E-mmortal: Death Anxiety is Related to Selfie Behaviors.

Given the widespread phenomenon of selfies, numerous studies are examining the motivations behind taking and sharing selfies. The current paper suggests an additional possible motivation, namely, decreasing death anxiety. People are motivated to decrease their death anxiety by preserving a fake feeling of immortality. One known way to achieve this goal is by using photography. Therefore, we suggest that selfie behaviors are a way to fulfill the need to remain immortal. A hundred undergraduate students (Mage = 22.33) answered self-reported questionnaires regarding selfie motivations, selfie-taking frequency, selfie-sharing frequency, and death anxiety. All of those selfie measurements were indeed positively related to death anxiety. Moreover, many previous studies suggested that narcissism motivates selfie behaviors. In an exploratory approach, we examined whether death anxiety mediates this relationship. Indeed, death anxiety fully mediated the relationships between narcissism and selfie motivations and between narcissism and selfie-taking frequency, suggesting that the well-documented association between selfie behaviors and narcissism might be driven by death anxiety. Those preliminary results indicate that death anxiety is associated with selfie behaviors, opening new avenues for understanding the motivations underlying selfie behaviors.

Health determinants among participants in targeted health dialogues offered to all 40-year-old individuals in a metropolitan region of 1.4 million people.

OBJECTIVE: To examine cardiovascular risk factors in 40-year-old participants in the health screening program targeted health dialogues (THDs). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: 99 Swedish healthcare centers. INTERVENTION: Metabolic risk factors and health behaviors were assessed. THDs were provided. SUBJECTS: 1831 (62.3%) THD participants that consented to take part in the research project. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Prevalence of metabolic risk factors (blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, BMI, waist-hip ratio) and unhealthy behaviors (tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical activity) by sex, education, and place of birth. (2) Associations between different health behaviors and between the number of unhealthy behaviors and prevalence of metabolic risk factors. (3) THD participation by sociodemographics compared to age-matched controls. RESULTS: Men had a higher prevalence of all metabolic risk factors, excessive alcohol use and tobacco use than women. Lower educated individuals had a higher prevalence of metabolic risk factors (except for LDL cholesterol) and tobacco use than highly educated. Participants born outside Sweden had a higher prevalence of obesity, high waist-hip ratio, and tobacco use. Participants with 3-4 unhealthy behaviors had significantly higher prevalence of each of the metabolic risk factors except BMI. Women, highly educated and Swedish-born participants were slightly over-represented in the THDs. CONCLUSION: Considering the associations between unhealthy behaviors and metabolic risk factors, the THD method, covering lifestyle as well as objective health measures, may be an appropriate method for early identification of individuals at risk for future non-communicable diseases in the whole population with a specific focus on certain groups. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT04912739.

The study presents health determinants in 40-year-old targeted health dialogue (THD) participants in a Swedish metropolitan, multi-ethnic region.Only half of the men had normal blood pressure and less than 40% had a BMI < 25 kg/m².Having 3­4 unhealthy behaviors was associated with significantly higher prevalence of all metabolic risk factors (except BMI) compared to zero unhealthy behaviors.The predominance of female, highly educated and Swedish-born participants in THDs calls for a targeted outreach to certain population groups.

Availability and consumption of hyper-palatable foods in an all-you-can-eat cafeteria among college freshmen.

INTRODUCTION: College campuses provide an expansive food environment, which may contribute to elevated risk of excess energy intake and weight gain among college students. All-you-can-eat style cafeterias often expose students to hyper-palatable foods (HPF), which may promote overeating. This study aimed to examine the availability of HPF in an all-you-can-eat college cafeteria, and to examine HPF intake during meals among undergraduates. METHOD: Publicly available cafeteria menu data from a Midwestern university were analyzed and included 25 meals. To determine the availability of HPF within the cafeteria meals, the standardized definition of HPF by Fazzino et al. (2019) was used, which specifies combinations of palatability-inducing nutrients at quantitative thresholds that may induce hyper-palatability. Participants (N = 225) who ate in the cafeteria in the past 24 h were presented with a list of all menu items for their corresponding cafeteria meal, and self-reported all items consumed. RESULTS: On average, 40 % (SD = 1.4) of total food items available per meal were HPF, with 68 % (SD = 3.6) of items with elevated fat and sodium. Regarding intake of HPF among students, approximately 64 % (SD = 31.4) of foods consumed were HPF, and 51 % (SD = 32.3) of items consumed had elevated fat and sodium. CONCLUSION: Findings indicated that college students may be regularly exposed to HPF in all-you-can-eat college cafeteria environments, and that students may consume cafeteria meals that are primarily comprised of HPF.

