Quality of spirometry and related diagnosis in primary care with a focus on clinical use.

American and European societies' (ATS/ERS) criteria for spirometry are often not met in primary care. Yet, it is unknown if quality is sufficient for daily clinical use. We evaluated quality of spirometry in primary care based on clinical usefulness, meeting ATS/ERS criteria and agreement on diagnosis between general practitioners (GPs) and pulmonologists. GPs included ten consecutive spirometry tests and detailed history questionnaires of patients who underwent spirometry as part of usual care. GPs and two pulmonologists assessed the spirometry tests and questionnaires on clinical usefulness and formulated a diagnosis. In total, 149 participants covering 15 GPs were included. Low agreements were found on diagnosis between GPs and pulmonologists 1 (κ = 0.39) and 2 (κ = 0.44). GPs and pulmonologists rated >88% of the tests as clinically useful, although 13% met ATS/ERS criteria. This real-life study demonstrated that clinical usefulness of routine primary care spirometry tests was high, although agreement on diagnosis was low.

Assessing health status over time: impact of recall period and anchor question on the minimal clinically important difference of copd health status tools.

BACKGROUND: The Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) assesses what change on a measurement tool can be considered minimal clinically relevant. Although the recall period can influence questionnaire scores, it is unclear if it influences the MCID. This study is the first to examine longitudinally the impact of the recall period of an anchor question and its design on the MCID of COPD health status tools using the COPD Assessment Test (CAT), Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) and the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). METHODS: Moderate to very severe COPD patients without respiratory co-morbidities were recruited during 3-week Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR). CAT, CCQ and SGRQ were completed at baseline, discharge, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. A 15-point Global Rating of Change scale (GRC) was completed at each follow-up. A five-point GRC was used as second anchor at 12 months. Mean change scores of a subset of patients indicating a minimal improvement on each of the anchor questions were considered the MCID. The MCID estimates over different time periods were compared with one another by evaluating the degree of overlap of Confidence Intervals (CI) adjusted for dependency. RESULTS: In total 451 patients were included (57.9 ± 6.6 years, 65% male, 50/39/11% GOLD II/III/IV), of which 309 completed follow-up. Baseline health status scores were 20.2 ± 7.3 (CAT), 2.9 ± 1.2 (CCQ) and 50.7 ± 17.3 (SGRQ). MCID estimates for improvement ranged - 3.1 to - 1.4 for CAT, - 0.6 to - 0.3 for CCQ, and - 10.3 to - 7.6 for SGRQ. Absolute higher - though not significant - MCIDs were observed for CAT and CCQ directly after PR. Significantly absolute lower MCID estimates were observed for CAT (difference - 1.4: CI -2.3 to - 0.5) and CCQ (difference - 0.2: CI -0.3 to -0.1) using a five-point GRC. CONCLUSIONS: The recall period of a 15-point anchor question seemed to have limited impact on the MCID for improvement of CAT, CCQ and SGRQ during PR; although a 3-week MCID estimate directly after PR might lead to absolute higher values. However, the design of the anchor question was likely to influence the MCID of CAT and CCQ. TRIAL REGISTRATION: RIMTCORE trial # DRKS00004609 and #12107 (Ethik-Kommission der Bayerischen Landesärztekammer).

Feasibility and applicability of the paper and electronic COPD assessment test (CAT) and the clinical COPD questionnaire (CCQ) in primary care: a clinimetric study.

