Referred Shoulder Pain Due to the Positioning of the Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: A Case Report and Literature Review of an Unusual Complication.

We present the case of an 18-year-old male with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt for hydrocephalus who experienced right shoulder pain. The patient was thoroughly investigated for gastrointestinal disease, including abdominal ultrasound and upper endoscopy, which revealed no abnormalities that could explain his symptoms. X-ray imaging subsequently revealed that the shunt's distal peritoneal tubing was positioned in a supra-hepatic subdiaphragmatic location. Surgical shortening and repositioning of the peritoneal tubing successfully alleviated the patient's shoulder pain. A review of the literature uncovered four articles, comprising a total of six patients, who exhibited similar symptoms of shoulder pain linked to their VP shunts. Given the rarity of this complication, it can be easily overlooked or misdiagnosed. It is crucial for physicians to consider this possibility when evaluating patients with VP shunts who present with shoulder pain to ensure prompt and effective treatment.

Perforated Ulcer of the Gastrojejunal Anastomosis and Concomitant Internal Hernia After One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass.

PURPOSE: The management of concomitant complications after OAGB is challenging. We aim to show the surgical management of two concomitant complications after one anastomosis gastric bypass: internal hernia and anastomotic ulcer perforation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present the case of a 32-year-old woman with BMI of 51 kg/m2, who underwent OAGB. Three years later, she presented with intense and brutal epigastric pain. She was a heavy smoker. Her weight and BMI were 75 kg and 26 kg/m2, respectively. Clinical examination showed generalized peritonitis, computed tomography showed pneumoperitoneum, diffuse peritoneal effusion, and rotation of the superior mesenteric vessels indicative of an internal hernia. RESULTS: A generalized biliary peritonitis secondary to a perforated ulcer on the gastrojejunal anastomosis and internal hernia of the common loop into a large Petersen orifice were diagnosed. The internal hernia was reduced, and a perforation of the posterior surface of the gastrojejunal anastomosis was identified. Surgical treatment consisted in the placement of a Kehr's drain into the perforation, closure of the Petersen orifice, and lavage-drainage of the peritoneal cavity. The postoperative course was uneventful, and she was discharged on postoperative day 12. The Kehr's drain was removed 1 month after discharge. CONCLUSION: The combination of two different complications after OAGB can make the pre- and intra-operative judgment difficult and hamper the therapeutic approach. The initial reduction of the internal hernia made it possible to reduce the pressure in the surgical assembly and facilitated the treatment of the anastomotic perforation.

Treatment of Persistent Large Gastrocutaneous Fistulas After Bariatric Surgery: Preliminary Experience with Endoscopic Kehr's T-Tube Placement.

PURPOSE: Post-bariatric surgery gastrocutaneous fistula is a chronic leak with an incidence of 1.7 to 4.0% and no standardized management. A large gastrocutaneous fistula (LGCF) is not indicated for treatment with pigtail drains. We aimed to evaluate results of a novel treatment using endoscopic Kehr's T-tube placement. METHODS: Only patients with a postoperative LGCF duration of > 10 days and a flow rate of > 50 cc by external drainage after revisional surgery for sepsis were included. Endoscopic placement of Kehr's T-tube was performed. Patients had been reoperated with wash and drainage for severe sepsis after initial bariatric surgery in which no fistula had been discovered. Patients not reoperated, or with a fistula requiring intraoperative Kehr's T-tube placement, or a pigtail drain were excluded. Primary outcomes were endoscopic characteristics and results (LGCF closure rate, Kehr T-tube retention time, etc.). RESULTS: The study group included 12 women, 2 men; body mass index 43.1 ± 4.5 kg/m2. Interventions were SG (7), RYGB (2), OAGB (4), and SADI-S (1). Endoscopic assessment was carried out after a mean of 33.2 ± 44.3 days after the bariatric procedure. The mean fistula orifice diameter was 2.0 ± 0.9 cm. Kehr's T-tube was positioned at a mean 51.5 ± 54.8 days after the bariatric procedure. T-tube tolerance was excellent. Mean additional days: hospitalization, 34.4 ± 27.0; T-tube retention, 86.4 ± 73.1; fistula healing, 139.9 ± 111.5, LGCF closure rate, 92.9%. COMPLICATIONS: 1 pulmonary embolism, 2 T-tube migrations,1 drain-path bleed, 1 skin abscess. No mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic Kehr's T-tube placement was successful in closing persistent post-bariatric surgery LGCF in 92.9% of patients.

Pediatric T-tube in adult liver transplantation: Technical refinements of insertion and removal.