A bio-behavioral model of systemic inflammation at breast cancer diagnosis and fatigue of clinical importance two years later.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to generate a model of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) of clinical importance two years after diagnosis of breast cancer building on clinical and behavioral factors and integrating pre-treatment markers of systemic inflammation. METHODS: Women with stage I-III HR+/HER2- breast cancer were included from the multimodal, prospective CANTO cohort (NCT01993498). The primary outcome was global CRF of clinical importance (EORTC QLQ-C30≥40/100) two years after diagnosis (year-2). Secondary outcomes included physical, emotional, and cognitive CRF (EORTC QLQ-FA12). All pre-treatment candidate variables were assessed at diagnosis, including inflammatory markers (interleukin [IL]-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon gamma, IL-1 receptor antagonist, TNF-α, and C-reactive protein), and were tested in multivariable logistic regression models implementing multiple imputation and validation by 100-fold bootstrap resampling. RESULTS: Among 1208 patients, 415 (34.4%) reported global CRF of clinical importance at year-2. High pre-treatment levels of IL-6 (Quartile 4 vs.1) were associated with global CRF at year-2 (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]: 2.06 [95% Confidence Interval 1.40-3.03]; p=0.0002; AUC=0.74). Patients with high pre-treatment IL-6 had unhealthier behaviors, including being frequently either overweight or obese (62.4%; mean BMI 28.0 [SD 6.3] Kg/m2) and physically inactive (53.5% did not meet WHO recommendations). Clinical and behavioral associations with CRF at year-2 included pre-treatment CRF (aOR vs no: 3.99 [2.81-5.66]), younger age (per 1-year decrement: 1.02 [1.01-1.03]), current smoking (vs never: 1.81 [1.26-2.58]), and worse insomnia or pain (per 10-unit increment: 1.08 [1.04-1.13], and 1.12 [1.04-1.21], respectively). Secondary analyses indicated additional associations of IL-2 (aOR per log-unit increment:1.32 [CI 1.03-1.70]) and IL-10 (0.73 [0.57-0.93]) with global CRF and of C-reactive protein (1.42 [1.13-1.78]) with cognitive CRF at year-2. Emotional distress was consistently associated with physical, emotional, and cognitive CRF. CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes a bio-behavioral framework linking pre-treatment systemic inflammation with CRF of clinical importance two years later among a large prospective sample of survivors of breast cancer.

Integrating the family stress model within a longitudinal sibling-adoption study of adolescent externalizing behavior.

Using a sample of linked adopted children, adoptive and birth parents (N = 561), and biological siblings residing in the birth parent home (N = 191), we examined the role of genetics within family stress processes. We tested parental hostility (7 years) as a mediator of the associations between socioeconomic strain and rearing parent psychopathology (4 years) and adolescent externalizing behaviors (11 years) in adoptive and biological parent homes. Next, we examined parent social support (4 years) as a moderator of paths from socioeconomic strain and parent psychopathology to parental hostility. Parental hostility significantly mediated effects of socioeconomic strain and parent psychopathology on adolescent externalizing behaviors in biological and adoptive parent homes, respectively. Equivalence testing of the paths to adolescent externalizing behaviors across family types indicated a negligible role of passive gene-environment correlation. Parent social support significantly attenuated the effect of parent psychopathology on parental hostility in biological families. Birth parent externalizing behaviors were not significantly associated with adoptee externalizing behaviors nor adoptive parent hostility, suggesting negligible heritable risk or evocative gene-environment processes. Full- and half-sibling correlations indicated that children's unique rearing contexts contributed to the parenting they received and the externalizing behavior they exhibited. Implications for intervention are discussed.

