Homogenization-circulating ultrasound in combination with aqueous enzymatic pretreatment for microwave-assisted extraction of kernel oil and essential oil from the fruit of Litsea cubeba.

Homogenization-circulating ultrasound in combination with an aqueous enzymatic pretreatment microwave-assisted extraction (HCUEPM) technique was successfully applied to extract kernel oil and essential oil from Litsea cubeba fruits. After screening the types and concentrations of enzymes, a 3 % pectinase aqueous solution was chosen. The Plackett-Burman design was used to screen eight parameters that might affect the yield of kernel oil and essential oil to identify significant variables. The best conditions were then predicted by further optimizing statistically significant factors via the Box-Behnken design. The optimal conditions were as follows: stirring speed of 1000 r/min, environmental pH of 5, homogenization time of 4 min, duty cycle of 20 %, ultrasound irradiation power of 400 W, incubation temperature of 52.78 °C, liquid-solid ratio of 9.31 mL/g, and incubation time of 2.53 h. Three parallel experiments were conducted under these conditions, yielding actual kernel oil at 240.56 ± 11.07 mL/kg DW and essential oil at 64.89 ± 3.1 mL/kg DW, which are close to the theoretical values. Compared with the HCUEPM method, the homogenization-microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (HMHD) method yielded 65.63 ± 3.2 mL/kg DW of essential oil but could not extract kernel oil. These findings demonstrate that the HCUEPM used in this study can efficiently extract a significant amount of kernel oil and essential oil from L. cubeba fruits in a short period of time. GC-MS analysis of the kernel oil and essential oil extracted via different methods revealed no significant differences in composition. The main components of the essential oil were D-limonene, trans-citral, cis-citral, and citronellal. The main components of the kernel oil were C10 and C12 medium-chain fatty acids, laying the foundation for the potential application of L. cubeba kernel oil and essential oil in the field of human health.

Dual modification of the aggregation behavior and in vitro digestion of oxidized pine kernel protein via a combination of homogenization and succinylation.

Protein oxidation affects the high-value utilization of nuts as oxidative attack causes protein aggregation, thereby challenging their technological functionality. Herein, a strategy using homogenization-assisted octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modification was proposed to tailor the structure, aggregation behavior, and digestive characteristics of oxidized pine kernel proteins. Results indicated that the ratio of α-helices to ß-turns ranged from as low as 0.43 up to 0.67 after homogenization, suggesting greater molecular flexibility. With increasing protein oxidation, the acylation degree exhibited an inverted V-shaped trend, peaking at 67.22 %. OSA treatment reduced the aggregation rate and prolonged the lag time of proteins by stabilizing the α-helices and ß-turns, increasing hydrogen bonding, and decreasing hydrophobicity. This increased the solubility of oxidized pine kernel proteins by ~30 % and improved their fluidity and thermal stability. A lower degree of succinylation was associated with higher free sulfhydryl content and surface hydrophobicity, which facilitated the thermal aggregation and the formation of elastomeric gels. Furthermore, the in vitro dynamic digestion and morphological observations of hydrolysis products indicated that cotreated proteins exhibited higher digestibility and formed small spherical particles ranging from 405.50 to 676.50 nm. These findings provide a promising approach to mitigate the adverse effects of oxidation on nut proteins.

Bioprocess to produce biostimulants/biofertilizers based on microalgae grown using piggery wastewater as nutrient source.

In the present work, two downstream processes - high-pressure homogenization at 100 (HPH-100) and 1200 bar (HPH-1200), and enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) - were tested to produce biostimulant extracts from Tetradesmus obliquus grown in piggery wastewater at two concentrations (12.8 and 88.3 g/L). Extracts before and after centrifugation (C) were evaluated in four bioassays using garden cress (germination), mung bean (auxin-like activity), and cucumber (auxin- and cytokinin-like activity) relative to distilled water. The initial microalgal culture, without any treatment, had the best germination results (162 % at 0.2 g/L) and the only one that showed cytokinin-like activity (141 % at 0.5 g/L). In both auxin-like bioassays, the HPH-1200 + C and EH + C originated high values (186 and 155 % for cucumber, 290 and 285 % for mung bean, respectively). For mung bean, the HPH-1200 achieved the highest auxin-like effect (378 %). Finally, the extracted biomass contained essential nutrients for biofertilization, complementing the biostimulant extracts for sustainable agriculture application.

