Importancia del estado nutricional de la niñez en su desarrollo cognitivo / Importance of childhood nutritional status in their cognitive development

El estado nutricional de los niños es un tema prioritario para numerosas instituciones nacionales e internacionales. A pesar de los esfuerzos por mejorar su condición, aún persisten casos de malnutrición, tanto por exceso como por déficit de macro y micronutrientes. Las enfermedades asociadas a esta condición transmisibles o no, tienen un impacto directo en la salud física y psicológica de los infantes. Este artículo presenta la relación entre una nutrición adecuada y el desarrollo cognitivo óptimo durante las primeras etapas de la vida. Para ello, se consultó información de diversas fuentes como SciELO, PubMed, Scopus, Hinari, repositorios universitarios, e informes de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, del Programa Mundial de Alimentos y de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Estas fuentes afirman que la malnutrición y el hambre oculta en los niños son causas de alteraciones en los procesos cognitivos, ya que la dieta diaria provee las sustancias necesarias para los procesos metabólicos cerebrales

The nutritional status of children is a priority issue for many national and international institutions. Despite efforts to improve their condition, there are still cases of malnutrition, due to excess and deficit of macro and micronutrients. Diseases associated with this condition, whether communicable or not, have a direct impact on the physical and psychological health of infants. This article presents the relationship between appropriate nutrition and optimal cognitive development during the early life stages . For this purpose, information was consulted from various sources such as SciELO, PubMed, Scopus, Hinari, university repositories, and reports from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Food Program and the World Health Organization. These sources state that malnutrition and hidden hunger in children is the cause of alterations in cognitive processes, since the daily diet provides the substances necessary for brain metabolic processes

The Human Body is the Collective Unconscious: Archetypal Images as Innate Embodied Metaphors.

For a significant part of its history, archetype theory has been undermined by criticisms containing unexamined Cartesian assumptions. Such assumptions treat all cognition as disembodied, consisting of mere manipulation of abstract, inherently meaningless signs mimicked from verbal instruction or cultural learning. Since the 1980s, due to the results of many independent disciplines, however, this view is being replaced with one of embodied cognition. This shift has important consequences for archetype theory, allowing us to provide a non-reductive biological anchor that explains many characteristics of the archetypal image.

Pendant une partie importante de son histoire, la théorie des archétypes a été discréditée par des critiques contenant des hypothèses cartésiennes qui n'étaient pas remises en question. De telles hypothèses considèrent que toute capacité cognitive est désincarnée et consiste en une simple manipulation de signes abstraits et intrinsèquement dépourvus de sens, imités à partir d'instructions verbales ou d'apprentissage culturel. Néanmoins depuis les années 1980, du fait de résultats provenant de plusieurs disciplines indépendantes, cette façon de voir est remplacée par une autre: celle de la capacité cognitive incarnée. Ce déplacement a des conséquences importantes pour la théorie des archétypes, nous permettant de fournir un ancrage biologique non­réducteur qui explique un grand nombre de caractéristiques de l'image archétypale.

Durante una parte significativa de su historia, la teoría de los arquetipos se ha visto afectada por críticas que contenían supuestos cartesianos no examinados. Dichos supuestos dan cuenta de toda cognición como incorpórea, consistiendo en la mera manipulación de signos abstractos e intrínsecamente carentes de significado, imitados a partir de la instrucción verbal o el aprendizaje cultural. Sin embargo, desde la década de 1980, gracias a los resultados de muchas disciplinas independientes, este punto de vista se está sustituyendo por el de la cognición encarnada. Este cambio tiene importantes consecuencias para la teoría de los arquetipos, ya que nos permite ofrecer un anclaje biológico no reductivo que explica muchas características de la imagen arquetípica.

Profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder and negative world assumptions in treatment-seeking refugees.

Background: Refugees often suffer from trauma-related psychopathology, specifically posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Negative world assumptions are strongly correlated with the development, course, and severity of PTSD.Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether there are distinct profiles of PTSD and negative world assumptions (NWA) and examine whether trauma load, torture, and gender differentially predict such symptom profiles.Method: In a sample of 225 treatment-seeking refugees who had resettled in the Netherlands, latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients sharing the same profile of PTSD and NWA symptoms. Predictors of profile membership were analyzed via multinomial logistic regression.Results: A three-profile solution yielded the best model fit: a low PTSD/low NWA profile (23.6%), a high PTSD/high NWA profile (41.8%), and a high PTSD/low NWA profile (34.7%). Participants who reported a higher trauma load, were more likely to be part of the high PTSD/high NWA profile or the high PTSD/low NWA profile in comparison to low PTSD/low NWA profile. Participants who reported having experienced torture were more likely to be part of the high PTSD/high NWA profile in comparison to low PTSD/low NWA profile. Gender did not differentiate between the profiles.Conclusions: This study reveals that among treatment-seeking refugees resettled in the Netherlands, there are distinct profiles of PTSD and NWA. These profiles indicate that PTSD and NWA are not uniformly experienced among refugees, emphasizing the diversity in their psychological responses to trauma. Among individuals experiencing severe PTSD symptoms, a subgroup was identified of individuals who additionally exhibited negative assumptions about themselves, others, and the world. Recognizing this heterogeneity is crucial in both research and clinical practice, particularly in the context of refugee mental health. Directions for future research are discussed.

Three profiles of PTSD and negative world assumptions were identified in a group of treatment-seeking refugees.Directions for future research and the importance of recognizing heterogeneity in psychological responses to traumatic experiences in refugees are discussed.

Associated factors to the cognitive function among indonesian older adult living in nursing home.

