On the increasing incidence of SARS-CoV- 2 in older adolescents and younger adults during the epidemic in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate temporary changes in the inciden-ce of SARS-CoV-2-confirmed hospitalizations (by date of symptom onset) by age group during and after the national lockdown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For each age group g, we computed the proportion E(g) of individuals in that age group among all cases aged 10-59y during the early lock-down period (April 20-May 3, 2020), and the corresponding proportion L(g) during the late lockdown (May 18-31, 2020) and post-lockdown (June 15-28, 2020) periods and computed the prevalence ratio: PR(g)=L(g)/E(g). RESULTS: For the late lockdown and post-lockdown periods, the highest PR values were found in age groups 15-19y (late: PR=1.69, 95%CI 1.05,2.72; post-lockdown: PR=2.05, 1.30,3.24) and 20-24y (late: PR=1.43, 1.10,1.86; post-lockdown: PR=1.49, 1.15,1.93). These estimates were higher in individuals 15-24y compared to those ≥30y. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents and younger adults had an increased relative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 during late lockdown and post-lockdown periods. The role of these age groups should be considered when implementing future pandemic response efforts.

On the increasing role of older adolescents and younger adults during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Mexico.

Background: During the first months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, Mexico implemented a national lockdown followed by post-lockdown mitigation. Methods: We used daily number of SARS-CoV-2-confirmed hospitalizations (by date of symptom onset) to assess the changes in the incidence of individuals between the age of 10-59 years during the epidemic in Mexico. For each age group g, we computed the proportion E(g) of individuals in that age group among all cases aged 10-59y during the early lockdown period (April 20-May 3, 2020), and the corresponding proportion L(g) during the late lockdown period (May 18-31, 2020) and post-lockdown mitigation (June 15-28, 2020). For each later period (late lockdown or post-lockdown), we computed the proportion ratios relative to the early lockdown period PR(g)=L(g)/E(g). For each pair of age groups g1,g2, PR(g1)> PR(g2) is interpreted as a relative increase in SARS-CoV-2 infections in the age group g1 compared to g2 for the late lockdown and post-lockdown periods vs. the early lockdown period. Results: For the late lockdown period, the highest PR estimates belong to persons aged 15-19y (PR=1.69(95%CI(1.05, 2.72))) and 20-24y (PR=1.43(1.10,1.86)). For the post-lockdown period, the highest PR estimates were also in age groups 15-19y (PR=2.05(1.30, 3.24)) and 20-24y (PR=1.49(1.15,1.93)). These estimates were higher in persons 15-24y compared to those ≥30y. Conclusions: Our results suggest that adolescents and younger adults had an increased relative incidence during late lockdown and the post-lockdown mitigation periods. The role of these age groups during the epidemic should be considered when implementing future pandemic response efforts.

The Shirom-Melamed Vigor Measure for Students: Factorial Analysis and Construct Validity in Spanish Undergraduate University Students.

Students suffer from a decrease in physical activity during their education period. This lower level of activity could affect, through various paths, their academic performance, mental health, and satisfaction with life. In these two studies, we assumed that vigor, a positive affect variable, would act as a mediating variable in the above relationship, and thus, we proposed an instrument for evaluating vigor in academic contexts. In Study 1, 707 undergraduates (59.7% women) responded to the vigor scale adapted for students to test factorial validation (through confirmatory factor analysis) and obtain reliability indicators. In Study 2, 309 undergraduates (55.3% women) completed a questionnaire measuring physical activity, mental health, satisfaction with life, vigor, and academic performance to test a structural model of the relationships between the variables to obtain construct validity. A measurement model with three related factors, each representing one dimension of vigor, optimally fit the data, and the reliability indices were adequate (Study 1). Moreover, the mediational model confirmed a complete influence of physical activity on satisfaction with life, academic performance, and mental health levels through students' vigor levels with optimal adjusting values (Study 2). Proposing an instrument such as the Shirom-Melamed Vigor Measure for students allows the opening of a research venue that is focused on the study of positive affects in academic contexts, as well as the testing of the physical activity pathways of action in obtaining positive results.

[Patterns of heroin consumption in a jail on the northern Mexican border: barriers to treatment access]. / Patrones de consumo de heroína en una cárcel de la frontera norte de México: barreras de acceso a tratamiento.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of heroin use, patterns of initiation, intense use, and drug-dependency; also, to assess barriers to drug treatment access. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in the Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua prison. Subjects were selected using simple random sampling from census of prison inmates. Barriers to drug treatment were identified and analyzed using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence of heroin use for the last six months was 26.4%; 25.3% were intense heroin users; and 95% showed dependence. The mean age of initiation was 21 years. A multivariate model showed that the significant barriers to drug treatment access were: low education, withdrawal, overdosing, presence of chronic diseases, and duration of heroin use. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings should serve to devise potential applications to establish treatment programs in prisons.

