flour, and 95 µm flour) and 5 replications. The by-products differ in terms of chemical composition, except for the hemicellulose content. For the degradability of fraction "a" of dry matter, it presented a higher percentage for 95 µm flour. Fine flour and 95 µm flour presented the highest fractions "b" and "c," potential, and effective degradability of dry matter. For the degradation of crude protein, the highest percentages of potential and effective degradability were observed for greasy and 95 µm flour. The highest standardized potentially degradable fraction and the highest passage rate were obtained by 95 µm flour, which also showed greater degradation for dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber. Among the by-products studied, the babassu cake has superior chemical composition; however, the 95 µm flour presented nutritional value and satisfactory rumen degradation to be used as an additive or in partial replacement of traditional concentrates.

Potential distribution modelling for Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in South America.

The species Haemonchus contortus occurs in many regions worldwide, mainly parasitising small ruminants and economically impacting animal production. Climate change is considered a driving force for the risk of diseases caused by helminths and can also affect relationships between parasites and their hosts, with the potential to cause losses in both animal production and biodiversity in general. The aim of this study was to model the potential distribution of H. contortus in South America. We used MaxEnt to perform the analyses and describe the contribution of important bioclimatic variables involved in the species distribution. Our results show that H. contortus colonised most of the areas with habitats that suit the species' environmental requirements and that this parasite presents habitat suitability in a future scenario. Understanding the effects of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of parasite species is essential for monitoring these pathogens, in addition to predicting the areas that tend to present future parasite outbreaks and identify opportunities to mitigate the impacts of the emergence of diseases caused by these organisms.

A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in goats.

The aim of this study was evaluate to seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in goats worldwide and the main risk factors associated from 2000 to 2020, through meta-analysis with 55,317 goats from 75 reports published in seven electronic databases of major global importance. A global seroprevalence detected was 27.49% (95% CI 24.15-30.95; I2 = 99%), with the lowest percentage in Asia (20.74%; 95% CI 16.45-25.39) and highest in Central America (62.15%; 95% CI 57.28-66.90) and Europe (31.53%; 95% CI 21.71-42.26). The seropositivity in Africa and South America were (29.41%; 95% CI 19.11-40.89) and (29.76%; 95% CI 25.84-33.83), respectively. The seroprevalence was associated with presence of cats (OR 2.22; 95% CI 1.30-3.82), goats older than one year (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1, 37-2.29), females (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.23-1.65), rearing system (extensive vs. intensive) (OR 4.82; 95% CI 1.96-11, 84) and rearing system (semi-intensive vs. intensive) (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.48-6.13). The heterogeneity was evidenced in most world regions and the risk factors may play roles in varying the seroprevalence.

Seroprevalence and risk factors for Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in goats of Maranhão State, Brazil.

We estimated the seroprevalence and possible risk factors for neosporosis and toxoplasmosis in goats in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. In addition, the variables related to these animals and the management of the farm were investigated in terms of the significance of the associations. In total, 383 serum samples from goats, of both sexes and different ages, were collected from 15 farms in four municipalities. The indirect immunofluorescence test was used for antibody detection against Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. The overall seroprevalence of N. caninum in goats was 26.4% (101/382; IC 95% 22.3-31.1), and 114 out of 383 serum samples were T. gondii-seropositive (29.8%, IC 95% 25.4-34.5). In addition, the seroprevalence of coinfection of T. gondii and N. caninum in goats was 8.6% (33/382; IC 95% 6.2-11.8). The risk factors significantly associated with the seroprevalence of N. caninum were age, type of sheepfold floor, rearing system, feeding, pasture area cultivated, cats having access to the feed deposits, worming, slaughter place of the animals, history of abortion and the presence of dogs and cats. Regarding the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection, age, category, presence of other species and purpose of breeding were the risk factors. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the seroprevalence and risk factors for N. caninum and T. gondii in goats in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, which provides basic data for the implementation of strategies and control measures against neosporosis and toxoplasmosis.