Causal associations of physical activity and leisure sedentary behaviors with age at onset of Huntington's disease: A mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder for which effective therapies are currently lacking. Studies suggest that increasing physical activity (PA) and reducing leisure sedentary behavior (LSB) mitigate the progression of HD, but their causal relationship with the age at onset (AAO) of HD remains uncertain. To investigate this, we conducted the Two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR). METHODS: Exposure were retrieved from the UK BioBank's (UKB) Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). PA included accelerometer-based average PA, vigorous PA, self-reported moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and light do-it-yourself activity. LSB included television (TV) time, computer time, and driving time. Outcome came from the GWAS of the GEM-HD Consortium. We applied several MR methods such as inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger regression, weighted median (WM) for sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Increases in light PA (ß = 8.53 years, 95 % CI = 10.64 to 44.09, P = 0.001) and accelerometer-based vigorous PA (ß = 5.18, 95 % CI = 0.92 to 9.43, P = 0.017) delayed AAO of HD, while longer TV time was associated with earlier AAO of HD (ß = -2.88 years, 95 % CI = -4.99 to -0.77, P = 0.007). However, other PA and LSB phenotypes did not significantly affect AAO of HD. CONCLUSION: The study revealed a unidirectional causality between PA, LSB and the AAO of HD. Increasing PA and reducing TV time delay HD onset. Therefore, we recommend increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior to delay the occurrence of motor symptoms for premanifest HD individuals.

Developing care behaviors and ethical attitude in nursing education.

AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of education based on the Theory of Human Caring on nursing students' caring behaviors and ethical attitudes. BACKGROUND: It is crucial to plan nursing education holistically, addressing cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains for the comprehensive development of caring behaviors and ethical attitudes. DESIGN: This study employed a convergent mixed-methods approach with randomized pretest-posttest comparisons and qualitative analysis. METHODS: This study was conducted with third-year nursing students at a state university in Ankara, Turkey, in 2021. It comprised a total of 95 participants, with 47 students in the case group and 48 students in the video group. Theoretical education based on the Theory of Human Caring was simultaneously provided to both groups. Following this, one group received practical training using a video-supported teaching method, while the other group received it through a case analysis method. The research used the 'Descriptive Characteristics Form', 'Caring Nurse Patient Interaction Scale (CNPIS)', 'Scale for Attitudes of Ethical Principles (SAEP)' and 'Student Opinion Form on Care Behaviors Education' to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, Wilcoxon paired two-sample tests and Linear Regression Analysis, with a significance level of p<0.05. Qualitative data were evaluated through document analysis. Permissions were obtained before the research. RESULTS: After the education provided, significant differences were found between the pre-test and post-test scores of both groups (p<0.05). It was determined that there was a statistically significant, positive and generally moderate relationship between the caring behaviors and ethical attitudes of the students. Additionally, participating students reported that they were satisfied with the education provided, stating that the teaching methods increased their motivation and positively influenced their perspectives on caring and its ethical dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The research findings show significant improvements in nursing students' care behaviors and ethical attitudes following education based on the Human Care Theory, with both case analysis and video-supported teaching methods yielding notable results. Integration of care theories into the nursing undergraduate curriculum, alongside the use of holistic teaching methods, is recommended, along with further randomized controlled trials to assess teaching effectiveness.

Food Neophobia Scores at 8 Years and Associations with Nutrition-related Behaviors at Home in Early Life: Findings from a New Zealand Contemporary Birth Cohort.