Three questionnaires are recommended in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by the global initiative for obstructive lung disease, of which two are the more comprehensive assessments: the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test and the clinical chronic obstructive pulmonary disease questionnaire. Both are carefully designed high-quality questionnaires, but information on the feasibility for routine use is scarce. The aim of this study was to compare the time to complete the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test and the clinical chronic obstructive pulmonary disease questionnaire and the acceptability of the questionnaires. Furthermore, the agreement between electronic and paper versions of the questionnaires was explored. The time to complete the electronic versions of the questionnaires was 99.6 [IQR 74; 157] vs. 97.5 [IQR 68; 136] seconds for clinical clinical chronic obstructive pulmonary disease questionnaire and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test, respectively. The difference in time to complete the questionnaire was not significant. The two questionnaires did not differ in "easiness to complete" or "importance of issues raised in questionnaires". Electronic vs. paper versions revealed high agreement (ICC CCQ = 0.815 [0.712; 0.883] and ICC CAT = 0.751 [0.608; 0.847]) between the administration methods. Based on this study it can be concluded that both questionnaires are equally suitable for use in routine clinical practice, because they are both quick to complete and have a good acceptability by the patient. Agreement between electronic and paper versions of the questionnaires was high, so use of electronic versions is justified.COPD: QUESTIONNAIRES EQUALLY SUITABLE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE: Two questionnaires commonly used to manage chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) are equally suitable for routine primary care. Researchers in The Netherlands, led by Janwillem Kocks from the University Medical Center Groningen, administered both the COPD assessment test (CAT) and the clinical COPD questionnaire (CCQ) to 95 patients with the lung disease. These two tests are the most comprehensive assessments recommended by the global initiative for obstructive lung disease for guiding treatment decisions. The researchers found that both tests took approximately 95-100 s on average. Both tests were also equally easy to complete and provided similar types of information. Most patients said they had no preference for either one, and they filled out both electronic and paper versions of the questionnaires in much the same way. The authors conclude that both tests seem fine for routine use.

Physical activity is increased by a 12-week semiautomated telecoaching programme in patients with COPD: a multicentre randomised controlled trial.

RATIONALE: Reduced physical activity (PA) in patients with COPD is associated with a poor prognosis. Increasing PA is a key therapeutic target, but thus far few strategies have been found effective in this patient group. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effectiveness of a 12-week semiautomated telecoaching intervention on PA in patients with COPD in a multicentre European randomised controlled trial. METHODS: 343 patients from six centres, encompassing a wide spectrum of disease severity, were randomly allocated to either a usual care group (UCG) or a telecoaching intervention group (IG) between June and December 2014. This 12-week intervention included an exercise booklet and a step counter providing feedback both directly and via a dedicated smartphone application. The latter provided an individualised daily activity goal (steps) revised weekly and text messages as well as allowing occasional telephone contacts with investigators. PA was measured using accelerometry during 1 week preceding randomisation and during week 12. Secondary outcomes included exercise capacity and health status. Analyses were based on modified intention to treat. MAIN RESULTS: Both groups were comparable at baseline in terms of factors influencing PA. At 12 weeks, the intervention yielded a between-group difference of mean, 95% CI (lower limit - upper limit; ll-ul) +1469, 95% CI (971 to 1965) steps/day and +10.4, 95% CI (6.1 to 14.7) min/day moderate PA; favouring the IG (all p≤0.001). The change in 6-min walk distance was significantly different (13.4, 95% CI (3.40 to 23.5) m, p<0.01), favouring the IG. In IG patients, an improvement could be observed in the functional state domain of the clinical COPD questionnaire (p=0.03) compared with UCG. Other health status outcomes did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: The amount and intensity of PA can be significantly increased in patients with COPD using a 12-week semiautomated telecoaching intervention including a step counter and an application installed on a smartphone. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02158065.

[French data from the Continuing to Confront COPD (C2C) survey]. / Données françaises dans l'enquête internationale Continuing to confront COPD (C2C).