Cigarette smoking; Knowledge and attitudes among Mexican physicians

Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia del hábito de fumar entre médicos mexicanos y de algunas actitudes e información sobre cuestiones específicas relativas al tabaquismo. Material y métodos. En 1993 se realizó una encuesta entre 3568 médicos de las tres instituciones oficiales de salud más importantes de la Ciudad de México aplicando un cuestionario diseñado para la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones (ENA 1993). Se evaluaron la prevalencia del hábito de fumar cigarrillos, la edad de inicio, la cantidad de cigarrillos que se fuman al día, así como la información y actitudes respecto al hábito de fumar. Resultados. La edad promedio fue de 37 años y 66 por ciento eran hombres. De los 3488 (98 por ciento) médicos encuestados, 26.9 por ciento eran fumadores (62 por ciento fumaban diario), 20.6 por ciento eran ex fumadores y 52.5 por ciento no eran fumadores. Hubo diferencias relacionadas con la edad y el sexo (p< 0.05). De los fumadores del diario 36 por ciento fumaban entre uno y cinco cigarrillos. Se observó una tendencia significativa entre ex fumadores en la que se asocia el tiempo que llevan sin fumar con el temor de comenzar a fumar otra vez. Los médicos estaban bien informados sobre la relación entre fumar cigarrillos y el cáncer del pulmón. Más de 80 por ciento consideraron que el tabaco es una droga adictiva; sin embargo, sólo 65 por ciento se declararon a favor de prohibir fumar en sus sitios de trabajo y más del 10 por ciento no sabían que está prohibido fumar en instituciones de salud. Conclusiones. Estos resultados difieren de otros estudios que indican que la prevalencia del hábito de fumar entre médicos es menor que en la población general. Nuestro estudio mostró mayor prevalencia del hábito de fumar ente médicas, y la cantidad de cigarrillos que se fuman al día fue mayor que la que se registra para la población en general, sin importar el sexo

Objective. To determine the prevalence of the smoking habit among Mexican physicians as well as some of their attitudes and information on specific issues concerning smoking. Material and methods. In 1993, a survey was carried out among 3 568 physicians of the three major official health care institutions in Mexico City. A questionnaire designed for The Mexican National Survey of Addictions (ENA 1993) was used. Prevalence of cigarette smoking, age of onset, number of cigarettes per day; also information and attitudes concerning smoking were assessed. Results. The mean age was 37, 66% were males. Of the 3,488 (98%) surveyed, 26.9% were smokers (62% daily), 20.6% were ex-smokers and 52.5% non-smokers. There were differences related to age and sex (p< 0.05). Of daily smokers, 36% smoked between 1 and 5 cigarettes. There was a significant trend among ex-smokers that linked the time they had ceased smoking with the fear to start smoking again. Physicians were well informed of the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Over 80% considered tobacco an addictive drug but only 65% were in favor of banning smoking from their workplaces and over 10% were not aware that it is forbidden to smoke inside health care facilities. Conclusions. These results differ from other studies that find the prevalence of smoking among physicians lower than in the general population. Our study revealed a greater prevalence of the smoking habit among female physicians and the number of cigarettes smoked per day was greater than in the general population regardless of sex.

Granulomatosis de Wegener / Wegener's granulomatosis

La granulomatosis de wegener es una vasculitis generalizada con manifestaciones en diversos órganos, entre ellos la piel. El tracto respiratorio es el más afectado. El pronóstico es grave, pero ha mejorado con el tratamiento mediante ciclofosfamida y prednisona. Se presenta un caso con afección cutánea tratado con este régimen

Consumo de drogas médicas en población de 60 a 65 años en México. Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones 1993 / Consumption of prescription drugs in population aged 60 to 65 years in Mexico

Estimar la prevalencia del consumo de opioides, depresores y estimulantes entre la población de 60 a 65 años de edad, entrevistada en la Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Adiciciones, llevada a cabo en 1993, y conocer las características demográficas de los ancianos consumidores de drogas médicas. Material y métodos. La información se obtuvo mediante un estudio transversal, probabilístico, de diseño polietápico, estratificado y por conglomerados, en el que se entrevistó a individuos de ambos sexos de 12 a 65 años de edad residentes en zonas urbanas del país. Resultados. Se identificaron 911 ancianos; 218 (23.9 por ciento) consumen drogas médicas (17 por ciento hombres y 28 por ciento mujeres); 22 por ciento de las mujeres y 13 por ciento de los hombres consumen depresores del sistema nervioso central. Tales medicamentos son los de mayor consumo, seguidos por los opioides (7 por ciento en mujeres y 5 por ciento en los hombres). La edad de inicio del consumo en la mayoría de los casos es a los 60 años y es más temprana en los hombres. El consumo de depresores y opioides ocurre bajo prescripción médica en 85 por ciento de los casos, 3 por ciento se automedica y 5 por ciento los utiliza por recomendación de una amistad; 9 por ciento los emplea por más tiempo del prescrito. Conclusiones. Es necesario realizar estudios más profundos y específicos acerca del consumo de medicamentos por parte de los ancianos, conocer con detalle la prevalencia de su uso, cuáles son los más utilizados, la frecuencia de efectos adversos, la afectación de la calidad de vida al ingerir medicamentos prescritos inadecuadamente y las redes sociales de apoyo para los ancianos, entre otros

To estimate the prevalence of consumption of medical drugs among the population 60 to 65 years old identified in the National Survey on Addictions 1993 and obtain data on the demographic characteristics of these consumers. Material and methods. A cross-sectional, probabilistic, stratified and cluster sample of subjects between 12 and 65 years old living in urban areas of the country was selected. Results. Of the 911 elderly subjects identified, 218 (23.9%) were consumers of prescription drugs, constituting 17% of men and 28% of women. The most frequently used drugs were central nervous system depressants (22% of women and 13% of men) followed by opiates (7% of women and 5% of men). The onset age of consumption was 60 years old and men started earlier than women. Of prescription drug users, 85% use depressors and opiates by prescription, 3% self-medicate themselves and 5% follow a friend's recommendation. Nine per cent use prescription drugs longer than the prescribed time. Conclusions. More extensive, specific studies of drug consumption by the elderly should be carried out to explore prevalence of use, which are used most frequently, frequency of adverse effects, effects on quality of life and social support networks for the elderly, among other topics.