OBJECTIVE: Many older adults in Indonesia decide to live in nursing homes. Living in a nursing home has been associated with the incidence of cognitive decline in older adult that leads to decreasing ability to perform daily activity. This study aimed to determine the association between demographic and clinical characteristics with cognitive functions in older adults living in nursing homes in Indonesia. METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional design and involved 60 older adults in a nursing home. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) instrument. Demographic and clinical characteristics such as age, education level, length of stay in the nursing home, as well as serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine were studied. Spearman-Rank test was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Cognitive function of attention had a positive correlation with age (r=0.314, P=.015), length of stay in the nursing home (r=0.268, P=.038), and negative correlation with dopamine serum levels (r=-0.425, P=.001). The cognitive function of naming has a positive correlation with age (r=0.263, P=.042). CONCLUSIONS: Age, length of stay, and dopamine levels associated with cognitive function in older adult living in nursing homes. The older adult should be assessed in term of factors associated with cognitive function to make the cognitive improvement programs in nursing homes.

Theory of mind in neurodevelopmental disorders: beyond autistic spectrum disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Theory of mind (ToM) is the human ability to perceive, interpret, and attribute the mental states of other people, and the alteration of this cognitive function is a core symptom of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). In such other neurodevelopmental disorders as childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) that can present with cognitive dysfunctions, ToM has been less extensively studied, especially in the young population. The aim of the study was to compare advanced ToM between groups of young people diagnosed with OCD, TS, or ASD and a control group. METHODS: Clinical interviews were conducted with male patients aged between 11 and 17 years with a main diagnosis of OCD (n = 19), TS (n = 14), or ASD (n = 18), and a control group (n = 20). We administered instruments for estimating intelligence quotient and severity of psychiatric symptoms, and tasks to evaluate ToM (the "Stories from everyday life" task and the "Reading the mind in the eyes" test). RESULTS: Young people with TS and with ASD present similar difficulties in solving advanced ToM tasks, whereas patients with childhood-onset OCD present similar results to controls. CONCLUSIONS: ToM is altered in other neurodevelopmental disorders beyond ASD, such as TS.

Ayuno intermitente y restricción calórica como tratamiento coadyuvante en enfermedad de Alzheimer y esclerosis múltiple / Intermittent Fasting and Caloric Restriction as an Adjunctive Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis

Las enfermedades de Alzheimer y esclerosis múltiple son neurodegenerativas, con tratamientos complejos y de costos elevados, orientados a disminuir la progresión de la sintomatología. Sin embargo, a causa de la falta de terapias adecuadas y de los posibles efectos adversos ocasionados por tratamientos de primera línea, es necesario implementar mejores abordajes terapéuticos complementarios que no produzcan mayores efectos secundarios y mejoren la sintomatología de dichas patologías. La restricción calórica y el ayuno intermitente han demostrado ser estrategias novedosas y beneficiosas en enfermedades neurodegenerativas, a través de mecanismos inmunitarios, metabólicos y fisiológicos. Con el objetivo de determinar el uso del ayuno intermitente y la restricción calórica como tratamiento coadyuvante en esclerosis múltiple y enfermedad de Alzheimer, se realizó una revisión narrativa de artículos originales en revistas científicas, en idiomas inglés y español, de 2018 a 2022. El uso de la restricción calórica y ayuno intermitente han generado cambios positivos produciendo disminución de estados proinflamatorios, estrés oxidativo y envejecimiento. Se consideran abordajes que modulan la progresión de la enfermedad y mejoran la función cognitiva por vías de señalización de monofosfato de adenosina cinasa, factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina y la enzima sirtuina, generando un efecto neuroprotector.

Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis are neurodegenerative disorders with expensive and complex treatments aimed at reducing the progression of symptoms. However, due to the lack of adequate therapies and the possible adverse effects caused by first-line treatments, it's necessary to implement better complementary therapeutic approaches that do not produce major side effects and improve symptoms. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting have been shown to be novel and beneficial strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, through immune, metabolic, and physiological mechanisms. To determine the use of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction as a new treatment in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, a narrative review of original articles in both national and international scientific journals, in English and Spanish languages with no greater obsolescence than five years. The use of caloric restriction and intermittent fasting have generated positive changes, producing a decrease in pro-inflammatory states, oxidative stress, and aging. Approaches that modulate disease progression and improve cognitive function of adenosine monophosphate kinase, insulin-like growth factor, and sirtuin enzyme pathways are considered, generating a neuroprotective effect.

[Importance of choline during pregnancy and lactation: A systematic review]. / Importancia de la colina durante el embarazo y lactancia. Una revisión sistemática.

Pregnancy is one of the most important and difficult moments that a woman goes through throughout her life. It is a period of great need for macro and micronutrients to meet the demands of the developing fetus and avoid deficiencies, in order to obtain the best possible result. Nowadays, most women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant know the importance of getting the required amount of certain types of nutrients (proteins, fats, folate, etc.), as well as avoiding certain compounds (alcohol, tobacco, drugs, etc.) to avoid possible complications during pregnancy. In recent years, with the greatest scientific evidence available, it has been shown how some of these nutrients could have a more relevant role than previously believed in the optimal outcome of pregnancy. One of these nutrients being choline. Choline supplementation during pregnancy has been shown to be a non-pharmacological treatment capable of improving both physical (growth) and mental (memory) qualities of the new individual. Choline has been known as an essential nutrient since 1998 and several studies have shown its effectiveness in rodent models. The existence of recent publications that deal with its application in humans makes it necessary to carry out a systematic review. In this systematic review of the scientific evidence available from 2012 to the present that deals with the application of a higher intake of choline through supplementation as a treatment to improve pregnancy outcomes, its main objetive is to determine the effects that a nutritional intervention through choline supplementation in pregnant mothers can have on children's cognition. For this, 9studies have been analyzed where the treatment given to pregnant women is revealed, this being choline supplementation in different modalities (choline chloride, choline bitartrate, and phosphatidylcholine) and the different effects produced in the children of these mothers who have resulted from these treatment modalities. We conclude by stating that choline supplementation during pregnancy appears to be effective in improving or increasing cognition in children.