Food neophobia (FN) reduces nutritional adequacy and variety which poses a significant concern for children's health and well-being We described the FN scores among 8-year-olds and examined its associations with nutrition-related behaviors at 45 months within the Growing Up in New Zealand cohort (n=4,621). FN was estimated using the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS). Mean FNS scores between variable categories were compared using t-tests for independent samples and ANOVA. Associations between FNS scores at 8 years and nutrition-related behaviors at 45-months were examined using multivariate linear regression. The mean (standard deviation) FN score was 46.2 (15.2) with statistically significant differences by sex (boys=47.6 (15.7), girls=43.8 (14.2), p=<0.001). For all children, in models adjusted by breastfeeding duration and sociodemographic characteristics: children who sometimes and never/almost never the same foods as their parents, scored, on average, 5.8 and 11 points higher in the FNS (versus those who did always/almost always); children who occasionally/never found mealtimes enjoyable scored on average 3.6 points lower in the FNS (versus mostly/quite often); children who always/almost always had the television on during mealtimes scored on average 2.7 higher in the FNS (versus never/almost never). In comparison to children who mostly/quite often had time to talk to others during mealtimes, those who never/occasionally did it scored on average higher points in the FNS overall (1.46 points higher) and within girls (1.73 points higher). These findings support the eating behavior statements in the National Children's Food and Nutrition Guidelines, which emphasize early exposure to food variety, limiting mealtime distractions, and acknowledge that parental role modeling shapes children's nutrition-related behaviors. Early adoption of preventative interventions for reducing FN in early and middle childhood are needed.

Longitudinal Relationships among Parenting, Prosocial Behaviors, and Emotional Problems: Examining Between- and Within-Person Associations in Adolescents.

Although bidirectional associations between parenting and adolescents' social and emotional outcomes have been investigated, how parental warmth and harsh parenting as two different parenting dimensions, adolescents' prosocial behaviors, and emotional problems were longitudinally and bidirectionally related at between- and within-person levels remains unclear. With a three-wave longitudinal design, the present study examined these associations by employing the random-intercept cross-lagged panel model. Data from 606 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.80 years, SD = 0.52, at T1; 45.7% girls) were collected at six-month intervals over one year, and participants completed questionnaires assessing their perception of parenting, prosocial behaviors, and emotional problems online. The results indicated that parental warmth and harsh parenting were significantly associated with adolescents' prosocial behaviors and emotional problems at the between-person level. At the within-person level, adolescents' more prosocial behaviors at T1 predicted later within-person decreases in their emotional problems at T2, which in turn predicted subsequent increased prosocial behaviors and more parental warmth at T3. Additionally, a higher level of harsh parenting at T2 unidirectionally predicted more adolescents' emotional problems at T3. These findings highlighted the developmental cascade processes among adolescents' prosocial behaviors, emotional problems, and parenting and the importance of fostering adolescents' prosocial behaviors in reducing their emotional problems and then promoting subsequent psychosocial adjustment and parent-child bonding.

The factors related to depressive symptoms in urban older adults in South Korea: a study based on the Seoul Aging Survey.

PURPOSE: This study aims to comprehensively examine the determinants of depression among urban older adults in Seoul, utilizing the social-ecological model to address multifaceted influences. METHODS: A comprehensive analysis was conducted using data from the 2022 Seoul Aging Survey, which surveyed 2,914 individuals aged 65 and above. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors contributing to depressive symptoms, including socio-demographic characteristics, health behaviors and status, research accessibility, social support, and environmental influences. RESULTS: This study revealed that poor subjective health (OR = 1.47) and the presence of multiple chronic diseases (OR = 1.59) significantly increased the risk of depressive symptoms among urban older adults. From a social support standpoint, living alone was associated with a higher risk of depression (OR = 1.66), low food security (OR = 2.56), and low digital competency (OR = 2.70) were all significant predictors of depressive symptoms. Additionally, a lack of engagement with cultural facilities (OR = 2.15) was identified as a critical environmental factor contributing to depression. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the need for comprehensive policy and practical interventions aimed at preventing chronic disease, enhancing social support networks, improving digital literacy, ensuring food security, and expanding access to healthcare and cultural facilities. Such measures are crucial in mitigating depression among urban older adults, thereby enhancing their overall well-being and quality of life.

The use of CAMS and DBT to effectively treat patients who are suicidal.

Around the world, suicide ideation, attempts, and deaths pose a major public and mental health challenge for patients (and their loved ones). Accordingly, there is a clear need for effective clinical treatments that reliably reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviors. In this article, we review the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), two clinical treatments that rise to the highest levels of empirical rigor. Both CAMS and DBT are now supported by randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with independent replications, and meta-analyses. There are also supportive data related to training clinical providers to use CAMS and DBT with adherence. RCTs that investigate the use of both interventions within clinical trial research designs and the increasing use of these complementary approaches within routine clinical practice are discussed. Future directions for research and clinical use of CAMS and DBT are explored as means to effectively treat suicidal risk.