A cluster-based incremental potential approach for reduced order homogenization of bones.

We develop a cluster-based model order reduction (called C-pRBMOR) approach for efficient homogenization of bones, compatible with a large variety of generalized standard material (GSM) models. To this end, the pRBMOR approach based on a mixed incremental potential formulation is extended to a clustered version for a significantly improved computational efficiency. The microscopic modeling of bones falls into a mixed incremental class of the GSM framework, originating from two potentials. An offline phase of the C-pRBMOR approach includes both a clustering analysis spatially decomposing the micro-domain within an RVE and a space-time decomposition of the microscopic plastic strain fields. A comparative study on two different clustering approaches and two algorithms for mode identification is additionally conducted. For an online analysis, a cluster-enhanced version of evolution equations for the reduced variables is derived from an effective incremental variational formulation, rendering a very small set of nonlinear equations to be numerically solved. Several numerical examples show the effectiveness of the C-pRBMOR approach. A striking acceleration rate beyond 104 against conventional FE computations and that beyond 103 against the original pRBMOR approach are observed.

Understanding the synergistic effect of pea protein and rice bran protein interaction in stabilizing palm kernel oil-in-water emulsion assisted by high-pressure homogenization.

BACKGROUND: Plant-based beverages have recently seen a significant increase in market demand. However, many of these products suffer from poor emulsion stability and low protein content. Gums have commonly been used to enhance emulsion stability but they do not improve the amino acid profile. This study investigated the use of multiples plant proteins to enhance both the stability and nutritional value of plant-based beverages. RESULT: Pea and rice bran proteins both enhanced emulsion stability. Pea protein enhanced the viscosity of the continuous phase whereas rice bran protein lowered interfacial tension. When applied synergistically, competitive adhesion occurred. Rice bran protein gradually displaced pea protein from the oil droplet surface as its concentration increased, leading to emulsion destabilization due to the displaced pea protein. The use of high-pressure homogenization further enhanced the stability of the emulsion by unfolding protein partially. However, increasing homogenization pressure (>500 Bar) and homogenization cycle (>2 cycles) led to protein aggregation due to excessive exposure of its hydrophobic core. The emulsion formed was resistant to coalescence at 4 °C for 28 days and was stable under high pH and low ionic conditions. CONCLUSION: The synergistic combination of plant proteins and the effective utilization of co-processing (homogenization) can enhance the functionality of the individual proteins significantly, leading to the formation of a stable emulsion. The use of plant protein mixture as a stabilizer not only improved the emulsion stability but also ensured a plant-based beverage with a complete amino acid profile for the vegan community. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Widespread homogenization in vegetation activities along the elevational gradients across the Himalaya over the past 40 years.

Mountainous regions are vital biodiversity hotspots with high heterogeneity, providing essential refugia for vegetation. However, climate change threatens this diversity with the potential homogenization of the distinct environmental conditions at different elevations. Here, we used a time-series (1985-2023) of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Landsat archives (30 m) to quantify vegetation changes across an elevation gradient on Himalaya Mountain. Our analysis revealed that over the past 40 years, the Himalayas have experienced widespread greening, accompanied by homogenization of vegetation across elevations. This homogenization, characterized by a reduction in the differences between high and low elevations, can be attributed to two main factors: (1) increased warming and a higher snowmelt rate at high elevations, facilitating rapid changes in high-elevation vegetation activities; and (2) higher anthropogenic disturbance at low and mid elevations, thus inhibiting low-elevation vegetation. These factors have resulted in a reduction of habitat differentiation along the mountain slopes, homogenizing vegetation and potentially threatening the unique biodiversity adapted to specific elevational zones. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for conservation strategies that prioritize the protection of heterogeneous mountain habitats to preserve their rich biodiversity in the face of climate change.

The influence mechanism of pH and polyphenol structures on the formation, structure, and digestibility of pea starch-polyphenol complexes via high-pressure homogenization.