INTRODUCTION: This article describes the French data which contributed to the international "Continuing to Confront COPD" (C2C) survey conducted in 2013 across 12 countries. Its objective was to describe the characteristics, symptoms and impact of COPD on health status, daily activities and working life in adults identified with the study definition as COPD; i.e., reporting a diagnosis of COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis (CB) or symptoms of CB either currently present or for which they had been treated in the past. METHODS: Subjects 40 years or older were screened using random-digit-dialing and those fulfilling the study COPD definition were invited to complete the full survey. RESULTS: The proportion of respondents with COPD (according to study definition) in France was estimated at 7.5%. Among 300 respondents with COPD and complete questionnaire data, 48% were male, 44% aged over 70years, 45% were overweight and 72% had a smoking history. COPD had a severe or very severe impact (COPD assessment test score>20) on health for 43%. Dyspnea (mMRC ≥ 1) was reported by 70% and a limitation of at least 20% of daily activities by 65%. The mean number of exacerbations was 2/year and 16% had been admitted to hospital for respiratory problems during the past year. However, using direct questions, 80% subjects considered that they had mild to moderately severe disease and 78% reported an acceptable health status. CONCLUSION: The impact of COPD is markedly underestimated by respondents with COPD despite a high level of symptoms, poor health status and frequent exacerbations as assessed with validated measures.

Use of the Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test (CARATkids) in children and adolescents: Validation in Dutch.

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis and asthma are common and closely related diseases. Recently, a Portuguese questionnaire has been developed 'The Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test' (CARATkids) that measures disease control of both diseases in children. This study aims to validate the CARATkids in Dutch children and for the first time in adolescents and, in addition, to calculate the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted in an outpatient clinic. After translation of the CARATkids from Portuguese to Dutch, patients (6-18 years) with asthma or asthma and allergic rhinitis completed the CARATkids, Asthma Control Test, and visual analog scale questionnaire three times. Baseline characteristics, mean scores, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, cross-sectional and longitudinal validity, discriminative properties, responsiveness, and MCID of the CARATkids were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 111 patients were included. In total, 86% and 79%, respectively, completed the questionnaires at the second and third visits. All children had asthma, and 85% had concomitant allergic rhinitis. The internal consistency was good with all expected a priori correlations met. CARATkids scores were higher in patients with uncontrolled asthma and patients with moderate-severe rhinitis compared to better controlled subjects. Patients with a variable asthma control had significantly higher scores during periods of uncontrolled asthma. Also the Guyatt's responsiveness index was good. The MCID was 2.8. CONCLUSIONS: The CARATkids questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool to assess allergic rhinitis and asthma control among Dutch children. The tool can be used in adolescents.

[Effectiveness of the Assessment of Burden of COPD tool: a cluster-randomised controlled trial]. / Effectiviteit van de 'Ziektelastmeter COPD'.

OBJECTIVE: Assessment of the effectiveness of the Assessment of Burden of COPD (ABC) tool on disease-specific quality of life in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). DESIGN: Cluster-randomised controlled trial. METHOD: This concerned a trial in 39 Dutch primary care practices and 17 hospitals, involving 357 patients with COPD (postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.7) aged ≥ 40 years. Healthcare providers were randomized to an intervention or control group. Patients in the intervention group were treated with the ABC tool. This innovative tool consists of a short validated questionnaire and a number of objective parameters, which collectively give a visual overview of the combined integral health; the tool subsequently produces an individualized treatment plan by means of a treatment algorithm. Patients in the control group received usual care. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients with a clinically relevant improvement in disease-specific quality of life measured, as measured by means of the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score, between baseline and 18 months follow-up. Secondary outcomes included the SGRQ total score and the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) score. RESULTS: At 18-month follow-up, a significant and clinically relevant improvement in the SGRQ score was seen in 34% of the patients (N=49) in the intervention group, and in the control group this figure was 22% (N=33). This difference between the two groups was significant (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.16). Patients in the intervention group experienced a higher quality of care than patients in the control group (0.32 points difference in PACIC, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.50). CONCLUSION: Use of the ABC tool increases the disease-specific quality of life and the quality of care for COPD patients; it may therefore offer a valuable contribution to improvements in the daily care of COPD. Replication of this study in other (non-Dutch) health-care settings is recommended.

Combining genomewide association study and lung eQTL analysis provides evidence for novel genes associated with asthma.