The Medicine Wheel as a public health approach to lifestyle management interventions for indigenous populations in North America.

This analytic essay intends to elevate Medicine Wheel, or generally "four directions" teachings, to encourage a more comprehensive alignment of lifestyle intervention components with traditional ecological knowledge systems of Indigenous cultures in North America. North American Medicine Wheels provided people with a way to orient themselves both within their traditional belief systems and to the seasonal changes in their areas, improving survivability. The wheel or circle is a sacred symbol, indicating the continuity and perpetuity of all of life. The four directions are iconized in many Indigenous cultures across North America with different directions representing different aspects of our world and of ourselves, different seasons of the year and of our lives, different beings of the earth and tribes of humans with a balance among those necessary for health and wellbeing. In the context of public health, teachings of the four directions warn that a lack of balance limits our ability to achieve optimal health. While there is much public health success in lifestyle interventions, existing practice is limited by a siloed and one size fits all approach. Medicine Wheel teachings lay out a path toward more holistic and Indigenous-based lifestyle intervention that is modifiable depending on tribal teachings and needs, may appeal to a variety of Indigenous communities and is in alignment with health behavior change theory. It is a public health imperative that lifestyle management interventions are fully optimized to rigorously determine what can be achieved when interventions are implemented in a holistic and Indigenous-based manner, and in alignment with an Indigenous model of health. This more complete alignment would allow for a stronger foundation to further explore and develop social determinants (i.e., housing, employment, etc.) and structural intervention enhancements to inform public health practice and promote health equity.

Psychological determinants of the effectiveness of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in overweight and obese women-a randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: Previous studies investigating the effectiveness of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation in body weight reduction provided unequivocal results. We hypothesized that psychological factors such as self-efficacy, locus of control or dispositional optimism can affect the success of the intervention. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the psychological factors that modulate the effectiveness of CLA supplementation in overweight or obese women and affect the ability to successfully complete the study. Methods: In total, 74 subjects were recruited into this three-month randomized trial and divided into intervention and control groups receiving, respectively, capsules containing 3 g 80% CLA per day and capsules containing 3 g of sunflower oil. The following psychological tests were performed before the intervention: Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale, Acceptance of Illness Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), General Self Efficacy Scale (GSES), Health Behavior Inventory scale and Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Results: A total of 60 women completed the study and the subjects who dropped out obtained higher scores in the GSES (p = 0.0490) and the LOT-R (p = 0.0087) tests than subjects who completed the trial. Besides, multivariate linear regression demonstrated that the SWLS test (p = 0.0345) results were independent predictors of body weight changes. Conclusion: In conclusion, psychological factors like self-efficacy and optimism may be associated with a higher risk of withdrawal from the study, while satisfaction with life may have an impact on the effectiveness of body weight reduction.Clinical trial registration: [https://drks.de/search/en], identifier [DRKS00010462].