The formation of starch-polyphenol complexes through high-pressure homogenization (HPH) is a promising method to reduce starch digestibility and control postprandial glycemic responses. This study investigated the combined effect of pH (5, 7, 9) and polyphenol structures (gallic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, and tannic acid) on the formation, muti-scale structure, physicochemical properties, and digestibility of pea starch (PS)-polyphenol complexes prepared by HPH. Results revealed that reducing pH from 9 to 5 significantly strengthened the non-covalent binding between polyphenols and PS, achieving a maximum complex index of 13.89 %. This led to the formation of complexes with higher crystallinity and denser structures, promoting a robust network post-gelatinization with superior viscoelastic and thermal properties. These complexes showed increased resistance to enzymatic digestion, with the content of resistant starch increasing from 28.66 % to 42.00 %, rapidly digestible starch decreasing from 42.82 % to 21.88 %, and slowly digestible starch reducing from 71.34 % to 58.00 %. Gallic acid formed the strongest hydrogen bonds with PS, especially at pH 5, leading to the highest enzymatic resistance in PS-gallic acid complexes, with the content of resistant starch of 42.00 %, rapidly digestible starch of 23.35 % and slowly digestible starch of 58.00 %, and starch digestion rates at two digestive stages of 1.82 × 10-2 min-1 and 0.34 × 10-2 min-1. These insights advance our understanding of starch-polyphenol interactions and support the development of functional food products to improve metabolic health by mitigating rapid glucose release.

Effects of High-Speed Shearing Treatment on the Physical Properties of Carbohydrate-Binder Mixture during Gelatinization for Preparing Freeze-Dried Soup Products.

Modernization has led to a large convenience food market, and the demand for freeze-dried (FD) soup products is increasing in the Republic of Korea. FD soup products are easy to eat without cooking and can be stored for long periods. However, it is often difficult to ensure sensory satisfaction after rehydration of FD soup products; in particular, the ingredients are not evenly dispersed. Therefore, a stable dispersion or reconstitution of the FD soup products is required after rehydration. Here, the effects of high-speed shearing homogenization on the physical properties of a carbohydrate-binder mixture comprising maltodextrin, potato starch, and rice flour were investigated during hydrothermal gelatinization. To find a suitable treatment condition, different homogenization eras, speeds, and concentrations of the binder mixture were considered; in particular, the homogenization eras were set by considering the hydrothermal property of the binder mixture profiled using differential scanning calorimetry. The viscosity of the binder mixture and the compression strength and microstructure of the FD binder block, including the dispersion stability after rehydration, were evaluated. The quality of the FD binder block was improved by homogenization above 5000 rpm when the core temperature of the binder mixture reached approximately To at 14.5-21.8% concentrations. The improved FD binder block exhibited a fine surface and tiny porous microstructure compared with the control (with continuous agitation at 250 rpm). The control block was divided into two phases, whereas the improved block maintained the initial dispersion stability at 50 °C for 1 h. These results are expected to be referenced for the purpose of improving the quality of the FD soup products.

Analysis of micropolar elastic multi-laminated composite and its application to bioceramic materials for bone reconstruction.

The asymptotic homogenization method is applied to characterize the effective behaviour of periodic multi-laminated micropolar elastic heterogeneous composites under perfect contact conditions. The local problem formulations and the analytical expressions for the effective stiffness and torque coefficients are derived for the centrosymmetric case. One of the main findings in this work is the analysis of the rotations effect of the layers' constitutive properties on the mechanical response of bi-laminated composites. The effects of microstructure and interfacial interactions on the composite's mechanical behaviour are captured through the independent effective moduli. Comparisons with the classical elastic case show the approach validation. Some numerical examples are shown. Furthermore, considering the micropolar media's prevalence in bio-inspired systems, the model's applicability is evaluated for reconstructing bone fractures using multi-laminated biocomposites. An important finding in this bio-inspired simulation is related to the analysis of a periodic bi-laminated micropolar composite whose isotropic constituents are a bioceramic material and a compact bone. This artificial bio-inspired material should integrate with host tissue to support cell growth and be stable and compatible. These characteristics are crucial in the enhancement of the fractured bone.

[Research strategy for homogenization feeding of Chinese patent medicines].