Psychosocial characteristics and cognitive function in community-dwelling adults over 50 years old from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS)

Aging is an inevitable process that can be associated with cognitive impairment. Evidence about the simultaneous evaluation of psychosocial variables that could be associated with cognitive function is crucial. We aimed to determine the association between psychosocial characteristics and cognition in adults over 50 years in Mexico. The fifth round of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) (2018) provides the basis for this paper. The study is part of a longitudinal analysis, for which wave pasting 2012, 2015, and 2018 were performed. The final sample comprised 6,709 individuals. Ten psychosocial variables were measured through scales or specific questions. Cognition was assessed with the Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination (CCCE). Confounders included sociodemographics, multimorbidity, and functionality. The analysis was performed by adjusting the regression model. Of the total sample, 2,761 (41.1%) were men; 3,948 (58.8%) were women. The mean age was 68.2 years (SD = 8.1). Cognition is significantly affected in people with higher age (ß=-1.30, Cl 95% -1.54, -.1.06 p= 0.000), less schooling (ß=.559, CI 95% .498, .621 p<0.001), depressive symptoms (ß=-.066, CI 95% -.115, -.018 p=0.007), those who do not perform any volunteer service (ß=-.057, CI 95% -.102, -.102 p=0.013), or do not participate in decision making (ß=-.242, CI 95% -.295, -.189 p<0.001), low internal locus of control (ß=-.012., CI 95% -.023, -.001 p=0.023), and poor economic perception (ß=-.070., CI 95% -.115, -.024 p=0.002). When analyzing the cognitive function of older people, it is vital to consider the possible related psychosocial variables.

El envejecimiento es un proceso inevitable que puede asociarse al deterioro cognitivo. La evidencia sobre la evaluación simultánea de variables psicosociales que pudieran estar asociadas con la función cognitiva es crucial. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre las características psicosociales y la cognición en adultos mayores de 50 años en México. La quinta ronda del Estudio Mexicano de Salud y Envejecimiento (ENASEM) (2018) proporciona la base para este trabajo. El estudio forma parte de un análisis longitudinal, para el que se recabaron datos en 2012, 2015 y 2018. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 6,709 individuos. Se midieron diez variables psicosociales a través de escalas o preguntas específicas. La cognición se evaluó con el Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination (CCCE). Entre los factores de confusión se incluyeron los sociodemográficos, la multimorbilidad y la funcionalidad. El análisis se realizó ajustando un modelo de regresión. De la muestra total, 2.761 (41,1%) eran hombres; 3.948 (58,8%) eran mujeres. La edad media era de 68,2 años (DE = 8,1). La cognición se ve significativamente afectada en las personas con mayor edad (ß=-1,30, Cl 95% -1,54, -.1.06 p<0.001), menor escolaridad (ß=-.559, IC 95% .498, .621 p<0.001), síntomas depresivos (ß=-.066, IC 95% -.115, -.018 p=0.007), quienes no realizan ningún servicio voluntario (ß=-.057, IC 95% -.102, -.102 p=0. 013), o no participan en la toma de decisiones (ß=-.242, CI 95% -.295, -.189 p<0.001), presentan bajo locus de control interno (ß=-.012., CI 95% -.023, -.001 p=0.023), y pobre percepción económica (ß=-.070., CI 95% -.115, -.024 p=0.002). Al analizar la función cognitiva de las personas mayores, es vital considerar las posibles variables psicosociales relacionadas.

O envelhecimento é um processo inevitável que pode estar associado a défices cognitivos. A evidência sobre a avaliação simultânea de variáveis psicossociais que podem estar associadas à função cognitiva é crucial. O nosso objetivo foi determinar a associação entre as características psicossociais e a cognição em adultos com mais de 50 anos no México. A quinta rodada do Estudo Mexicano de Saúde e Envelhecimento (MHAS) (2018) fornece a base para este artigo. O estudo faz parte de uma análise longitudinal, para a qual foram realizadas colagens de ondas 2012, 2015 e 2018. A amostra final foi composta por 6.709 indivíduos. Dez variáveis psicossociais foram medidas por meio de escalas ou perguntas específicas. A cognição foi avaliada com o Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination (CCCE). Os factores de confusão incluíram dados sociodemográficos, multimorbilidade e funcionalidade. A análise foi efectuada através do ajuste do modelo de regressão. Da amostra total, 2.761 (41,1%) eram homens; 3.948 (58,8%) eram mulheres. A idade média foi de 68,2 anos (DP = 8,1). A cognição é significativamente afetada nas pessoas com mais idade (ß=-1,30, Cl 95% -1,54, -.1.06 p= 0.000), menor escolaridade (ß=.559, IC 95% .498, .621 p<0.001), sintomas depressivos (ß=-.066, IC 95% -.115, -.018 p=0.007), aqueles que não realizam nenhum serviço voluntário (ß=-.057, IC 95% -.102, -.102 p=0. 013), ou não participam na tomada de decisões (ß=-.242, IC 95% -.295, -.189 p<0.001), baixo locus de controlo interno (ß=-.012., IC 95% -.023, -.001 p=0.023), e fraca perceção económica (ß=-.070., IC 95% -.115, -.024 p=0.002). Ao analisar a função cognitiva dos idosos, é vital considerar as possíveis variáveis psicossociais relacionadas.