Survey of Neospora caninum in eared doves (Zenaida auriculata) in Southern Brazil.

Neosporosis is an infectious disease caused by Neospora caninum, a protozoan parasite that has worldwide distribution and is responsible for enormous economic losses in cattle. Birds are considered a good bioindicator of environmental contamination, since they feed on the ground, being exposed to N. caninum oocysts. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of antibodies against N. caninum and to verify the presence of parasite DNA in brain from free-ranging eared doves (Zenaida auriculata) from Southern Brazil. For this purpose, blood and brain samples were collected from 249 doves for ELISA and PCR analysis respectively. The prevalence of N. caninum antibodies in doves was 31.72% (79/249) and detection of parasite DNA was not observed in none of birds. This is the first report of antibodies against N. caninum in doves Z. auriculata, what show us that these birds had previously contact with the parasite but since no N. caninum DNA was detected, more studies should be performed to elucidate the real importance of doves in the epidemiologic cycle of the N. caninum.

Occurrence of gastrointestinal and renal helminths in Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs, 1847) trap-captured from Brazil.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal and renal helminths from naturally infected Zenaida auriculata captured in Londrina, Paraná State. Two hundred and one Eared doves were trapped and the gastrointestinal and renal helminths were collected and identified according to morphological structures. One hundred and sixteen (57.71%) doves were parasitized by helminths with specific prevalences for Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus in 50 doves (24.88%), Ascaridia columbae in 47 (23.38%), Paratanaisia bragai and P. confusa in 34 (16.92%), Tetrameres fissispina in 17 (8.46%), Synhimantus nasuta in 14 (6.47%), Brachylaima mazzantii in 4 (1.99%) and Raillietina allomyodes in 2 doves (1.00%). Seventy four/201 (37.00%) birds were infected with only one species, and 96/201 (48.00%) pigeons were infected with nematodes. The association between different classes of helminths occurred in 40/201 (20.00%) animals. The results showed statistically differences between the presence of nematode (p = 0.00001) and trematode species (p ≤ 0.05) in the doves, and there was an association between the local of capture and the presence of trematodes and A. columbae (p ≤ 0.05). This study is the first to report the infection of Z. auriculata from Brazil with O. quadriradiatus, A. columbae, T. fissispina, S. nasuta, R. allomyodes, P. bragai and P. confusa.

Oocyst shedding in cats vaccinated by the nasal and rectal routes with crude rhoptry proteins of Toxoplasma gondii.

During this study, cats were immunized by the intranasal and rectal routes with crude rhoptry proteins of Toxoplasma gondii admixed with Quil-A. Twenty-five domestic short hair cats divided into five groups (n=5) were used during this evaluation: G1 and G3 cats received 200 µg of the rhoptry proteins with Quil-A (20 µg) by the intranasal and rectal routes, respectively; G2 and G4 cats received bovine serum albumin (BSA, 200 µg/dose) with Quil-A (20 µg); and G5 animals served as unvaccinated controls. All treatments were performed at days 0, 21, 42, and 63. The challenge was done with 800 cysts of the ME49 of T. gondii strain at day 70 (challenge day). The serum IgG, IgM, IgA, and fecal IgA antibody levels were evaluated by using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Some animals produced antibody levels beyond cut-off; however, two animals from G1 (OD(mean)=0.308, OD(cut-off)=0.200) and three from G3 (OD(mean)=0.254) demonstrated IgG levels on being challenged, with similar results occurring in two cats from G1 to IgM (OD(mean)=0.279, OD(cut-off)=0.200). Fecal IgA levels were detected in all G1 cats (OD(mean)=0.330, OD(cut-off)=0.065), and in one cat from G3 (OD(mean)=0.167). The serum and fecal humoral immune responses did not correlate with oocyst shedding. Oocyst shedding varied from 98.4% (G1), 87.5% (G2), 53.0% (G3), to 58% (G4), and was lower than that of G5 cats. The prepatent period of cats vaccinated intranasally (G1) was reduced from 6-9.6 to 2.8 days, suggesting protection of environmental contamination, considering cats as the primary source of contamination. The intranasally and rectally administered rhoptry vaccines were able to partially protect cats against T. gondii cysts on being challenged; however, the intranasal method of vaccination yielded better results relative to the rectal route.

Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from pregnant dairy cows (Bos taurus) slaughtered.

The current study aimed to evaluate serology, and isolate and genotype Toxoplasma gondii strains from pregnant dairy cows, slaughtered in an abattoir for human consumption, and their fetuses. Blood from 60 pregnant dairy cows and blood and tissue samples (brain, lung, heart, and liver) from their fetuses were collected and analyzed in a mouse bioassay. Antibodies against T. gondii were observed in 48.3% of cows and 3.7% of fetuses (IFAT, titers ≥ 50 for cows and 25 for fetuses were considered positive). Fourteen fetuses (23.3%) and six cows (10.0%) were identified as positive in the bioassay. T. gondii was isolated from a blood sample of a cow older than 4 years old in the 6th month of pregnancy, and from a blood sample of a fetus in the 6th month of gestation. These isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as being of T. gondii and both strains showed type II alleles for all PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) markers tested. T. gondii type II strain from cattle was isolated for the first time in Brazil. The current study also showed that transplacental transmission of T. gondii naturally occurs in dairy cows (23.3%) from Southern Brazil.

Humoral and cellular immune responses in pigs immunized intranasally with crude rhoptry proteins of Toxoplasma gondii plus Quil-A.

We evaluated the humoral and cellular immune responses in pigs immunized intranasally with crude rhoptry proteins of Toxoplasma gondii plus Quil-A. The experiment used 13 mixed-breed pigs divided into the following three groups: G1 (vaccinated-challenged, n=6), which received the rhoptry vaccine (200(g/dose); G2 (adjuvant-challenged, n=4), which received PBS plus Quil-A; and G3 (unvaccinated-challenged, n=3), which was the control group. The treatments were performed intranasally at days 0, 21, and 42. Three pigs from G1 produced IgG and IgM antibody levels above the cut-off in the ELISA on the challenge day. Partial protection was observed in G1 at the chronic phase of infection when compared with G3. The preventable fractions were 41.6% and 6.5%, in G1 and G2, respectively. The results of this study suggest that rhoptry proteins plus Quil-A stimulated humoral, local, and systemic immune responses, which were able to partially protect the brain from cyst formation.

Protective activity against oocyst shedding in cats vaccinated with crude rhoptry proteins of the Toxoplasma gondii by the intranasal route.

This study evaluated a vaccine made from crude rhoptry proteins of Toxoplasma gondii with Quil-A, which was administered to cats by the intranasal route. Eleven short-hair domestic cats were divided into four groups: G1 (n=3) received three doses (200 microg/dose) of the rhoptry vaccine with Quil-A (20 microg); G2 (n=3) received PBS with Quil-A (20 microg); G3 (n=3) and G4 (n=2) received only PBS. Treatments were administered at days 0, 21, and 42 by the intranasal route. Challenge was done to G1, G2, and G3 animals with 600 cysts of the VEG strain on day 51 (challenge day); G4 animals were unchallenged. The anti-T. gondii IgG and IgA antibody levels from sera were measured by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At challenge, two animals from G1 revealed antibody levels for both IgG and IgA; oocysts were not detected in feces of these two cats. There were no differences in hematological values between groups throughout the experiment (p>0.10). Preventable fractions were 67% in G1 and 0% in G2 and G3. Comparatively, G1 animals shed 89.3% and 90.8% less oocysts than G3 and G4, respectively. Two out of three cats were protected against T. gondii oocyst shedding when the rhoptry vaccine was administered by the intranasal route. This is the first study using crude rhoptry proteins as vaccine by the intranasal route in cats to evaluate protection against oocysts shedding.