Association between Diet Quality and Eating Behavior in Type 2 Diabetes Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a global epidemic. To effectively control T2DM, individuals must adhere to a high-quality diet that encompasses not only healthy dietary patterns but also promotes positive eating behaviors. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 314 patients with T2DM, and we evaluated the diet quality and also examined the associations between eating behavior, diet quality, and anthropometric and clinical factors in T2DM patients. We used the Diet Quality Index-International and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire to assess dietary characteristics. We found that women had a significantly higher diet quality than men (61.40 vs. 58.68, p = 0.002) but were also more prone to emotional eating (2.00 vs. 1.53, p < 0.001) and restrained eating (2.39 vs. 2.05, p = 0.002). Restrained eating correlated with duration of diabetes (r = -0.169, p = 0.003), body mass index (r = 0.182, p = 0.001), and external eating with glycated hemoglobin (r = 0.114, p = 0.044). Patients with emotional eating had a higher vitamin C adequacy score (ß = 0.117, p = 0.045). External eating was positively associated with grain adequacy (ß = 0.208, p < 0.001) and negatively associated with empty-calorie food moderation score (ß = -0.125, p = 0.032). For restrained eating, we found associations with vitamin C adequacy (ß = -0.138, p = 0.017) and fruit adequacy (ß = 0.125, p = 0.033). In conclusion, the results of this study provide valuable insight into dietary behavior and emphasize the importance of promoting healthy eating habits for T2DM patients.

Comparative study of eating behavior between patients with mental illness and healthy controls using the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To examine the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ-J) for patients with mental illness, and to determine the characteristics of eating behavior among these patients when compared with healthy controls. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: In May 2018, 120 outpatients with mental illness and 132 healthy controls were surveyed. First, exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the DEBQ-J statement responses for both patients and healthy controls. Next, reliability coefficients were calculated for the eating behavior scale scores (emotional, restrained, and external eating) extracted from the factor analysis. The association between BMI and eating behavior was examined using Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The DEBQ-J had a similar factor structure to that of the original DEBQ for healthy controls, with a cumulative contribution of 52.4% for the three factors, and alpha coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 0.91. For patients, factor analysis showed that four statements classified as emotional eating items in the original DEBQ were recategorized as external eating items, and the percentage of patients with obesity (BMI≥25) was 57.5%, compared with only 25.4% among the healthy controls. The patients with obesity tended to score higher on the external eating scale than did those with BMI<25. CONCLUSIONS: Patients tended to blur the distinction between emotional feelings of mental irritability or anxiety and feelings in response to external stimuli. Monitoring of the DEBQ-J external eating score and appropriate intervention among patients living with mental illness may help to prevent obesity.

Mendelian Randomization Analysis Identifies Inverse Causal Relationship between External Eating and Metabolic Phenotypes.

Disordered eating contributes to weight gain, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the precise mechanisms underlying the development of different eating patterns and connecting them to specific metabolic phenotypes remain unclear. We aimed to identify genetic variants linked to eating behaviour and investigate its causal relationships with metabolic traits using Mendelian randomization (MR). We tested associations between 30 genetic variants and eating patterns in individuals with T2D from the Volga-Ural region and investigated causal relationships between variants associated with eating patterns and various metabolic and anthropometric traits using data from the Volga-Ural population and large international consortia. We detected associations between HTR1D and CDKAL1 and external eating; between HTR2A and emotional eating; between HTR2A, NPY2R, HTR1F, HTR3A, HTR2C, CXCR2, and T2D. Further analyses in a separate group revealed significant associations between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the loci in CRP, ADCY3, GHRL, CDKAL1, BDNF, CHRM4, CHRM1, HTR3A, and AKT1 genes. MR results demonstrated an inverse causal relationship between external eating and glycated haemoglobin levels in the Volga-Ural sample. External eating influenced anthropometric traits such as body mass index, height, hip circumference, waist circumference, and weight in GWAS cohorts. Our findings suggest that eating patterns impact both anthropometric and metabolic traits.