BACKGROUND: Genomewide association studies (GWASs) of asthma have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that modestly increase the risk for asthma. This could be due to phenotypic heterogeneity of asthma. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is a phenotypic hallmark of asthma. We aim to identify susceptibility genes for asthma combined with BHR and analyse the presence of cis-eQTLs among replicated SNPs. Secondly, we compare the genetic association of SNPs previously associated with (doctor's diagnosed) asthma to our GWAS of asthma with BHR. METHODS: A GWAS was performed in 920 asthmatics with BHR and 980 controls. Top SNPs of our GWAS were analysed in four replication cohorts, and lung cis-eQTL analysis was performed on replicated SNPs. We investigated association of SNPs previously associated with asthma in our data. RESULTS: A total of 368 SNPs were followed up for replication. Six SNPs in genes encoding ABI3BP, NAF1, MICA and the 17q21 locus replicated in one or more cohorts, with one locus (17q21) achieving genomewide significance after meta-analysis. Five of 6 replicated SNPs regulated 35 gene transcripts in whole lung. Eight of 20 asthma-associated SNPs from previous GWAS were significantly associated with asthma and BHR. Three SNPs, in IL-33 and GSDMB, showed larger effect sizes in our data compared to published literature. CONCLUSIONS: Combining GWAS with subsequent lung eQTL analysis revealed disease-associated SNPs regulating lung mRNA expression levels of potential new asthma genes. Adding BHR to the asthma definition does not lead to an overall larger genetic effect size than analysing (doctor's diagnosed) asthma.

[Asthma/COPD service in general practice. Study into feasibility and effectiveness]. / Een astma/COPD-dienst voor de huisartsenpraktijk.

OBJECTIVE: A study of the effectiveness and functioning of an asthma/COPD service (AC service). DESIGN: Observational study. METHOD: General practitioners (GPs) in the northern part of the Netherlands can refer patients with airway symptoms to the AC service, which was set up in 2007 by local pulmonologists, GPs and the primary care laboratory CERTE. Before the assessment, patients fill in three questionnaires at home: the Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ), the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) and a medical history list. The laboratory assesses lung function and a physical examination is carried out. All data is sent via the Internet to a pulmonologist, who advises the GP on diagnosis and treatment via an information system. The pulmonologist can offer a follow-up service if required. For this publication we had access to data from 14,748 registered patients and 3721 follow-up consultations. RESULTS: The pulmonologist diagnosed 6201 (42%) patients with asthma, 2728 (19%) with COPD and 1039 (7%) with 'asthma/COPD overlap syndrome'. The pulmonologist advised that 940 patients (6%) should have a change in medication and reassessment after 3 months. In this group, the number of unstable COPD patients (CCQ ≥ 1) dropped from 134 (67%) to 99 (50%). The number of patients with unstable asthma (ACQ ≥ 1.5) dropped from 245 (3%) to 137 (24%). For 1642 (11%) patients the pulmonologist advised no change in medication and the GP referred the patient for reassessment after 12 months. These patients were generally stable, with a slight improvement in smoking status, exacerbations and inhalation technique. CONCLUSION: Approximately 60% of all patients with asthma or COPD in this region were assessed by the AC service at least once in the period 2007-2014. Advice on diagnosis and treatment given to the GP resulted in better patient-related outcomes in both asthma and COPD patients.