Nomogram prediction for periodontitis in Chinese pregnant women with different sociodemographic and oral health behavior characteristics: a community-based study.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes, indicating periodontal health as an important health concern for pregnant women. Herein, this study identified risk indicators for periodontitis and developed a nomogram for predicting the risk of periodontitis in pregnancy by analyzing periodontitis and associated factors in pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted by including 438 pregnant women at 10-36 gestational weeks from Langfang, China. Pregnant women were examined for periodontal status, and their demographic, socioeconomic, and oral health behavior data were collected. Potential influencing factors of periodontitis were analyzed with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. A nomogram was developed, followed by the assessment of its validation and discriminatory abilities. RESULTS: The prevalence of periodontitis was 59.8% in pregnant women. Periodontitis-associated variables in pregnant women were gestational age, non-first pregnancy, daily tooth brushing frequency of ≤ 1 before pregnancy, and annual frequency of periodontal treatment < 1 (including no periodontal treatment). The risk of periodontitis was positively associated with gestational age (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.17-1.39, p < 0.001). Pregnancy history showed a strong positive association (OR = 6.57, 95% CI = 1.22-35.43, p = 0.03). Daily tooth brushing frequency before pregnancy was also positively associated with periodontitis (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.03-2.79, p = 0.05). Additionally, the annual frequency of periodontal treatment exhibited a positive association, with higher odds observed for those with less frequent treatment (OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.25-4.14, p = 0.05; OR = 7.37, 95% CI = 3.04-22.06, p < 0.001). These four factors were used to develop a nomogram for predicting periodontitis in pregnant women. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the nomogram was 0.855 and 0.831 in the training and testing cohorts, respectively, reflecting the superior prediction accuracy of the nomogram. The calibration curve and decision curve analysis demonstrated the good performance and net benefit of the nomogram. CONCLUSION: Risk factors for periodontitis in pregnant Chinese women include gestational age, non-first pregnancy, lower frequency of daily tooth brushing before pregnancy, and lower frequency of periodontal treatment. An easy-to-use nomogram with acceptable accuracy can allow for the prediction of periodontitis risk in pregnant Chinese women. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: With the assistance of this nomogram, clinicians can evaluate the risk of periodontitis in pregnancy, thereby offering more tailored oral health education to women of reproductive age.

Optogenetic inhibition of light-captured alcohol-taking striatal engrams facilitates extinction and suppresses reinstatement.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex condition, and it remains unclear which specific neuronal substrates mediate alcohol-seeking and -taking behaviors. Engram cells and their related ensembles, which encode learning and memory, may play a role in this process. We aimed to assess the precise neural substrates underlying alcohol-seeking and -taking behaviors and determine how they may affect one another. METHODS: Using FLiCRE (Fast Light and Calcium-Regulated Expression; a newly developed technique which permits the trapping of acutely activated neuronal ensembles) and operant self-administration (OSA), we tagged striatal neurons activated during alcohol-taking behaviors. We used FLiCRE to express an inhibitory halorhodopsin in alcohol-taking neurons, permitting loss-of-function manipulations. RESULTS: We found that the inhibition of OSA-tagged alcohol-taking neurons decreased both alcohol-seeking and -taking behaviors in future OSA trials. In addition, optogenetic inhibition of these OSA-tagged alcohol-taking neurons during extinction training facilitated the extinction of alcohol-seeking behaviors. Furthermore, inhibition of these OSA-tagged alcohol-taking neurons suppressed the reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behaviors, but, interestingly, it did not significantly suppress alcohol-taking behaviors during reinstatement. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that alcohol-taking neurons are crucial for future alcohol-seeking behaviors during extinction and reinstatement. These results may help in the development of new therapeutic approaches to enhance extinction and suppress relapse in individuals with AUD.

Addressing the Health Needs of Indian Americans in the Greater Philadelphia Region Through a Scoping Survey: Cancer Screening Assessment.

Despite higher income and education, there are profound health disparities among Asian Americans. These disparities are highlighted in particular by screening behaviors for cancer. Between 1998 and 2008, cancer rates increased threefold among Indian Americans, raising concern that cancer screening in this group may be especially low. To better understand cancer screening behavior, we collected data from a total of 157 self-identifying Indian Americans residing in the greater Philadelphia area. Nearly all participants reported having health insurance (98.7%), and most had received a physical exam within a year (87.3%). Only17.4% of the participants were referred for mammography, while 30% of participants over age 30 were referred for ovarian cancer screening. Just 4 participants were recommended for pancreatic cancer screening. The findings contribute new information to the understanding of health needs of Indian Americans residing in the greater Philadelphia region and reveal a need for greater focus on preventive care.

COVID-19 Impact on Refugees Mask-Wearing Behaviors and Intentions.

COVID-19 challenged countries in addressing population and raising awareness about mask-wearing during pandemic; Lebanon is a refugee hotspot, with humanitarian responsibility for their protection. The goal of this study is to emphasize the need of raising awareness among vulnerable populations and studying their mask-wearing behavior and intentions. This research draws on findings from a survey characterized by refugees' representatives from NGO, focusing on the behaviors and implications of refugees' mask-wearing. To address the study question, a customized survey based on Theory of Interpersonal Behavior was undertaken, in which the behavior of refugees was impacted by their desire to engage in an activity. The findings show that refugees are influenced by other people's mask-wearing behavior; they view masks as providing protection and aim to use them in the future provided all enabling conditions are met. Artificial intelligence might be a better monitor for this behavior in the future.