Understanding the Interplay of Dietary Intake and Eating Behavior in Type 2 Diabetes.

Diet and eating behavior both play a crucial role in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary intake and eating behavior in a population of patients with T2DM. A cross-sectional study was performed using 416 patients with T2DM and their dietary intake and eating behavior were assessed with validated questionnaires. Women scored significantly higher than men for emotional and restrained eating (p < 0.001). Correlation analyses showed that emotional eaters consumed significantly more calories (r = 0.120, p = 0.014) and fat (r = 0.101, p = 0.039), as well as non-alcoholic beverages for women (r = 0.193, p = 0.003) and alcohol for men (r = 0.154, p = 0.038). Also, individuals who ate based on external cues consumed significantly more calories (r = 0.188, p < 0.001) and fat (r = 0.139, p = 0.005). These results demonstrate that eating behavior influences dietary intake. Understanding this relationship could optimize diabetes management and allow for more individualized nutritional guidance.

Validating the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (DEBQ-C) among Korean children and adolescents with high weight.

BACKGROUND: Using reliable measurement tools is becoming increasingly important as the prevalence of obesity among children increases in Korea. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (DEBQ-C) measures three eating behaviors associated with overeating. This study aims to validate the DEBQ-C for use among Korean children and adolescents with high body weight. It examines the psychometric features of the Korean translation of the DEBQ-C and investigates the relationship between the subscale scores of the DEBQ-C and the weight status of participants (categorized into overweight, obese, and morbidly obese). METHODS: A total of 233 children and adolescents (mean age: 11.4 ± 1.6 years) completed the questionnaire. The study verified the factor structure of the DEBQ-C using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and estimated its internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha. For convergent validity, it employed Pearson's correlation coefficient to assess relationships between the three eating behaviors of the DEBQ-C and the number of food addiction symptoms of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C). Lastly, it examined the relationship between DEBQ-C scores and weight status via multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The three-factor model demonstrated goodness-of-fit (χ2 = 253, df = 167, χ2/df = 1.515, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.944; TLI = 0.937; RMSEA = 0.047). The internal consistency of the three eating behaviors was also satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.707-0.890). The emotional and external eating subscales of the DEBQ-C were positively correlated with the number of symptoms of food addiction of the YFAS-C. Emotional (OR: 2.008; 95% CI 1.973-2.043) and external (OR: 2.074; 95% CI 2.029-2.119) eating were positively associated with obesity status. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the Korean version of the DEBQ-C is suitable for the examination of problematic eating behaviors in Korean children and adolescents with high body weight.

The proportion of children and adolescents with obesity in Korea is increasing. Thus, the availability of a tool that can reliably identify problematic eating behavior linked to obesity would assist with prevention and management efforts. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (DEBQ-C) measures three types of overeating behavior in children that influence weight gain. This study examines the suitability of the Korean translation of the DEBQ-C questionnaire for use in studies on Korean children and adolescents with high body weight. The results of a survey on 233 adolescents (average age: 11.4 ± 1.6 years) suggest that the DEBQ-C translation would be useful in investigating overeating behavior in Korean children and adolescents. In addition, the findings suggest that eating in response to emotions and external cues are likely to play a role in the development of obesity among children and adolescents.

A Mexican Spanish Adaptation of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Influence of Sociodemographic Variables in Pregnant Women.