El incremento de las alteraciones auditivas en población infantil Una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica / The Increase of Hearing Disorders in the Child Population A systematic review of the scientific literature

El desarrollo del habla, el lenguaje, la comunicación, la cognición y otros aspectos en la infancia se ven profundamente influenciados por la audición. Cuando un niño presenta pérdida auditiva no detectada o no tratada, se reducen los estímulos y se dificulta el desarrollo de habilidades lingüísticas. La falta de atención temprana puede llevar a retrasos en el desarrollo del lenguaje, afectando la capacidad del niño para comprender y comunicarse. La hipoacusia pediátrica es un problema de salud pública que afecta a un porcentaje significativo de niños en todo el mundo. El aumento de la causa de la hipoacusia infantil en diferentes países se atribuye a factores como la falta de conciencia y educación sobre la importancia de la detección temprana, la disponibilidad y acceso limitados a servicios de detección y diagnóstico, la ausencia de programas de detección temprana en algunos países y la necesidad de contar con profesionales de la salud capacitados en el manejo de la audición pediátrica. Todo ello puede afectar áreas fundamentales del desarrollo, incluyendo el lenguaje y la comunicación, el desarrollo cognitivo, sensorial, motor y adaptativo. Por tanto, este trabajo tuvo el objetivo de llevar a cabo una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica sobre la situación de las alteraciones auditivas en la población pediátrica

The development of speech, language, communication, cognition, and other aspects in childhood is profoundly influenced by hearing. When a child experiences undetected or untreated hearing loss, stimuli are reduced, and the development of linguistic skills becomes challenging. The lack of early attention can lead to language development delays, affecting the child's ability to comprehend and communicate. Pediatric hearing loss is a public health issue that affects a significant percentage of children worldwide. The increasing prevalence of pediatric hearing loss in different countries is attributed to factors such as a lack of awareness and education about the importance of early detection, limited availability and access to screening and diagnostic services, the absence of early detection programs in some countries, and the need for trained healthcare professionals in pediatric audiology. All of this can impact fundamental areas of development, including language and communication, cognitive, sensory, motor, and adaptive development.Therefore, this work aimed to conduct a narrative review of the scientific literature on the status of auditory impairments in the pediatric population

Remote activities of cognitive stimulation for older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review / Atividades de estímulo cognitivo remoto em idosos durante a pandemia da COVID-19: revisão sistemática / Actividades de estimulación cognitiva remota en ancianos durante la pandemia de COVID-19: revisión sistemática

Abstract: Cognitive stimulation activities for older adults are generally carried out in face-to-face workshops. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, these activities and consultations became remote due to social isolation, enabling care to continue safely. This study aims to analyze the remote cognitive stimulation and/or telerehabilitation activities for older people that were carried out as an intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a systematic review study with five selected articles, conducted according to the PRISMA statement methodology. Among the main results, the feasibility and acceptance of remote cognitive stimulation activities using technologies during the pandemic stand out, reflecting on future and expanded use for different realities and cultures. the studies reviewed also indicate the stabilization and improvement of the cognitive state and of depressive and anxious feelings, as well as the maintenance of independence of these participants, with an increase in scores on scales applied before and after the interventions. In conclusion, the activities carried out in cognitive stimulation and/or telerehabilitation therapies for older adults as an intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic had an average of 47 participants; the technologies used for the activities were tablet and personal computer; pre-installed programs were the most used strategy; and the interventions lasted from 1 to 3 months, with activities 2 to 3 times per week. The reinvention of techniques aimed at stimulating and rehabilitating the cognitive health of the older adults, via technologies as a strategy to replace or complement face-to-face activities, promotes the cognitive and mental health and independence of the older population.

Resumo: As atividades de estímulo cognitivo em idosos são geralmente realizadas por meio de oficinas presenciais; porém durante a pandemia da COVID-19, com o isolamento social, as atividades e consultas passaram a ser remotas para não interromper os cuidados. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as atividades de estímulo cognitivo remoto e/ou telerreabilitação em idosos como intervenção durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Esta é uma revisão sistemática de cinco artigos selecionados, conduzida segundo a metodologia PRISMA. Os principais resultados incluem a viabilidade e aceitação de atividades de estímulo cognitivo remoto utilizando tecnologias durante a pandemia, refletindo em uso futuro e ampliado para diferentes realidades e culturas. Estudos também apontam para a estabilização e melhoria do estado cognitivo, dos sentimentos de depressão e ansiedade e da manutenção da independência desses participantes, com aumento nas pontuações nas escalas aplicadas depois das intervenções. Conclui-se que as atividades realizadas em terapias de estímulo cognitivo e/ou telerreabilitação em idosos como intervenção durante a pandemia da COVID-19 tiveram em média 47 participantes, os dispositivos tecnológicos utilizados foram o tablet e o computador, os programas pré-instalados foram a estratégia mais utilizada, com duração da intervenção de 1 a 3 meses e atividades realizadas 2 a 3 vezes por semana. A reinvenção de técnicas que visam estimular e reabilitar a saúde cognitiva dos idosos, incluindo o uso de tecnologias como estratégia para substituir ou complementar as atividades presenciais, promove a saúde cognitiva e mental e a independência dos idosos.

Resumen: Las actividades de estimulación cognitiva en ancianos generalmente se realizan mediante talleres presenciales; pero, durante la pandemia de COVID-19, con el aislamiento social, las actividades y consultas se volvieron remotas para no interrumpir los cuidados. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las actividades de estimulación cognitiva remota o telerrehabilitación en ancianos como intervención durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Se trata de una revisión sistemática de cinco artículos seleccionados, realizada según la metodología PRISMA. Los principales resultados incluyen la viabilidad y aceptación de actividades de estimulación cognitiva remota utilizando tecnologías durante la pandemia, lo que refleja un uso futuro y ampliado para diferentes realidades y culturas. Los estudios también apuntan a la estabilización y mejora del estado cognitivo, de los sentimientos de depresión y ansiedad y de la conservación de la independencia de estos participantes, con un aumento en las puntuaciones en las escalas aplicadas tras las intervenciones. Se concluye que las actividades realizadas en terapias de estimulación cognitiva o telerrehabilitación en ancianos como intervención durante la pandemia de COVID-19 tuvieron un promedio de 47 participantes, los dispositivos tecnológicos utilizados fueron la tableta y la computadora, los programas preinstalados fueron la estrategia más utilizada, con una duración de la intervención de 1 a 3 meses y actividades realizadas de 2 a 3 veces por semana. La reinvención de técnicas que tienen como objetivo estimular y rehabilitar la salud cognitiva de los ancianos, incluido el uso de tecnologías como estrategia para reemplazar o complementar las actividades presenciales, promueve la salud cognitiva y mental y la independencia de los ancianos.

