The development and challenges of public health nursing education in China from 1912 to 1949: A historical study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the development and challenges of public health nursing education in China during the period of the Republic of China (1912-1949). METHODS: This study utilized a historical research design that combined a social framework and a policy framework to explore the early history of public health nursing education in China. Historical data were collected from periodicals, newspapers, archives, books and other sources. RESULTS: Public health was integrated into the nursing school curriculum for the first time during the period of the Republic of China, and health facilities and nursing schools conducted early explorations of public health nurse training. However, public health nursing education faced difficulties in terms of the curriculum, personnel training, and the localization of education. CONCLUSIONS: The achievements and difficulties associated with public health nursing education in China during the period of the Republic of China provide a historical reference for the integration of public health into current basic nursing education and the compatibility between the training of public health nurses and practical needs. Comparative studies of early public health nursing education across countries are expected to offer a better understanding of current public health nursing education.

Post-Civil War modernity and the nurse training movement: The "Experiment" of the Boston Training School for Nurses.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: This paper describes the origins of the Boston Training School for Nurses (1873), later named the Massachusetts General Hospital School of Nursing, and the role played by a Boston civic group, the Woman's Education Association, in its founding. METHODS: Social and political forces in the post-Civil War modern era and the challenges the founders encountered in establishing and managing a nursing school are delineated. DISCUSSION: Themes that highlight the significance of the Boston Training School's creation relative to the nurse training movement in America are identified. CONCLUSION: The long-term implications of the initial agreement for a 1-year experiment to train nurses in a formal educational setting are discussed.

Cultural Humility and Diversity in Nursing Academia: Understanding History to Create a "Brave Space" Culture in the Classroom.

Nursing academicians are positioned at a critical juncture to mold the future generations of nursing with the skills of cultural humility, starting with fostering humility in the classroom. The dynamic culture of nursing education, with consideration of the diversity of nursing students and faculty, commands attention before the exploration of what is taught about the culture of patients. Classroom cultural humility must become the "brave space" of nursing academia. This is possible with strategic approaches and revisiting the history of the culture of nursing education before trying to shape its future.

Gender diversity and syphilis: something's going on?

Introduction: This study aims to analyze the influence of syphilis among people with sexual and gender diversity, different from the binary dimension. Materials and methods: A systematic review was conducted as a method to address the objective of the study, based on the Dialectical Structural Model of Care (DSM), to obtain the phenomenon from the perspective of cultural history. Results: In this review the analysis of 129 documents, of which 22 texts were used. The construction of sex and gender in Western civilization is based on the Judeo-Christian tradition, which permitted many people throughout history to be persecuted and mistreated for living a lifestyle different from that dictated by religious and traditional canons. Therefore, throughout history, gender-diverse people, sexual minorities, and prostitutes have suffered segregation, mockery, aggression, and health problems, including syphilis. Conclusions: Despite having a treatment and cure, syphilis has stood the test of time and has remained a secret pathology that is obscure and difficult to detect disease, which is still very much present in people of all social classes. It is necessary to review history to understand the reasons why syphilis is still prevalent in different societies today.

Male Caregiving: It Often Looks Different.

Men are taking on a caregiving role more often in society. This article will explore the history of men in the caregiving role, how men provide care and practical strategies on how to assist men who find themselves in the caregiving role.

Wald's leadership: Public health nurses' response to the 1918 influenza pandemic.

COVID-19 pandemic brings to light similarities to the 1918 influenza pandemic, one of the deadliest outbreaks in United States history. The work of the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service also referred to the public health nurses for that time, was a critical part of the New York City response. This case study examined Lillian Wald's leadership in directing the public health nursing response in New York City during the second wave of the influenza pandemic, from September through December of 1918. A historical social framework was used. Primary sources included the Lillian Wald Papers in the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University in New York, Wald's (1934) Windows on Henry Street, medical, public health and nursing documents, journals, and newspaper articles published during the early 20th century. Secondary source material include works by historians Sarah Abrams, Arlene Keeling, Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, Sandra Lewenson, John Barry, and Alfred Crosby. Key findings included developing a community wide strategic plan, using data driven decisions, implementing visiting nursing services, teaching in the home, and maintaining a diverse workforce. Lessons learned can guide leadership in emergency planning, system change, infection control and disease prevention, all familiar practices of public health nursing.

Historiographic and biographic accounts of Faroese nurses' training and health-promoting work from 1910 to the end of the 1930s.

The Nordic country Faroe Islands consists of 18 mountain islands situated in the North Atlantic Sea. In the late 1800s, nursing in the Faroe Islands was behind international standards. A transition towards organised nursing commenced when Danish deaconesses arrived in 1897; their missions were to serve as nurses and train Faroese women in nursing. The overall aim of this research is to add to the history of Faroese nurses' training and work during the first decades of the 1900s, decades when Faroese nursing became visible through the presence of deaconesses and trained nurses. With historiographic and biographic approaches and in the context of Faroese history and nursing theory and research, we present accounts about four Faroese nurses' living, training and work during the three first decades of the 1900s. These years were progressive for Faroese nursing in hospital care and public health around on the islands, and a struggle to combat tuberculosis took place. We conclude by emphasising the importance of considering the beginning of professional nursing in a small faraway country where resilient nurses worked with ingenuity and often exceeded geographic and professional boundaries to help and support sick and injured compatriots, promoting their health and well-being.