Epinephrine auto-injector prescriptions to food-allergic patients in primary care in The Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: The knowledge of general practitioner(s) (GPs) regarding food allergy and anaphylaxis and practices in the prescription of epinephrine auto-injector(s) (EAIs) among GPs has previously only been studied using questionnaires and hypothetical cases. Therefore, there are currently no data as to whether or not GPs prescribe EAIs to high risk food-allergic patients presenting to primary care practices. The aim of this study was therefore to describe and evaluate practice in EAI prescription by GPs to food-allergic patients in The Netherlands. METHODS: Patients aged 12-23 years who consulted their GP for allergic symptoms were identified in a primary care database. Patients were classified as probably or unlikely to be food-allergic. A risk factor assessment was done to identify probably food-allergic patients at high risk for anaphylaxis to assess the need for an EAI. RESULTS: One hundred forty-eight out of 1015 patients consulted their GP for allergic symptoms due to food. Eighty patients were excluded from analysis because of incomplete records. Thirty-four patients were classified as probably food-allergic. Twenty-seven of them were considered high risk patients and candidates for an EAI. Importantly, only 10 of them had actually been prescribed an EAI by their GP. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that high risk food-allergic patients that visit their GPs are often not prescribed an EAI. Thus, previously identified low rates of EAI ownership may be partly due to GPs not prescribing this medication to patients for whom it would be appropriate to do so. These data suggest that there is a need for improvement of the quality of care for high risk food-allergic patients in primary care.

Effects of small airway dysfunction on the clinical expression of asthma: a focus on asthma symptoms and bronchial hyper-responsiveness.

BACKGROUND: The small airways are an important site of inflammation in asthma. However, the relation between small airway dysfunction and clinical expression of asthma has hardly been studied. AIM: To investigate the association of small and large airway dysfunction with asthma symptoms and bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR). METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with asthma were characterized with spirometry, body plethysmography, impulse oscillometry, alveolar and bronchial exhaled nitric oxide, and a methacholine provocation. Symptoms of nocturnal asthma, exercise-related symptoms, BHR symptoms, and respiratory symptoms were assessed with the Asthma Control Questionnaire and Bronchial Hyper-responsiveness Questionnaire. Perception of dyspnea was rated with the Borg score during the provocation test. RESULTS: Small and large airway dysfunction did not associate with higher scores for nocturnal, exercise-related, or BHR symptoms. Only higher scores on wheezing were significantly associated with higher values of difference between R5 and R20 (R5-R20) (r = 0.367, P < 0.01) and AX (r = 0.354, P < 0.01). Lower FEF25-75% (P = 0.024) and higher R5-R20 (P = 0.003) values were independently associated with more severe BHR to methacholine, but not FEV1 or R20 values. The increase in dyspnea during the methacholine provocation was strongly and independently correlated with the decrease in FEV1 and reactance of the respiratory system at 5 Hertz. CONCLUSION: Small and large airway dysfunction poorly associate with asthma symptoms in our patients. However, deteriorations in small airway dysfunction are strongly related to an increase in dyspnea during bronchial provocation with methacholine. Small airway dysfunction contributes also independently to the clinical expression of asthma, as reflected by the severity of BHR.

[COPD and perception of the new GOLD document in Europe. Workshop from the Société de pneumologie de langue française (SPLF)]. / La BPCO et la perception du nouveau document GOLD en Europe. Workshop de la Société de pneumologie de langue française (SPLF).

INTRODUCTION: The organization of care for chronic non-infectious diseases, notably COPD, is a common preoccupation in developed countries in which this disease is among the main causes of mortality and disability. We report a summary of a workshop organized on this theme in April 2013 by the Société de pneumologie de langue française. BACKGROUND: Experts from several European countries presented the organizational practices for the management of COPD in their countries, in particular the detection of the disease and the systems of care. The common objectives were to obtain better motivation to stop smoking, earlier detection of the disease and education in the recognition of the signs of exacerbation and their severity. The experts agreed that mass detection is of little benefit and difficult to organize. Early individual screening is preferable on the basis of precise, easily identified criteria. The classification recommended by the GOLD committee since 2011 does not seem to be adopted universally throughout Europe. If there is a real improvement over the previous classification due to taking into account clinical criteria, quality of life and exacerbations, criticisms have arisen concerning the choice of certain pathways and therapeutic recommendations not based on prospective studies with a high level of evidence. CONCLUSION: European experiences concerning the management of COPD are varied and complementary. One remaining question is who to screen: all subjects at risk (all smokers, all occupations at risk), only symptomatic subjects, subjects with severe and disabling symptoms?