Eating behaviors are complex phenomena, entangling physiological signals of hunger and satiety, food choices, emotional states, and social factors and expectations, as well as food availability and sensory appearance. Evaluating eating behaviors is challenging and must cover different motives. One instrument for such evaluation is the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), composed of three subscales for exploring emotional eating, external eating, and restrained eating. In this article, we aimed to (1) evaluate the psychometric properties of a Mexican Spanish adaptation of the DEBQ; and (2) explore the associations between the three adapted DEBQ scales and the influence of sociodemographic factors on each of the three eating behaviors in Mexican pregnant women. A sample of 514 pregnant women responded to our adapted version of the DEBQ and a questionnaire about sociodemographic information. We performed an exploratory factor analysis using a principal component analysis with varimax rotation; based on this analysis, we removed items that loaded on two factors and then performed a confirmatory factor analysis. The final version of the adapted DEBQ has 26 items, clearly divided into a three-factor structure and satisfactorily reliable (Cronbach's ⍺ = 0.903). We then performed Spearman bivariate correlations and multivariate linear regression with backward variable selection to test the associations and influence of sociodemographic factors on each of the three eating behaviors evaluated with the DEBQ. In pregnant women, emotional eating (EmoE) had a medium-high correlation with external eating (ExtE) and a low correlation with restrained eating (RestE), while ExtE and RestE showed no association. The three eating behaviors are associated with maternal sociodemographic and reproductive variables, which partly explain their variation, most notably maternal schooling. Our adapted version of the DEBQ is suitable for use with Mexican Spanish-speaking pregnant women. Maternal sociodemographic and reproductive factors have an influence on the variance of eating behaviors during pregnancy.

Emotional and external eating styles associated with obesity.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is related to eating habits. Overeating is the most behavioural trait implicated in obesity; emotional, external and rigid restrained eating are three maladaptive eating habits that are associated to overeating. OBJECTIVES: The current study assesses the eating styles of Algerian adults. It identifies and analyses differences in eating styles in a sample from adults with normal BMI and who have obesity. The study examines the relationship between eating styles and BMI. METHODS: The sample consisted of 200 volunteers aged from 31 to 62 years old, 110 with obesity and 90 having normal BMI. The participants were recruited from hospital and university employees. They were questioned about their eating habits. The participants did not receive any treatment. To assess eating styles, participants completed the DEBQ. RESULTS: The prevalence of women was in the majority, representing 61% (n = 122) in the total sample (63.63% (n = 70) with obesity, and 55.77% (n = 52) with normal BMI). The prevalence of men represents 39% (n = 78) in the total sample (36.36% (n = 40) with obesity, and 42.22% (n = 38) with normal BMI). Participants with obesity showed pathological eating styles. They scored higher on emotional and external eating styles than to normal BMI group. However, restraint eating showed a slight no significant increase. The mean scores ± standard deviations observed in each eating styles were: emotional eating (2.88 ± 0.99** vs. 1.71 ± 0.32), external eating (3.31 ± 0.68** vs. 1.96 ± 0.29), and retrained eating (1.81 ± 0.7ns vs. 1.3 ± 0.30). The linear regression analysis showed an effect of emotional and external eating on BMI. CONCLUSION: These results could be used to provide clinical information at the initial screening for obesity criteria, obesity prevention and treatment.

Emotional, external and rigid restrained eating are three eating habits related to obesity. They are associated to overeating in response to negative emotions, external food-related cues, and body weight control. Obesity treatment necessarily requires the training of medical professionals. The objective of this research is to assess eating styles of people living with obesity and to analyse differences comparing with people with normal body mass index (BMI). We examined the relationship between eating habits and BMI. A total of 200 participants aged from 31 to 62 years old were recruited from hospital and university workers; 110 with obesity and 90 with normal BMI. The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire was used to assess eating styles (DEBQ). The outcomes of the current study showed that people with obesity exhibit a high emotional and external eating. However, they show a slight restraint eating. BMI was associated to both emotional and external eating. Negatives emotions lead participants to overeat as a response way to cope with, and expose them to obesity. These results are important for the initial screening of obesity criteria. For prevention and treatment of obesity, eating styles must be targeted as factors associated to obesity in order to cope with negative emotions.

[Characteristic of eating behavior in functional dispepsy].