Chinese patent medicine constitutes a vital segment of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) industry and stands as a significant emblem of TCM modernization. At present, the quality stability between batches of Chinese patent medicine preparations has become a pivotal factor directly restricting the high-quality development of the TCM industry. Consequently, addressing the homogeneity of Chinese patent medicines, this paper proposes a research scheme of homogenization feeding. It systematically elaborates on the object and pretreatment of homogenization, operational procedures of homogenization feeding, selection of homogenization evaluation indices, homogenization feeding algorithm, and homogenization feeding process. With the key quality control indicators as the homogenization target, the homogenization feeding process and its quality analysis were discussed. Finally, a demonstration strategy for homogenization feeding of Chinese patent medicine was formed, providing the scientific basis for advancing the research of quality consistency across batches of Chinese patent medicine preparations.

Super-localized orthogonal decomposition for convection-dominated diffusion problems.

This paper presents a novel multi-scale method for convection-dominated diffusion problems in the regime of large Péclet numbers. The method involves applying the solution operator to piecewise constant right-hand sides on an arbitrary coarse mesh, which defines a finite-dimensional coarse ansatz space with favorable approximation properties. For some relevant error measures, including the L 2 -norm, the Galerkin projection onto this generalized finite element space even yields ε -independent error bounds, ε being the singular perturbation parameter. By constructing an approximate local basis, the approach becomes a novel multi-scale method in the spirit of the Super-Localized Orthogonal Decomposition (SLOD). The error caused by basis localization can be estimated in an a posteriori way. In contrast to existing multi-scale methods, numerical experiments indicate ε -robust convergence without pre-asymptotic effects even in the under-resolved regime of large mesh Péclet numbers.

Mean-field homogenization of liquid metal elastomer composites: comparative study and exact dilute solution of core-shell inclusion.

Liquid metal-elastomer composites (LMECs) have gathered significant attention for their potential applications in various functional stretchable devices, with inclusion sizes ranging from micrometers to nanometers. These composites exhibit exceptional properties, such as high electric permittivity and thermal conductivity, surpassing those of the elastomer matrix, thus enabling a broader range of applications without compromising the material's stretchability. To investigate the diverse effective elastic and functional properties of LMECs, micromechanics-based homogenization method based on Eshelby's inclusion solution are invaluable. However, the extreme contrast in elastic constants among the phases in LMECs, particularly for nanosized inclusions where a considerable amount of stiff metal oxide forms around the inclusions, can lead to critical failure in predicting effective properties if inadequate homogenization approach is employed. In this study, we present multiple mean-field homogenization approaches applicable to LMECs with core-shell morphology, namely: (i) multi-phase, (ii) sequential, (iii) pseudo-grain, and (iv) direct approaches. We compare the accuracy of the models concerning effective elastic, thermal, and dielectric properties, evaluated against numerical homogenization results and compared with reported experimental data. Specifically, we highlight homogenization scheme utilizing exact field solutions of dilute core-shell inclusion, emphasizing the importance of accurately capturing the field in the micromechanics of LMECs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that widely utilized interphase model could not properly resolve the core-shell morphology and thus should be avoided. This comprehensive assessment provides critical insights into the proper homogenization strategies for designing advanced LMECs with precise prediction of effective properties.

The role of processing on phenolic bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of apple derivatives.

Fruit derivatives are commonly obtained by applying processing operations deemed responsible for the loss of phenol compounds, but very little information is available on the fate of phenols upon digestion of these products. The present study evaluated the effect of thermal and mechanical treatments, commonly applied to turn apple pulp into puree and homogenate, on phenolic bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity. Despite a 20 % decrease in polyphenols due to processing, their bioaccessibility was higher in apple derivatives (>20 %) compared to pulp (∼2 %). Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), inactivated by thermal treatments in apple derivatives but not in the pulp, was hypothesized to be responsible for this difference. Results acquired on an unprocessed PPO-free apple model, only featuring quercetin-3-glucoside and pectin, actually exhibited similar bioaccessibility as processed derivatives. The radical scavenging capacity was unaffected by the structural integrity of apples, indicating independence from the plant tissue's hierarchical arrangement. After digestion, radical scavenging capacity decreased in the real apple matrices, correlating with phenolic content, while it was retained in the apple model, further suggesting the pivotal food matrix role in modulating polyphenols bioaccessibility and subsequent biological activity. Translating these results to an industrial scale, processing conditions can be optimized not only to guarantee that the quality requirements are met, but also to achieve desired nutritional benefits.