Development of a brief questionnaire (ICQ-S) to monitor inhaled corticosteroid side-effects in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Side-effect concerns impede adherence with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and often underlie poor asthma control. We developed a brief version (ICQ-S) of the 57-item Inhaled Corticosteroids side-effect Questionnaire (ICQ) to facilitate side-effect monitoring in busy clinics. METHODS: Part 1: After completion by 482 patients with doctor-diagnosed asthma, each ICQ item underwent item reduction analysis. Part 2: Patients prescribed ICS for asthma completed the ICQ at baseline (BL), ICQ-S at day 14 (D14) and day 28 (D28), and 6-item Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) and Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (MiniAQLQ) at BL, D14 and D28. 14-day test-retest reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between ICQ-S scores and internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha (α) coefficient and item-total correlations of ICQ-S. Criterion validity was assessed by correlations (Spearman's rho) between ICQ and ICQ-S total score. Patients reported duration and difficulty of ICQ-S completion at D28. RESULTS: Part 1: The ICQ-S consists of fifteen local/systemic ICS side-effects of similar range to the full ICQ. Part 2: 62 asthma patients (mean ACQ score 0.79 ± SD 0.83) prescribed daily ICS [BDP-equivalent median dose 1000 µg (IQR: 500, 1000)] participated. ICC between ICQ-S scores was 0.90. All item-total correlations were rho ≥ 0.20. The ICQ-S demonstrated criterion validity, for example, ICQ and ICQ-S were strongly associated (rho = 0.86). 81% of patients completed the ICQ-S within 5 minutes and 97% found completion 'not difficult'. CONCLUSION: The ICQ-S is a brief, patient-friendly tool with good reliability and validity, which may be useful for monitoring ICS side-effects in clinical practice.

Less small airway dysfunction in asymptomatic bronchial hyperresponsiveness than in asthma.

BACKGROUND: Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) can be present in subjects without any respiratory symptoms. Little is known about the role of the small airways in asymptomatic subjects with BHR. METHODS: We investigated small airway function assessed by spirometry and impulse oscillometry, as well as Borg dyspnea scores at baseline and during a methacholine provocation test in 15 subjects with asymptomatic BHR, 15 asthma patients, and 15 healthy controls. RESULTS: At baseline, small airway function (R5 -R20 and X5 ) was comparable between subjects with asymptomatic BHR and healthy controls, whereas asthma patients showed small airway dysfunction as reflected by higher R5 -R20 and lower X5 values. During methacholine provocation, small airway dysfunction was more severe in asthma patients than in subjects with asymptomatic BHR. Interestingly, a higher increase in small airway dysfunction during methacholine provocation was associated with a higher increase in Borg dyspnea scores in subjects with asymptomatic BHR, but not in asthma patients. CONCLUSION: Subjects with asymptomatic BHR may experience fewer symptoms in daily life because they have less small airway dysfunction.

COPD in the working age population: the economic impact on both patients and government.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the full economic impact, on both patients and government, as a result of COPD in the working age population. METHODS: The economic impact of COPD due to medical treatment, impaired productivity and early retirement was assessed in a cross sectional cost analysis of the Dutch COPD population aged 45-64 years. The costing year was 2009 and input parameters were derived from both national data sources and the international COPD uncovered survey. RESULTS: While direct medical costs for COPD patients of working age were relatively low (€ 91 million), the amount of lost productivity (income) due to early retirement (€ 223 million) exceeded over two times their medical costs. In addition, costs for the government were considerable because of lost tax revenues (€ 77 million) and COPD related disability pensions paid (€ 180 million). Apart from lost productivity due to early retirement, costs due to impaired productivity for working COPD patients were € 63 million. CONCLUSIONS: The costs of COPD for both patients of working age as for the government were considerable, making this population a priority for prevention and intervention programs of healthcare providers, employers and government.

Properties of the COPD assessment test in a cross-sectional European study.