La relación entre afecto y cognición: perspectivas teóricas afecto y cognición / A relação entre afeto e cognição: perspectivas teóricas / The relation between affection and cognition: theoretical perspectives

O presente artigo pretende apresentar a relação entre afetividade e cognição nas perspectivas teóricas de Jean Piaget, da neurociência e de Lev Vygotsky. Na perspectiva teórica de Piaget, confere ênfase aos conceitos de interesse e assimilação. Já na perspectiva teórica da neurociência, a ênfase é colocada nas bases biológicas da aprendizagem. Ademais, problematiza o lugar da perspectiva histórico-cultural de Vygotsky, enfatizando os conceitos de significado e sentido no contexto conceitual da relação entre afeto e cognição. A partir do recorte feito, apresenta algumas possíveis contribuições de tais leituras dentro do tema trabalhado concernentes à relação entre afeto e cognição. Argumenta ainda que embora comportem diferenças, as três perspectivas explicitam a importância do afeto para a cognição. Nessa direção, conclui pela relevância das contribuições dadas pelas leituras de Piaget, Vygotsky e da neurociência. As fontes utilizadas são da literatura disponível sobre o tema.

En el presente artículo se pretende presentar la relación entre afectividad y cognición en las perspectivas teóricas de Jean Piaget, de la neurociencia y de Lev Vygotsky. En la perspectiva teórica de Piaget, confiere énfasis a los conceptos de interés y asimilación. En la perspectiva teórica de la neurociencia, el énfasis está colocado en las bases biológicas del aprendizaje. Además, problematiza el lugar de la perspectiva histórico-cultural de Vygotsky, enfatizando los conceptos de significado y sentido en el contexto conceptual de la relación entre afecto y cognición. A partir del recorte, presenta algunas posibles contribuciones de tales lecturas dentro del tema estudiado concernientes a la relación entre afecto y cognición. Argumenta que, aunque comporten diferencias, las tres perspectivas explicitan la importancia del afecto para la cognición. En esa dirección, se concluye por la relevancia de las contribuciones dadas por las lecturas de Piaget, Vygotsky y de la neurociencia. Las fuentes utilizadas son de la literatura disponible sobre el tema.

This article aims to present the relation between affection and cognition from the Jean Piaget, neuroscience and Lev Vygotsky's theoretical perspectives. From Piaget's theoretical perspective, it emphasizes the concepts of interest and assimilation. From the neuroscience theoretical perspective, emphasis is placed on the biological bases of learning. Furthermore, it problematizes the place of Vygotsky's historical-cultural perspective, emphasizing the concepts of meaning and sense in the conceptual context of the relation between affection and cognition. Based on the selection made, it presents some possible contributions of such readings within the theme discussed regarding the relation between affect and cognition. It also argues that although they have differences, the three perspectives explain the importance of affect for cognition. In this direction, it concludes that the contributions made by reading Piaget, Vygotsky and neuroscience are relevant. The sources used are from the available literature about the topic.

Mobility in preschool age children with and without Down syndrome: an exploratory cross-sectional study / Movilidad en preescolares con y sin síndrome de Down: un estudio transversal exploratorio / Mobilidade em pré-escolares com e sem síndrome de Down: um estudo transversal exploratório

ABSTRACT - Few studies have investigated the mobility of preschool age children with Down syndrome (DS). This study aimed to compare the mobility of preschool age children with and without DS and to verify if cognitive function and gait acquisition age may explain mobility outcomes. This was an exploratory cross-sectional study involving 38 children: 19 in the DS group and 19 in the typical development (TD) group. The 10-meter walk test and the modified Timed Up and Go (mTUG) test were used to evaluate mobility. The explanatory factors were the cognitive function screening test score and the age of gait acquisition. Stepwise multiple linear regression models were used. The children in the DS group had slower gait speed (p=0.0001) and took longer to complete the mTUG test (p=0.0001). The cognitive function screening test score and age of gait acquisition explained the variability in gait speed (R 2 =0.52; p=0.0001) and the variability in the time to complete the mTUG test (R 2 =0.68; p=0.0001). Children with DS showed a poorer mobility when compared to the children in the TD group. The outcomes of mobility in this age group were partially explained by the age of gait acquisition and the cognitive function screening test score.

RESUMEN - Son pocos estudios que han investigado la movilidad de preescolares con síndrome de Down (SD). En este contexto, los objetivos de este estudio fueron comparar la movilidad de los preescolares con y sin SD, así como comprobar si la función cognitiva y la edad de adquisición de la marcha pueden explicar los resultados de la movilidad. Se trata de un estudio transversal exploratorio con 38 niños: 19 del grupo con SD y 19 del grupo con desarrollo típico (DT). Para evaluar la movilidad se utilizaron la prueba de marcha de 10 metros y la prueba de levantarse y andar cronometrada modificada (mTUG). Los factores exploratorios fueron la puntuación del cribado de la función cognitiva y la edad de adquisición de la marcha. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple por pasos. Los niños del grupo con SD tenían una velocidad de marcha inferior (p=0,0001) y necesitaban más tiempo para completar la mTUG (p=0,0001). La puntuación del cribado de la función cognitiva y la edad de adquisición de la marcha explicaron la variabilidad en la velocidad de la marcha (R2=0,52; p=0,0001) y el tiempo para completar la prueba (R2=0,68; p=0,0001). Los niños con SD tuvieron peor movilidad en comparación con los niños con DT. Los resultados de la movilidad en este grupo de edad se deben parcialmente a la edad de adquisición de la marcha y a la puntuación del cribado de la función cognitiva.