BACKGROUND: With the increasing use of extended-criteria donor organs, the interest around T-tubes in liver transplantation (LT) was restored whilst concerns regarding T-tube-related complications persist. AIM: To describe insertion and removal protocols implemented at our institution to safely use pediatric rubber 5-French T-tubes and subsequent outcomes in a consecutive series of adult patients. METHODS: Data of consecutive adult LT patients from brain-dead donors, treated from March 2017 to December 2019, were collected (i.e., biliary complications, adverse events, treatment after T-Tube removal). Patients with upfront hepatico-jejunostomy, endoscopically removed T-tubes, those who died or received retransplantation before T-tube removal were excluded. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients were included in this study; T-tubes were removed 158 d (median; IQR 128-206 d) after LT. In four (5.6%) patients accidental T-tube removal occurred requiring monitoring only; in 68 (94.4%) patients Nelaton drain insertion was performed according to our protocol, resulting in 18 (25%) patients with a biliary output, subsequently removed after 2 d (median; IQR 1-4 d). Three (4%) patients required endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) due to persistent Nelaton drain output. Three (4%) patients developed suspected biliary peritonitis, requiring ERCP with sphincterotomy and nasobiliary drain insertion (only one revealing contrast extravasation); no patient required percutaneous drainage or emergency surgery. CONCLUSION: The use of pediatric rubber 5-French T-tubes in LT proved safe in our series after insertion and removal procedure refinements.

Tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis mediante CPRE e instrumentación a través de un tubo en T / Treatment of choledocholithiasis by ERCP, and instrumentation through a T-tube

Resumen El tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis ha evolucionado de forma significativa desde que Robert Abbe realizó la primera coledocotomía y la exploración de las vías biliares en Nueva York, en 1889. La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE), que inicialmente fue un método diagnóstico, ahora solo tiene validez como método terapéutico. En la actualidad, los principales métodos diagnósticos son la colangioresonancia magnética (CRM) y la ultrasonografía endoscópica (USE). El tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis pasó de la técnica quirúrgica abierta -en la que, de forma rutinaria, se realizaba la coledocorrafia sobre un tubo de Kehr o tubo en T- a la endoscópica, mediante el uso de la CPRE, la esfinteroplastia y la instrumentación con balones y canastilla. Hoy en día se dispone de técnicas adicionales como la litotricia mecánica (LM) o extracorpórea, la dilatación con balón (DB) de gran tamaño y el Spyglass ® . La técnica laparoscópica se usa desde hace varios años, en diversas partes del mundo, para el tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis. Estudios recientes proponen incluso el cierre primario del colédoco o la coledocoduodenostomía, con lo cual no sería necesaria la utilización del tubo en T. Pero en muchos otros sitios, y por diversas razones, se continúa usando la exploración quirúrgica abierta y el tubo en T, que representa una importante opción en el tratamiento de algunos pacientes. Caso clínico: paciente masculino de 88 años, con coledocolitiasis recidivante, cálculo gigante de difícil manejo endoscópico y sepsis de origen biliar, que requirió drenaje quirúrgico abierto de urgencias. Se realizó una coledocotomía, y se dejó el tubo en T. Posteriormente, se efectuó un tratamiento exitoso conjunto, mediante instrumentación por el tubo en T, por parte de cirugía general, y CPRE, por gastroenterología.

Abstract The treatment of choledocholithiasis has evolved significantly since Robert Abbé performed the first bile duct exploration via choledochotomy in New York in 1889. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which was initially used for diagnosis, is now only valid as a therapeutic tool. Currently, the main diagnostic methods are magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). The treatment of choledocholithiasis moved from the open surgery in which biliary stenting was routinely performed on a Kehr tube or T-tube, to the endoscopic technique using ERCP, sphincteroplasty and instrumentation with balloons and baskets. Additional techniques are now available such as mechanical or extra-corporeal lithotripsy, endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation and SpyGlass cholangioscopy. The laparoscopic technique has been used for several years in different parts of the world for the treatment of choledocholithiasis. Recent studies even propose performing the primary closure of the bile duct or choledochoduodenostomy, so that the T-tube is not necessary. However, in many other places, and for a variety of reasons, open exploratory surgery and the T-tube continue to be used, being an important option in the treatment of some patients. Case presentation: 88-year-old male patient with recurrent choledocholithiasis and a giant gallstone that was difficult to treat endoscopically, with sepsis of biliary origin, which required open surgical drainage at the emergency room. Choledocotomy was performed, and a T-tube was inserted at the site. Subsequently, a successful joint treatment was performed by the General Surgery Service and the Gastroenterology Service, using T-tube instrumentation and ERCP, respectively.

Extracapsular Hepatocellular Adenoma: A Diagnostic Dilemma.

Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) is a benign neoplasm of the hepatic parenchyma. The use of oral contraceptives (OCP) in women is the most well-established risk for the development of HCA. HCA commonly presents as an intracapsular mass of the liver but there are very few cases of extracapsular HCA. This is a case of a middle-aged female who presented to the emergency department with left shoulder pain and epigastric tenderness on physical exam. Subsequent imaging of the abdomen revealed a mass arising from the anterior wall of the stomach, with evidence of surrounding hemorrhage. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy that revealed free blood in the peritoneum and a hemorrhagic mass arising from the stomach wall. The mass was successfully removed with no postoperative complications. Histopathological examination of the mass was consistent with an infarcted inflammatory HCA. This case illustrates this unusual presentation of a rare diagnosis.

Procedimiento combinado (rendezvouz): endoscópico y transkehr / Combined procedure (rendezvous): endoscopic and transkehr

Hasta los años 70 la obstrucción biliar fue tratada con derivaciones biliodigestivas. El abordaje percutáneo se ha venido utilizando con fi nes diagnósticos y terapéuticos cada vez más prometedores. Los métodos combinados que utilizan endoscopia (Rendezvous) pueden realizarse vía transparietohepática, eco endoscópica, laparoscopica o transKehr. Objetivo: Evaluar el abordaje de la vía biliar a través de la combinación de la técnica endoscópica y transkehr (Rendezvous). Métodos: Se evaluaron pacientes entre enero 2004 y febrero 2012 a quienes se les realizó colecistectomía más coledocotomía y colocación de tubo de Kehr, y con deformidad postquirúrgica, canulación difícil y dificultad del paso del contraste a duodeno vía transkehr que imposibilitan la colangiografía retrógrada endoscópica. Resultados: De 1146 colangiografías retrógrada endoscópicas, 12 (1.04%) fueron realizadas en pacientes que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. 75% del sexo femenino. La etiología más frecuente fue la colédocolitiasis (83.3%) y 16.7% estenosis de papila. En todos los pacientes el drenaje biliar fue exitoso. No hubo complicaciones ni mortalidad asociada al procedimiento. Conclusiones: El procedimiento combinado endoscópico-transKehr es efectivo, sencillo y seguro en el abordaje biliar alternativo cuando fracasa o no es posible la técnica convencional, asociado a menor trauma papilar y menos incidencia de pancreatitis.

Until the 1970s, biliary obstruction was resolved surgically. Percutaneous approach has been used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes with more and more promising results. Combined methods using endoscopy (Rendezvous) can be made via transparietohepatic, endoscopic ultrasound, laparoscopic, or transKehr. Objective: Evaluate the approach of the biliary tract through the combination of the endoscopic technique and transkehr (Rendezvous). Methods: Evaluated patients between January 2004 and February 2012 those who underwent both cholecystectomy more coledocotomy combined with Kehr tube placement, because of postoperative deformity, difficult cannulation or difficulty of the passage from the contrast to duodenum through transkehr tube, that therefore preclude cholangiography retrograde endoscopic. Results: from 1146 retrograde cholangiography endoscopic, 12 (1.04%) were performed in patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 75% were female. The most frequent etiology was choledocholithiasis (83.3%) and stenosis of duodenal papilla 16.7%. Biliary drainage was successful in all patients. There were no complications or mortality associated with the procedure. Conclusions: The combined procedure endoscopic-transKehr is effective, simple and secure alternative biliary approach when it fails or is not possible the conventional technique, associated with minor trauma papillary and less incidence of pancreatitis.

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. Lessons learned after 200 cases.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is a reliable, reproducible and cost-effective treatment for common bile duct stones. Several techniques have been described for choledochotomy closure. AIMS: To present our experience and the lessons learned in more than 200 cases of LCBDE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1999 and July 2012, 206 patients with common bile duct stones underwent LCBDE. At the beginning of the series, we performed the closure of the CBD over a T-tube (36 patients), subsequently we favoured closure over an antegrade stent (133 patients) but due to a high incidence of acute pancreatitis in the last 16 patients we have performed primary closure. RESULTS: The 3 closure groups were matched for age and sex. Jaundice was the most frequent presentation. A total of 185 (88,5%) patients underwent choledochotomy whereas in 17 (8,7%) patients the transcystic route was used. The group that underwent choledochotomy had a larger size of stones compared to the transcystic group (9,7 vs 7,6mm). In the stented group we found an 11,6% incidence of pancreatitis and 26,1% of hyperamylasemia. In the primary closure group we found a clear improvement of complications and hospital stay. The increased experience of the surgeon and age (younger than 75) had a positive impact on mortality and morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Primary closure of the common bile duct after LCBDE seems to be superior to closure over a T tube and stents. The learning curve seems to have a positive impact on the outcomes making it a safe and reproducible technique especially for patients aged under 75.