A short, easy-to-use health status questionnaire is needed in the multidimensional assessment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in routine practice. The performance of the eight-item COPD assessment test (CAT) was analysed in 1,817 patients from primary care in seven European countries. The CAT has a scoring range of 0-40 (high score representing poor health status). Mean CAT scores indicated significant health status impairment that was related to severity of airway obstruction, but within each Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease stage (I to IV) there was a wide range of scores (I: 16.2 ± 8.8; II: 16.3 ± 7.9; III: 19.3 ± 8.2; and IV: 22.3 ± 8.7; I versus II, p = 0.88; II versus III, p<0.0001; III versus IV, p = 0.0001). CAT scores showed relatively little variability across countries (within ± 12% of the mean across all countries). Scores were significantly better in patients who were stable (17.2 ± 8.3) versus those suffering an exacerbation (21.3 ± 8.4) (p<0.0001); and in patients with no (17.3 ± 8.1) or one or two (16.6 ± 8.2) versus three or more (19.7 ± 8.5) comorbidities (p<0.0001 for both). The CAT distinguished between classes of other impairment measures and was strongly correlated with the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (r = 0.8, p<0.0001). The CAT is a simple and easy-to-use questionnaire that distinguishes between patients of different degrees of COPD severity and appears to behave the same way across countries.

Health-related quality of life in patients by COPD severity within primary care in Europe.

Pan-European data on health-related quality of life (HRQL) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are lacking. This cross-sectional epidemiological study evaluated health status in 1817 COPD patients from an 'all-comers' primary care population in seven European countries (87% stable disease; 13% with current exacerbation) using: St George's Respiratory Questionnaire-COPD specific (SGRQ-C), the short form health survey (SF-12) and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Fatigue scale. Mean total score for SGRQ was 44.7 ± 19.4 showing marked impairment of HRQL. Scores differed little between countries (range 39.2-50.1). Impairment was associated with the severity of airway obstruction, but within each GOLD stage the variation (SD) was wide [Stage I: 38.5 ± 19.3 (n = 223); Stage II: 40.4 ± 18.1 (n = 868); Stage III: 50.2 ± 18.6 (n = 551); Stage IV: 58.6 ± 17.7 (n = 144)]. Patients suffering an exacerbation had a worse SGRQ score (54.9 ± 19.3) than those with stable disease (43.3 ± 19.0). The presence of ≥3 co-morbidities (CM) was also associated with a significantly worse score (49.9 ± 19.1) vs. 1-2 CM (42.1 ± 19.1) or no CM (42.3 ± 18.6). Findings with the SF-12 and FACIT-F results were consistent with those from the SGRQ-C. This large observational primary care study shows that health status is significantly impaired in COPD patients of all severities, even in those with mild airway obstruction. Within each GOLD stage of severity there is considerable heterogeneity in HRQL impairment among patients. (Study number: 111749).

[Comments on screening spirometry for detection of COPD]. / Kanttekeningen bij screenend longfunctieonderzoek voor detectie van COPD.

World COPD day is an annual event intended to increase awareness of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. During this day, in November 2006, free spirometry testing was offered to the public in approximately 100 places including hospitals, pharmacies, offices of GPs and tents on main squares throughout the Netherlands. The objective of this action is laudable. However, screening for COPD is generally considered ineffective. Furthermore, the application of a fixed ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) (FEV1/FVC < 0.70) as recommended by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) to detect airflow limitation, required for a diagnosis of COPD, may lead to underdiagnosis of COPD in the young and to overdiagnosis in the elderly. In addition, spirometry was generally performed without bronchodilation, thus further increasing the likelihood of a false-positive diagnosis ofCOPD. Smoking cessation is important in halting the progression of COPD. Therefore, identifying smokers at risk for developing COPD seems a logical reason for screening or case finding for COPD. However, it has not been clearly demonstrated that early detection of COPD may contribute to improved smoking cessation rates. Also, smokers with normal spirometry may be led to believe that smoking has no adverse effects on their health. Therefore, a different strategy should be adopted to increase awareness of COPD on the next World COPD day.