Biotic homogenization in multisystem cascade reservoirs: insights from sedimentary photopigment analysis.

The existing literature provides limited insights into the dynamics of phytoplankton communities and the spatial heterogeneity of physicochemical parameters in multisystem cascade reservoirs (interconnected reservoirs derived from different rivers). The existing studies are concentrated on cascade reservoirs (interconnected reservoirs derived from the same river). To address this knowledge gap, the aims of the present study were as follows: (1) investigate the spatial heterogeneity, within and between reservoirs, of geochemical parameters associated with the eutrophication process, considering total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, pheophytin, and metals (chromium, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, iron, and manganese); (2) evaluate sediment quality at the designated locations; (3) assess differences in the richness and concentration of sedimentary photopigments between the reservoirs. Application of principal component analysis revealed discernible gradients for the abiotic variables, although the differences were not statistically significant (one-way PERMANOVA test, p > 0.05). The observations suggested a tendency towards spatial homogeneity within and between the reservoirs. The metal concentrations were consistent with regional reference values, while phosphorus levels in the sediment approached the threshold for classification as pollution (~ 2000 mg/kg). Analysis of pigments indicated low dissimilarity among the reservoirs, which could be mainly attributed to the eutrophication process and high connectivity of the sampled areas. To counteract ongoing biotic homogenization, it is essential to reduce nutrient inputs and invest in ecological protection and restoration programs. The analysis of sedimentary photopigments provides an efficient and cost-effective alternative way to assess phytoplankton communities.

Homogenization of Thermal Properties in Metaplates.

Three-dimensional metamaterials endowed with two-dimensional in-plane periodicity exhibit peculiar thermoelastic behaviour when heated or cooled. By proper design of the unit cell, the equivalent thermal expansion coefficient can be programmed and can also reach negative values. The heterogeneity in the third direction of such metamaterials also causes, in general, a thermal-induced deflection. The prediction of the equivalent thermal properties is important to design the metamaterial suitable for a specific application. Under the hypothesis of small thickness with respect to the global in-plane dimensions, we make use of asymptotic homogenization to describe the thermoelastic behaviour of these metamaterials as that of an equivalent homogenous plate. The method provides explicit expressions for the effective thermal properties, which allow for a cost-effective prediction of the thermoelastic response of these metaplates.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Incorporated with Retinol and Pentapeptide-18-Optimization, Characterization, and Cosmetic Application.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) incorporated with retinol and oligopeptide can have a full spectrum of effects on the skin as a compatible combination of ingredients with broad anti-aging properties. The research's main objective was to ensure the stability of lipid nanocarriers containing retinol and peptide due to the planned use of this dispersion as a cosmetic raw material. To confirm the effectiveness of method optimization (high shear homogenization, HSH) and proper selection of substrates, SLN dispersions were obtained in three combinations: 1-non-incorporated SLNs; 2-SLNs containing only retinol; 3-SLNs containing retinol and pentapeptide-18; these were then stored at different temperatures (4, 25, 45 °C) for 4 weeks. The desired values of the physicochemical parameters of the optimized dispersion of lipid nanoparticles incorporated with retinol and oligopeptide over the required storage period were confirmed: mean particle size (Z-Ave) = 134.7 ± 0.3 nm; polydispersity index (PDI) = 0.269 ± 0.017 [-]; zeta potential (ZP) = 42.7 ± 1.2 mV (after 4 weeks at 25 °C). The results confirmed the proper selection of the SLN production method and the effectiveness of the optimization performed. The possibility of using the obtained raw material as an ingredient in cosmetic products with anti-aging properties was indicated.

Supercooling-Driven Homogenization and Strengthening of Hydrogel Networks.