RESUMO - Poucos estudos investigaram a mobilidade de pré-escolares com síndrome de Down (SD). Dessa forma, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram comparar a mobilidade de pré-escolares com e sem SD, bem como verificar se a função cognitiva e a idade de aquisição da marcha podem explicar os desfechos de mobilidade. Estudo transversal exploratório com 38 crianças: 19 do grupo SD e 19 do grupo desenvolvimento típico (DT). O teste de caminhada de 10 metros e o timed up and go modificado (mTUG) foram utilizados para avaliar a mobilidade. Os fatores exploratórios foram: a pontuação da triagem da função cognitiva e a idade de aquisição da marcha. Foram usados modelos de regressão linear múltipla stepwise . As crianças do grupo SD apresentaram menor velocidade de marcha (p=0,0001) e necessitaram de mais tempo para completar o mTUG (p=0,0001). A pontuação da triagem da função cognitiva e a idade de aquisição da marcha explicaram a variabilidade na velocidade da marcha (R 2 =0,52; p=0,0001) e o tempo para completar o teste mTUG (R 2 =0,68; p=0,0001). Crianças com SD apresentaram pior capacidade de mobilidade quando comparadas às com DT. Os desfechos de mobilidade nessa faixa etária foram parcialmente explicados pela idade de aquisição da marcha e pelo escore da triagem da função cognitiva.

Relationship between hair cortisol concentrations and cognitive functioning in adolescents with ADHD.

Background: Our study aimed to explore whether the hair cortisol concentration (HCC), a measure of long-term cortisol output, is associated with poorer cognitive functioning in adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We further aimed to test the potential moderating effects of sex and childhood maltreatment.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, fifty-three adolescents with ADHD were studied. The ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were administered. Seven cognitive tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were administered, and two cognitive factors (attention and memory and executive functioning) were identified by confirmatory factor analysis. A 3-cm hair sample from the posterior vertex region of the head was obtained. HCCs were determined by a high-sensitivity enzyme immunoassay kit. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to explore the association between HCCs and either cognitive performance or ADHD severity while adjusting for sex, childhood maltreatment and the ADHD-RS total score.Results: Sex moderated the relationship between HCCs and attention/memory confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) scores, with better performance in boys with higher HCCs. HCCs were not associated with executive functioning or ADHD symptoms. Childhood maltreatment was associated with inattention symptoms in adolescents with ADHD.Conclusions: Our study suggests that HCCs are positively associated with attention and memory performance in adolescents with ADHD, with a moderating effect of sex (the relationship is strongest in boys).

We studied the relationship between cortisol and cognition in adolescents with ADHD.Hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs) were determined.We explored the moderating effects of sex and childhood trauma.Sex moderated the relationship between HCCs and attention and memory.Childhood trauma did not moderate the relationship between HCCs and cognition.

Efectos de la modalidad de presentación de un mensaje de educación entretenimiento de prevención del VIH

Introducción: Se presentan los resultados de un estudio experimental para contrastar el efecto de la modalidad de presentación de un mensaje de educación-entretenimiento (escrito versus audiovisual) en los procesos cognitivos de recepción, en función de la necesidad de cognición. Método: Participaron 109 hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos condiciones experimentales (mensaje escrito versus mensaje audiovisual). Resultados: Se encontró que la necesidad de cognición moderó el efecto de la modalidad del mensaje sobre la elaboración cognitiva (el mensaje escrito incrementaba la elaboración cognitiva en participantes con baja necesidad de cognición) y sobre la contraargumentación (el formato escrito generó menor contraargumentación en participantes con alta necesidad de cognición), pero no sobre la reactancia. Conclusiones: La efectividad de un mensaje de educación-entretenimiento está determinada tanto por las características del mensaje (la modalidad de presentación) como por las diferencias individuales de las personas (la necesidad de cognición). De manera particular, la necesidad de cognición es una variable relevante para comprender los procesos cognitivos de recepción (la elaboración cognitiva y la contraargumentación) que desempeñan un papel fundamental en el estudio de la persuasión narrativa.

Introduction: This article presents the results of an experimental study that sought to contrast the effect of the entertainment education message (written versus audiovisual) on the cognitive processes of reception, as a function of the need for cognition. Method: 109 MSM participated, randomly distributed, in two experimental conditions (written versus audiovisual message). Results: We found that the need for cognition moderated the effect of message modality on cognitive elaboration and in contra-argumentation, but not on reactance. Data shows that written message increased cognitive elaboration in participants with low need for cognition and generated less contra-argumentation in participants with a higher need for cognition. Conclusions: The effectiveness of an entertainment-education message is determined by both the characteristics of the message (the modality of presentation) and the individual differences of people (the need for cognition). In particular, the need for cognition is a relevant variable for understanding the cognitive processes of reception (cognitive elaboration and contra-argumentation) that play a fundamental role in the study of narrative persuasion.