Optimizing task-analysis instruction: Effects of descriptions and pictures of antecedent stimuli and outcomes.

Little research has examined specific instructional variables that influence the development and effectiveness of task-analysis instruction. We conducted two experiments using text-based task analyses to teach college students to create single-subject reversal design graphs. In Experiment 1, we tested the effects of presenting antecedent and outcome stimuli on graphing performance (accuracy, yield, time to completion). Different groups of participants experienced graphing tutorials with descriptions and pictures of (a) responses; (b) antecedent stimuli and responses; (c) responses and outcomes of correct responses; and (d) antecedent stimuli, responses, and outcomes. In Experiment 2, we compared tutorials with and without pictures. Collectively, the results suggest that graphing accuracy was positively affected by task analyses that included pictures and descriptions of antecedent stimuli and that adding outcome stimuli further benefited graphing accuracy. These results suggest critical instructional elements that should be included in future task analyses of graphing or other complex behavior chains.

Testing Parenting Self-Esteem as an Indicator of Mothers and Fathers Who Are at Risk for Aversive Responses to Disruptive Child Behavior.

Extensive literature demonstrates that parents of children with disruptive behaviors consistently report lower parenting self-esteem (i.e., satisfaction and efficacy) compared to parents of children without disruptive behaviors. However, little is known about whether having low parenting self-esteem results in negative parenting behavior while managing disruptive child behavior, and whether associations vary in strength depending on the clinical significance of the child's disruptive behavior. The current study examines 90 parent couples who were randomly assigned to interact with a 9- to 12-year-old confederate exhibiting either typical or disruptive behaviors. Parenting self-esteem moderated the association between disruptive child behavior and positive parenting behavior, such that mothers with low efficacy had a stronger positive association between disruptive child behavior and positive parenting behaviors. However, fathers with low efficacy had a stronger negative association between disruptive behaviors and positive parenting behavior. Exploratory analyses yielded mixed results. Specifically, mothers with low self-esteem and a child with ADHD had a stronger negative association between disruptive child behaviors and positive parenting compared to mothers who interacted with a confederate or did not have a child with ADHD. Results from the current study extend findings regarding the influence of parenting self-esteem on the association of disruptive child behavior and parenting behaviors, as moderating effects of parenting self-esteem was demonstrated for both mothers and fathers within the study.

Performance of the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 for the Assessment of Autistic Behaviors in a Sample of Canadian Preschool-Aged Children.

Behavioral traits of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically present in early childhood, underscoring the importance of screening tools for the early identification of ASD. The current study compared scores on the Social Responsiveness Scale-Second Edition (SRS-2) Preschool Form between the US standardization sample (n = 247) and a Canadian cohort of preschool-aged children (n = 595) recruited from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study. In the MIREC sample, we examined whether ASD-like traits are correlated with sociodemographic characteristics and child intellectual abilities, and how maternal ratings of social skills assessed by the SRS-2 are associated with maternal ratings of general problem behaviors. Mean total SRS-2 raw score was significantly lower in the MIREC sample (mean = 29.7, SD = 15.8) compared to the US standardization sample (mean = 41.9, SD = 26.0). Total raw score in the US standardization sample did not significantly differ between males (mean = 40.6, SD = 23.1) and females (mean = 42.8, SD = 28.7), whereas in the MIREC sample the total raw score was significantly higher among males (mean = 33.0, SD = 17.1) than females (mean = 26.6, SD = 13.9). A significantly larger proportion of the MIREC sample was White, younger in age, and had more educated parents compared to the US standardization sample. ASD-like traits were correlated with lower intellectual abilities, a less enriched home environment, more behavioral problems, and poorer adaptive skills. SRS-2 Preschool Form scores were significantly lower in the Canadian sample compared to the US standardization sample, which may reflect demographic differences between the two groups. Girls may be under-identified when SRS-2 Preschool Form norms are used for screening ASD.