Functional dyspepsia is the actual problem of modern gastroenterology, its manifestations contribute to the lifting of lifestyle and nutrition. However, a comprehensive assessment of the effect of violations of food behavior, the distribution of adipose tissue and the level of gosters regulating appetite on the severity of gastroenterological symptoms in individuals with various types of functional dyspepsia hasn't been carried out yet. Aim - to clarify the effect of food behavior, ghrelin and leptin blood concentrations on clinical symptoms in patients with different types of functional dyspepsia. Material and methods. A prospective study with the participation of 90 people aged 22.3±0.2, divided into 3 groups was carried out: patients with postprandial distress syndrome (PDS), patients with epigastric pain syndrome (EPS), and practically healthy. All respondents were interviewed using the GSRS, DEBQ questionnaires, their anthropometric data have been defined, body composition indicators were calculated based on the measurement of body circumference measurements, leptin and ghrelin concentration in blood serum was measured by the enzyme immunoassay method. Results and discussion. EPS was characterized by more pronounced symptoms (10.10±0.32 points on the GSRS questionnaire) due to abdominal pain syndrome (4.33±0.51 points) compared with patients with PDS and healthy individuals. In both variants of the functional dyspepsia, all three types of food behavior disorders were revealed, however, the external type was more characteristic for PDS. Patients with PDS had a larger volume of visceral adipose tissue (42.84% of the total fat tissue in the body) than those with EPS (34.02%) and healthy ones (35.55%). Blood leptin concentration in patients with both variants of the functional dyspepsia was lower (especially in patients with EPS - 0.17±0.03 ng/ml, p=0.039) than in healthy (0.32±0.08 ng/ml). Ghrelin level in patients with EPS (14.91±0.17 ng/ml) was significantly higher than in healthy (11.55±0.44 ng/ml, p=0.022). Factor analysis made it possible to identify the stress factor showing the connection of emotional disorders of food behavior with increasing gastrointestinal symptoms and blood leptin concentration and decreasing blood ghrelin level. Conclusion. Different variants of functional dyspepsia are characterized by their own peculiarities of eating behavior, the distribution of fat in the body, the degree of changes in leptin and ghrelin levels, which determine their clinical symptoms. The identification and accounting of these factors will make it possible to individualize the approach to the curation of patients with functional dyspepsia.

Perceived stress, eating behavior, and overweight and obesity among urban adolescents.

BACKGROUND: WHO estimated 20% of adolescents (10-19 years) have mental health problems. We examined the prevalence and associated risk predictors of overweight/obesity and perceived stress using eating behaviors and physical activity among school-and-college-going urban adolescents in Bangladesh. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a multistage sampling technique was employed to select 4609 adolescent students, aged 13-19 years, from all eight Bangladesh divisions during January-June 2019. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire containing Turconi Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ), Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ), Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and Anthropometric measurements. Logistic regression and different association measures assessed relationships among adolescent characteristics. RESULTS: The major 61.5% of adolescents were in moderate-to-extremely-severe levels of stress, 28.2% were overweight/obese, only 2.7% had a very active lifestyle, and 30.5% had a sedentary lifestyle. Perceived stress was positively and significantly correlated with eating behaviors and body mass index, whereas physical activity was significantly associated with the prevalence of overweight/obesity and high stress. The prevalence of overweight/obesity (53.8%) and high stress (52.5%) was higher in males. Adolescents' obesity was 2.212 times more likely who had a sedentary lifestyle (95% CI 1.377-3.552), 1.13 times more likely for those who had experienced stress due to school/leisure conflict (95% CI 1.051-1.222), and 1.634 times more likely for those who were tempted by restrained eating behavior (95% CI 1.495-1.786). CONCLUSION: Stress on secondary school-and-college-going students needs to be recognized, and strategies need to be developed to improve adolescents' mental health.