Metacognitive skills of undergraduate university students: study based on three colombian institutions

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the level of development of metacognitive skills of undergraduate students in Colombia and to establish whether there are differences by institution of origin, or by gender or by semester. Method: A quantitative study and a non-probabilistic sampling was conducted. A total of 1.199 students from three universities participated, one public and distance modality; and the other two private and face-to-face modality. The Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) was used to determine metacognitive skills. Results: At a general level, Colombian university students present a high level of development of their metacognitive skills with an average of 3,86 on a 5-point scale. When analyzing the abilities of the students according to the university of origin, the Kruskal-Wallis test shows that there are significant differences (p<0,05) in favor of the students in the distance modality. The Mann-Whitney U test allowed us to conclude that there are no significant differences by gender, although women have higher means (M = 3,88) than men (M = 3,83). It was possible to establish through the Spearman correlation that there are significant and negative differences in the level of metacognitive skills according to the semester of the students, as their skills decrease as they progress. Conclusions: Although students have a good level of development of their metacognitive skills it is required to strengthen especially evaluation processes. Students trained in virtual distance learning methodology showed a higher degree of development of metacognitive skills than those in face-to-face mode, which could be explained by a greater development of self-regulation as an indicator of maturity for learning.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el nivel de desarrollo de las habilidades metacognitivas de estudiantes de pregrado en Colombia y establecer si existen diferencias por institución de procedencia, o por género o por semestre. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo y un muestreo no probabilístico. Participaron 1199 estudiantes de tres universidades, una de carácter público y modalidad distancia; y las otras dos privadas y modalidad presencial. Se utilizó el Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) para determinar las habilidades metacognitivas. Resultados: A nivel general los estudiantes universitarios colombianos presentan un alto nivel de desarrollo de sus habilidades metacognitivas con una media de 3,86 en una escala de 5 puntos. Al analizar las habilidades de los estudiantes según la universidad de procedencia, la prueba de KruskalWallis muestra que existen diferencias significativas (p<0,05) a favor de los alumnos en la modalidad a distancia. La prueba U de Mann-Whitney permitió concluir que no hay diferencias significativas por género, aunque las mujeres tienen medias más altas (M = 3,88) que los hombres (M=3,83). Se pudo establecer a través de la correlación de Spearman que existen diferencias significativas y negativas en el nivel de habilidades metacognitivas según el semestre de los estudiantes, a medida que avanzan sus habilidades disminuyen. Conclusiones: Aunque los estudiantes tienen un buen nivel de desarrollo de sus habilidades metacognitivas se requiere fortalecer especialmente procesos de evaluación. Los estudiantes que se forman en metodología a distancia virtual mostraron un mayor grado de desarrollo de las habilidades metacognitivas que los de modalidad presencial, lo que podría explicarse por un mayor desarrollo de la autonomía como indicador de madurez para el aprendizaje.

Indicators of Quality of Life According to Self-Efficacy, Physical Activity and Cognition among Elderly People Attending Open Universities for the Elderly in Southern Brazil

Introduction: Quality of life is a multifaceted construct that depends on the person's subjective perception; however, some studies have shown self-efficacy and cognition with possible indicators of this positive perception of quality of life in people. Objective: Examined prediction of Quality of Life (QL) and its domains according to self-efficacy, physical activity (PA) and cognition among elderly people attending public Open Universities for the elderly in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive correlational study with a sample of 277 elderly. Questionnaires used: Sociodemographic, WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD, IPAQ, General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination. Statistical: Descriptive and inferential analysis (correlation and multiple linear regression), significancep < .05. Results: The mean age was 67.60 (SD=6.65). Self-efficacy was related to QOL and to all domains. PA correlated with general QOL and the Psychological and Social domains. Cognition was correlated with general QOL and five other domains (Physical, Psychological, Social, Environmental, Sensory functioning, Past/Present/ Future Activities). Self-efficacy, PA and Cognition can explain 10% of the general QOL, and 14% of the Environmental domain. The specific QOL and its domains had 10% of explanation. Conclusion: QOL can be explained by the constructs self-efficacy, cognition and PA.

Introducción: La calidad de vida es un constructo multifacético que depende de la percepción subjetiva de la persona; sin embargo, algunos estudios han demostrado que la autoeficacia y la cognición son posibles indicadores de esta percepción positiva de la calidad de vida en las personas. Objetivo: se examinó la predicción de la calidad de vida (CV) y sus dominios según la autoeficacia, la actividad física (AF) y la cognición entre ancianos que asisten a Universidad Abierta para Adultos Mayores en el Estado de Paraná, Brasil. Método: estudio transversal descriptivo correlacional con una muestra de 277 ancianos. Cuestionarios utilizados: sociodemográfico, WHOQOL-BREF y WHOQOL-OLD, IPAQ, Escala de Autoeficacia Percibida General y Examen Cognitivo de Addenbrooke. Estadística: análisis descriptivo e inferencial (correlación y regresión lineal múltiple), significancia p < .05. Resultados: la edad media fue de 67.60 (DE=6.65). La autoeficacia se relacionó con la calidad de vida y con todos los dominios. AF se correlacionó con la CV general y los dominios psicológico y social. La cognición se correlacionó con la calidad de vida general y otros cinco dominios (funcionamiento físico, psicológico, social, ambiental, sensorial, actividades pasadas/presentes/futuras). Autoeficacia, AF y cognición pueden explicar el 10% de la CV general y el 14% del dominio ambiental. La CV específica y sus dominios tuvieron 10% de explicación. Conclusión: la CV puede ser explicada por los constructos autoeficacia, cognición y AF.

[Independence of the anthropometric profile, attention and intelligence in higher education students in the field of physical activity in Chile]. / Independencia del perfil antropométrico, atención e inteligencia en estudiantes de educación superior en el ámbito de actividad física de Chile.

Introduction: Introduction: kinanthropometry is the current science that studies body parameters in relation to its functioning (such as body composition, proportionality, somatotype, etc.), with established norms, techniques and criteria. Objective: to relate anthropometric profile, attention and problem solving in higher education students in the field of physical activity in Chile. Method: quantitative-correlational approach, with non-experimental and cross-sectional design. Results: there is no significant relationship between body composition (body masses) and cognitive tests (attention and Raven). Regarding anthropometric data (body composition), no significant differences were observed between the sexes for any parameter. Conclusion: it can be deduced that the results of the cognitive factors may be associated with other variables, and not specifically with the variables that may affect anthropometric parameters. These are very interesting topics for future studies, so it is suggested to continue studying cognitive abilities with other variables.