By leveraging principles from metal grain refinement, we introduce a transformative technique for fabricating poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels via supercooling-coupled wet annealing, significantly enhancing their mechanical robustness and isotropy while maintaining their exceptionally high water content. Our methodology involves the dissolving PVA in water at elevated temperatures, mirroring the homogeneity achieved with a molten metal, in order to ensure a uniform distribution of polymer chains. This uniformity facilitates a rapid cooling phase that generates ultrafine ice crystals, setting the stage for a crucial solvent exchange with ethylene glycol (EG). The EG-mediated supercooling technique ensures the polymer homogeneity and structure integrity and induces the PVA chains to aggregate and form high-density hydrogen bonds, leading to a uniformly distributed, interconnected PVA network with high crystallinity. The process is further strengthened by EG-enabled wet annealing, which promotes the formation of densely packed crystalline domains within the polymer network. This rigorous process yields PVA hydrogels with superior mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 13.65 MPa and a fracture toughness of 35.39 MJ m-3, alongside remarkable water content nearing 80%. These advances not only surpass the capabilities of conventional hydrogels but also broaden their application potential, highlighting the innovative integration of supercooling principles in polymer science.

Effects of High-Pressure Homogenization on the Structure and Functional Properties of Solenaia oleivora Proteins.

Solenaia oleivora, a rare freshwater shellfish with high protein quality, is unique to China. However, the poor hydrosolubility and functional properties of Solenaia oleivora proteins hinder their utilization in food products. Herein, the alkaline dissolution-isoelectric precipitation method was used for the extraction of Solenaia oleivora proteins. Furthermore, the impact of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) treatment varying from 0 to 100 MPa on the structure and functional properties of Solenaia oleivora proteins was investigated. The obtained results indicated that HPH treatment decreased the α-helix content and enhanced the ß-sheet and random coil content. Furthermore, the HPH caused the unfolding of protein structure, exposing aromatic amino acids, increasing the free thiol group content, and enhancing surface hydrophobicity. As the homogenization pressure increased from 0 to 100 MPa, the particle size of Solenaia oleivora proteins decreased from 899 to 197 nm with the polymer dispersity index (PDI) value decreased from 0.418 to 0.151, the ζ-potential increased from -22.82 to -43.26 mV, and the solubility increased from 9.54% to 89.96%. Owing to the significant changes in protein structure and solubility, the emulsifying, foaming, and digestive properties of Solenaia oleivora proteins have been significantly improved after treatment with HPH.

Effect of chickpea protein modified with combined heating and high-pressure homogenization on enhancing the gelation of reduced phosphate myofibrillar protein.

The effects of chickpea protein (CP) modified by heating and/or high-pressure homogenization (HPH) on the gelling properties of myofibrillar protein under reduced phosphate conditions (5 mM sodium triphosphate, STPP) were investigated. The results showed that heating and HPH dual-modified CP could decrease the cooking loss by 29.57 %, elevate the water holding capacity by 17.08 %, and increase the gel strength by 126.88 %, which conferred myofibrillar protein with gelation performance comparable with, or even surpassing, that of the high-phosphate (10 mM STPP) control. This gelation behavior improvement could be attributed to enhanced myosin tail-tail interactions, decreased myosin thermal stability, elevated trans-gauche-trans disulfide conformation, strengthened hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, the uncoiling of α-helical structures, the formation of well-networked myofibrillar protein gel, and the disulfide linkages between the myosin heavy chain, actin, and CP subunits. Therefore, the dual-modified CP could be a promising phosphate alternative to develop healthier meat products.

Formation mechanism and stability of egg white fluid gels under ultrahigh-pressure homogenization pretreatment and synergistic heating effect.

The thermal sterilization process of protein beverages inevitably leads to the formation of insoluble thermal aggregates, greatly reducing the texture and taste of protein beverages. In this study, homogenized egg white (HEW) was obtained by ultrahigh-high-pressure (UHP) homogenization pretreatment of egg white (EW), and then a special egg white fluid gel (EWFG) was prepared by water bath heating. The results showed that the optimal conditions for preparing EWFG were three cycles at 20 MPa homogenizing pressure and heating in a water bath at 72℃ for 10 min. Under these conditions, the EWFG was a milky-white homogeneous liquid with an average particle size of about 560 nm. Measurements of the physicochemical properties of HEW and EWFG showed that the UHP homogenization treatment reduced the viscosity of HEW, decreased the particle size of protein aggregates, and increased the zeta potential, which altered the interactions of proteins during the subsequent heating process and facilitated the formation of homogeneous and dispersed EWFG. EWFG showed good stability at pH 6-10 and in low-concentration saline and medium-concentration sucrose solutions. The EWFG obtained by the present treatment is more suitable for factory-scale production and has great potential for protein beverage applications.