Polish Adaptation of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ): The Role of Eating Style in Explaining Food Intake-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Knowledge of associations between emotional, external, and restrained eating with food choices is still limited due to the inconsistent results of the previous research. The aim of the study was to adopt the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and then to examine the relationship between emotional, external, and restrained eating styles and dietary patterns distinguished on the basis of intake of fruit and vegetables (fresh and processed separately), fruit and/or vegetable unsweetened juices, sweets and salty snacks, and the adequacy of fruit and vegetable intake. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020, in a sample of 1000 Polish adults. The questionnaire consisted of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, questions on selected food groups intake, and metrics. DEBQ structure was tested using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM), while multi-group analysis was used to test measurement invariance. Logistic regression was applied to investigate the association between eating styles and dietary patterns, identified with the use of K-means cluster analysis. EFA, CFA and SEM revealed a three-factor, 29-item tool with satisfactory psychometric parameters. Restrained eating (ResEat) and external eating (ExtEat) were found to decrease chances of low intake of both favorable (fruit, vegetables, and unsweetened juices) and unfavorable (sweets and salty snacks) foods and increased the chances of their moderate intake. ResEat increased the probability of the high intake of favorable and moderate or high intake of unfavorable foods. ResEat and ExtEat were predisposed to adequate intake of fruit and vegetables while emotional eating had the opposite effect. Gender, education, and BMI were also found to determine food intake. Our results provide evidence that both eating styles and sociodemographic characteristics should be taken into account while explaining food intake as they may favor healthy and unhealthy eating in different ways.

Validation of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire in a Romanian Adult Population.

(1) Background: Obesity, part of the triple global burden of disease, is increasingly attracting research on its preventive and curative management. Knowledge of eating behavior can be useful both at the individual level (to individualize treatment for obesity) and the population level (to implement more suitable food policies). The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) is a widely used international tool to assess eating behavior, i.e., emotional, external and restricted eating styles. The aim of this study was to validate the Romanian version of DEBQ, as obesity is a major concern in Romania. (2) Methods: Our study tested the psychometric properties of the Romanian version of DEBQ on an adult population and explored the associations of eating behavior with weight status (3) Results: The study showed a factor load similar to the original version of the questionnaire and a very good internal validity (Cronbach's alpha fidelity coefficient greater than 0.8 for all scales of the questionnaire) for the Romanian version of DEBQ and showed that all of the scales positively correlated with body mass index in both men and women. (4) Conclusions: This study will enable the use of the DEBQ Romanian version on the adult population of Romania where the findings could be incorporated into developing better strategies to reduce the burden of nutrition-related diseases.

Association between post-cessation weight gain and eating behavior changes.

OBJECTIVE: Fear of post-cessation weight gain may be a barrier to cessation therapy or may lead to smoking relapse. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the change in eating behavior and post-cessation weight gain. METHODS: A prospective study that included 103 cigarette smokers, who visited the family medicine clinics of a training and research hospital for smoking cessation treatment between June 2018 and December 2018, was planned. A face to face survey (including Turkish version of Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire-DEBQ and weight measures) was applied to all individuals at first and the final visits for the assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behaviors. Statistical analyses were completed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 program. RESULTS: Of 103 patients screened (M age=38.3 years SD=9.28), 58.3% were male, and 40.8% were in heavy nicotine dependence level (NDL) group. The mean weight increased by 4.74±2.63 kg in three months of smoking cessation. In the high NDL group, three subscales score (restrained p<0.001, emotional p=0.007, external p=0.005) of the DEBQ increased. Weight gain was significative associated with NDL (p=0.01). There was a positive correlation between Fagerstrom score and weight (kg) gain (r: 0.34; p=0.001). Weight change according to the emotional eating behavior was significantly different by gender (female p=0.005; male p=0.04). Women had a higher difference in emotional eating behavior score than men. Obese smokers had a higher initial restrained eating score than non-obese smokers (p=0.009). Weight gain of nicotine replacement therapy group had a similar result in the pharmacotherapy (varenicline) group (p=0.26). Both of treatment types concluded with a significant weight change (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: This study obtained that post-cessation weight gain is related to high nicotine dependence, and quit smoking causes increased scores of emotional, restrained, external eating behavior subscales. Post-cessation eating behavior is negatively affected by quit smoking.

When a portion becomes a norm: Exposure to a smaller vs. larger portion of food affects later food intake.