Introducción: Introducción: la cineantropometría es la ciencia actual que estudia los parámetros corporales en relación con su funcionamiento (por ejemplo, composición corporal, proporcionalidad, somatotipo, etc.), con normas, técnicas y criterios establecidos. Objetivo: relacionar el perfil antropométrico, la atención y la resolución de problemas en estudiantes de educación superior en el ámbito de actividad física de Chile. Método: enfoque cuantitativo-correlacional, diseño no experimental y de corte transversal. Resultados: no existe una relación significativa entre la composición corporal (masas corporales) y las pruebas cognitivas (atención y Raven). En relación con los datos antropométricos (composición corporal), no se observaron diferencias significativas entre ambos sexos para ningún parámetro. Conclusión: se deduce que los resultados de los factores cognitivos pueden estar asociados a otras variables, y no específicamente a las variables que pueden afectar los parámetros antropométricos. Estos temas son muy interesantes para próximos estudios, por lo que se sugiere seguir estudiando las habilidades cognitivas con otras variables.

Comparison of the neurocognitive profile of the children of parents with bipolar disorder and controls: A transnational cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Studies that have compared the cognitive alterations of the children of parents with bipolar disorder (CPBD) versus the children of control parents (CCP), present heterogeneous results due to the studies' methodological differences, the age of the population studied, and the lack of standardisation of the measures used for the different neurocognitive domains. The objective was to compare the neurocognitive profile of CPBD versus CCP to observe if there are differences that could be proposed as possible endophenotypes of BD. RESULTS: A total of 107 individuals (51 CPBD, and 56 CCP) with ages between 6 and 16 (mean, 12.2±2.80) years of age were evaluated. Seventy-four point five percent of the CPBD group had some disorder compared to 67.9% of the CCP group. Tests such as letter-F phonemic verbal fluency, letter-S phonemic verbal fluency, overall F-A-S phonemic verbal fluency, story recall and retrieval, and Wisconsin perseverative errors showed a difference with a small effect size, but with a high degree of uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS: The CPBD did not have differences in their neurocognitive profile in comparison with CCP. Both groups have a high prevalence of psychopathology, which is a factor that could explain the lack of differences in neurocognitive performance.

Teoria da mente e empatia em adultos típicos: uma revisão de escopo / Theory of mind and empathy in typical adults: a scoping review / Teoría de la mente y empatía en adultos típicos: una revisión panorámica

Teoria da mente e empatia são habilidades sociocognitivas implicadas na compreensão do mundo social e elaboração de respostas em contextos sociais. Entretanto, é preciso ainda avançar na precisão como as pesquisas apresentam esses constructos e as relações entre eles. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de escopo a respeito das relações conceituais apontadas entre teoria da mente e empatia em pesquisas que investigam diferenças socioindividuais em adultos típicos, bem como organizar essas produções em função de categorias temáticas. Foram analisados 62 artigos, sendo observados cinco diferentes modelos de articulações conceituais entre teoria da mente e empatia e três núcleos de produção temática, ligados ao comportamento social, às variações fisiológicas na vida cotidiana, e, às variações cognitivas, afetivas e sociais. Discutem-se também avanços e limitações nessa área, apontando-se tanto para uma profícua produção como para a necessidade de se avançar na construção de parâmetros mais precisos nessa área. (AU)

Theory of mind and empathy constitute sociocognitive skills central to understanding the social world and formulating responses within social contexts. However, studies continue to face the challenge of clarifying their boundaries and unraveling the presumed connections between them. This study aimed to conduct a scoping review of the conceptual interplay between theory of mind and empathy in research exploring socio-individual differences in typical adults, while also organizing these findings according to thematic categories. A total of 62 articles were analyzed, revealing five different models of relations between theory of mind and empathy, as well as three thematic production nuclei linked to social behavior, physiological variations in daily life, and cognitive, affective, and social variations. The study also discusses advancements and limitations in this field, pointing out both a fruitful production and the need to advance in the construction of more precise parameters in this area. (AU)

La teoría de la mente y la empatía son habilidades sociocognitivas implicadas en la comprensión del mundo social y la elaboración de respuestas en contextos sociales. Sin embargo, todavía es necesario avanzar en la precisión con la que las investigaciones presentan estos constructos y las relaciones entre ellos. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión de alcance de las relaciones conceptuales entre la teoría de la mente y la empatía en las investigaciones sobre las diferencias socio-individuales en los adultos típicos, así como organizar estas producciones según categorías temáticas. Se analizaron 62 artículos y fueron identificados cinco modelos diferentes de relación entre la teoría de la mente y la empatía y tres núcleos de producción temática: comportamiento social, variaciones fisiológicas y variaciones cognitivas, afectivas y sociales. También se discuten los avances y las limitaciones en esta área, señalando tanto una producción fructífera como la necesidad de avanzar en la construcción de parámetros más precisos en este campo. (AU)

Actualizando el sistema; capitalismo cognitivo y semiocapitalismo / Updating the System; Cognitive Capitalism and Semiocapitalism

El conocimiento en las sociedades digitalizadas se torna aceleradamente efímero, obsolescente y competitivo. Así, los roles de sus académicos se ven sometidos a una existencia precaria; se esfuerzan por acumular capital semiótico a través de factores de impacto ­fácilmente cuantificables­ que desdibujan el valor cualitativo de lo cognitivo. Es en esta trama que terminan inscribiéndose las universidades del siglo XXI; la mayéutica de Akádêmos comienza a desdibujarse tras la competitividad burocrático-empresarial del capitalismo cognitivo

Knowledge in digitized societies rapidly becomes ephemeral, obsolescent and competitive. Thus, the roles of its academics are subjected to a precarious existence; they strive to accumulate semiotic capital through impact factors ­ easily quantifiable ­ that blur the qualitative value of the cognitive. It is in this plot that the universities of the XXI century end up registering; Akádêmos's maieutics begins to blur behind the bureaucratic-business competitiveness of cognitive capitalism