BACKGROUND: Portion sizes in the food environment may communicate information about what constitutes a 'normal' amount of food to eat. Here we examined whether mere visual exposure to a smaller vs. larger portion size of snack food affects perceptions of how much a 'normal' sized portion is and how much people choose to eat of that food in future. METHODS: Under the guise of a study on taste preference and personality, 104 female participants were randomly allocated to be exposed to either a smaller or larger portion size of snack food. Twenty-four hours later participants freely selected a portion of the snack food to consume and reported on their perception of what constituted a normal sized portion of the snack food. RESULTS: Participants that were exposed to a smaller, as opposed to larger portion size subsequently believed that a normal portion of the snack food was smaller in size. Exposure to the smaller as opposed to the larger portion size also resulted in participants consuming less snack food the next day. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental exposure to smaller, as opposed to larger portion sizes of food may change perceptions of what constitutes a normal amount of food to eat and affect the amount of food people choose to eat in future.

Causes of Emotional Eating and Matched Treatment of Obesity.

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Eating in response to negative emotions (EE) may be an explanatory factor of the weight regain of many dieters. This narrative review presents evidence on possible causes of EE and the association of EE with depression and obesity and discusses implications of these findings for the treatment of obesity. RECENT FINDINGS: Possible causes of EE are high dietary restraint, poor interoceptive awareness, alexithymia, emotion dysregulation and a reversed hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) stress axis. EE may be the outcome of inadequate parenting or depressive feelings in interaction with genetic susceptibility. There is also robust evidence that EE is a mediator between depression and obesity. The association of EE with depression and poor emotion regulation skills suggests that the treatment of obese people with high EE should not focus on calorie-restricted diets but on emotion regulation skills. The DEBQ (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire) enables such a matched treatment of obesity.

Translation and Psychometric Analysis of the Chinese Version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children (DEBQ-C) in Taiwanese Preadolescents.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the (DEBQ-C) among Taiwanese preadolescents. DESIGN AND METHODS: The DEBQ-C was translated into Mandarin Chinese (CDEBQ-C) using established translation and back-translation methods and reviewed by an expert panel for cultural equivalence. A convenience sample of 349 preadolescents was randomly split to conduct exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on the first half and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the second. Internal consistency estimates for subscales were evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. Construct validation with academic stress, a theoretically related construct, was also examined. RESULTS: The theoretical dimensions of the original DEBQ-C were supported with an EFA that revealed the presence of three factors with 41.23% variance explained, and model fit was confirmed by CFA. Construct validation was supported by positive correlations with academic stress. Each subscale of the CDEBQ-C demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.72-0.86). Overweight/obese preadolescents scored significantly higher on restrained eating compared to other weight groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the CDEBQ-C is a psychometrically valid and reliable instrument for assessing overeating tendencies with Taiwanese preadolescents. Replication studies with greater diversity in age, ethnicity, and weight are needed to provide further evidence of construct validity for the CDEBQ-C. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians and researchers can use the CDEBQ-C to assess or expand the knowledge of children's overeating. At-risk preadolescents can be identified at an early stage and effective and individualized intervention programs may be designed and facilitated.

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire in a sample of Taiwanese parents.

The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) appraises overeating styles that may contribute to weight gain in adults. The purpose of this analysis was to assess the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the DEBQ (C-DEBQ) in a sample of parents of school-age children in Taiwan. The C-DEBQ encompassing three subscales that including emotional eating, external eating, and restrained eating. Each subscale's reliability was assessed with Cronbach's alpha internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to validate the model fit. A total of 340 normal weight and overweight parents of school-age children from various geographical locations in Taiwan participated in the study. Each subscale, emotional, external, and restrained eating, displayed good-to-excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas: .94, .81, and .89, respectively). CFA showed that the three-factor solution had close goodness-of-fit to the data for supporting the factorial validity (x2=1239.03, df=488, p<.001, x2/df=2.54, root mean square error of approximation=.067, comparative fit index=.879, Tucker-Lewis index=.869). Findings suggest that the C-DEBQ is a psychometrically reliable and valid instrument with the potential to assess overeating styles in Taiwanese parents of school-age children. Replication studies with more age- and gender-diverse populations are needed to provide further evidence of construct validity for the Chinese version of the DEBQ.

Homeostatic modulation on unconscious hedonic responses to food.

OBJECTIVE: Hedonic/affective responses to food play a critical role in eating behavior. Previous behavioral studies have shown that hedonic responses to food are elicited consciously and unconsciously. Although the studies also showed that hunger and satiation have a modulatory effect on conscious hedonic responses to food, the effect of these homeostatic states on unconscious hedonic responses to food remains unknown. RESULTS: We investigated unconscious hedonic responses to food in hungry and satiated participants using the subliminal affective priming paradigm. Food images or corresponding mosaic images were presented in the left or right peripheral visual field during 33 ms. Then photographs of target faces with emotionally neutral expressions were presented, and the participants evaluated their preference for the faces. Additionally, daily eating behaviors were assessed using questionnaires. Preference for the target faces was increased by food images relative to the mosaics in the hungry, but not the satiated, state. The difference in preference ratings between the food and mosaic conditions was positively correlated with the tendency for external eating in the hungry, but not the satiated, group. Our findings suggest that homeostatic states modulate unconscious hedonic responses to food and that this phenomenon is related to daily eating behaviors.

Eating behaviors in a male and female community sample: psychometric properties of the DEBQ / Comportamientos alimentarios en una muestra comunitaria de hombres y mujeres: propiedades psicométricas del DEBQ

The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) in a community sample of chilean adults. The sample comprised 627 participants who completed a battery of questionnaires. The mean age of the sample was 36.07 years (SD =12.49), and 66.2% of them were women. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.61 kg/m2 (SD =4.20). Item analysis suggested that one item yielded very low corrected item-total correlation. The internal structure analysis revealed that the three-factor model showed a good fit. Internal structure was adequate. A gender effect was found in DEBQ scores, and there was a positive significant association between BMI and DEBQ scores. The correlation analysis supported the adequate convergent validity of the scale. The present study provides evidence to support the adequate reliability and validity of the DEBQ when applied in a chilean population.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) en una muestra comunitaria de adultos chilenos. La muestra se compuso por 627 participantes que completaron una batería de cuestionarios. La media de edad fue de 36.07 años (DT=12.49), y el 66.2% fueron mujeres. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) medio fue 25.61 kg/m2 (DT=4.20). Uno de los ítems presentó una inadecuada correlación ítem-total corregida. El análisis de la estructura interna mostró un buen ajuste al modelo de tres factores. La consistencia interna fue adecuada. Se detectó un efecto de género en las puntuaciones del DEBQ y hubo una asociación positiva significativa entre el IMC y las puntuaciones del DEBQ. El análisis de correlaciones puso de manifiesto la adecuada validez convergente de la escala. El presente estudio proporciona evidencia para apoyar la adecuada fiabilidad y validez del DEBQ cuando se aplica a población chilena.

Validation of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) in a sample of Chinese adolescents.

We sought to validate the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) in a sample of Chinese adolescents and investigate differences in eating behaviors among Chinese normal weight, overweight, and obese adolescents. Chinese middle and high school students completed the DEBQ, Eating Disorder Inventory-1, and the Self-Control Scale. Result showed that the DEBQ had good internal consistency, test-retest reliability and criterion validity. Furthermore, the obese and overweight adolescents scored significantly higher than normal weight adolescents on three subscales. The DEBQ is effective for assessing eating behaviors in Chinese adolescents.

Validation of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) among Maltese women.

The main aim of this study was to assess the dimensional structure of the Maltese version of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) and evaluate the instrument's validity and reliability among Maltese women (N = 586). Exploratory factor analysis reflected the theoretical structure of three factors; emotional, restrained and external eating which was supported by a Confirmatory Factor analysis. Minor issues with specific items in the Emotional and External eating scale were identified and discussed. Criterion-related validity was ascertained through correlations with the EAT-26. The study also assessed the DEBQ's predictive value in differentiating between BMI groups and between dieters and weight maintainers. The results suggest that the Maltese DEBQ is a psychometrically valid and reliable instrument for assessing eating behaviours with women in the Maltese community. The study also highlights the critical role of Emotional and Restrained eating in dieting and overweight Maltese women.