Nursing and eugenics in the early 20th century United States.

BACKGROUND: Research has documented how ideas about race, class, ethnicity, ableism, and structural hierarchies determine health outcomes and disparities today. The historical role of nursing practice and education needs further exploration. PURPOSE: This study aims to better understand how some nurses thought about and interacted with eugenics in the early 20th century. METHODS: Historical analysis of primary and secondary sources. DISCUSSION: In the early 20th century, reformers of the day, including some nurses, demonstrated much ambiguity of thinking as they pushed for eugenic improvement of the "human race" while also enhancing environmental changes, such as good nutrition and clean, safe housing. CONCLUSION: Nursing's past relationship with eugenics sheds light on the history and construction of the system leading to health disparities among marginalized groups. Nurses must acknowledge the historical roots and context of their education and practice as we engage in critical conversations about social inequities.

Decolonize the history of nursing by magnifying the contributions of nurses of colour.

In this paper, I write about nurses of colour who have made significant contributions to nursing, yet are actively ignored in traditional nursing textbooks related to colonized thinking. One consequence of this is that when we think about comparing the disparities of the past to the present day, we see that we have not made much of a difference. The disparity is still huge. I call on all of us as nurses to challenge ourselves to think beyond the box of colonized thought to what we know is true.

Mary Merryweather - Nursing pioneer and proto feminist.

Mary Merryweather was the first Lady superintendent of Liverpool's first school of nursing. The school was a pioneer in nurse training at the very moment the definition of modern nursing was becoming fixed. She went on to manage the school of nursing at the Westminster hospital in London, at a time of great change and controversy. In addition to this she was very active in the fields of womens' health, womens' suffrage and the rights of women to a career. She was a friend to numerous Victorian feminist notables and was published in a variety of feminist Publications.

Jane Stuart Woolsey and Hospital Days: The power of nursing training.

AIMS: To analyze the personal experiences of Jane Stuart Woolsey in Hospital Days (1868), an inspiring nurse who brought order, training and quality to nursing activities in the context of the American Civil War (1861-1865). BACKGROUND: In a restrictive context where the general access of women to public sphere activities was rather limited and where nursing was not a formally regulated professional activity, Jane Woolsey wrote Hospital Days to recount her wartime nursing experiences as the superintendent of Fairfax Seminary Hospital in Virginia. DESIGN: Historical research. METHODS: Historical research methods were used to analyze Hospital Days. Data gathered from primary and secondary sources were synthesized and discussed in terms of their historical context and significance. RESULTS: Unlike other triumphal narratives at the time, Woolsey develops a compelling account describing the work expected of a nurse and denouncing the lack of training among most nurses working in the war context. CONCLUSION: Jane Woolsey was a pioneering nurse who improved the quality of nursing care amidst the American Civil War. Her personal experiences collected in Hospital Days reflect her desire for the proper training of nurses and her contributions to emerging professional nursing activities built on the integration of previous domestic values, good training and good administration.

Oncology nursing and palliative care in a reference institution (2005 - 2006) / Enfermería y cuidados paliativos oncológicos em una institución de referencia (2005 - 2006) / Enfermagem e cuidado paliativo oncológico em uma instituição de referência (2005 - 2006)

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the strategies undertaken by nurses at Hospital do Câncer IV to act in accordance with the World Health Organization guidelines. Method: a historical and qualitative study carried out at Hospital do Câncer IV, a reference and exclusive Palliative Care unit belonging to the National Cancer Institute. Data collection included written documents and six oral statements and was carried out from August 2020 to August 2022. The study findings were organized and analyzed in accordance with the historical method, which included triangulation of the written and oral sources and the context in which they were produced. Results: based on the references of St. Christopher's Hospice and with the support of the Unit's Humanization Group, the strategies undertaken by the nurses and evidenced in this research were as follows: expansion of the Hospital Chaplaincy Project and the Silence Room; investments in graduate courses; professional training and technical-scientific update courses, both at the unit and at other institutions; participation in events as organizers, speakers and listeners; and performance in the Nursing Residency Program. Conclusion: nurses undertook effective strategies in the Oncology Nursing field through the consolidation and dissemination of specialized knowledge in Oncology Nursing in Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las estrategias adoptadas por los enfermeros del Hospital do Câncer IV para actuar en pleno cumplimiento de las directrices propuestas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Método: estudio histórico y cualitativo realizado en el Hospital do Câncer IV, una unidad de referencia y exclusiva de Cuidados Paliativos del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer. La recolección de datos incluyó documentos escritos y seis testimonios orales y fue realizada de agosto de 2020 a agosto de 2022. Los hallazgos del estudio se organizaron y analizaron de acuerdo con el método histórico, que incluyó triangulación de las fuentes escritas y orales y el contexto en el que fueron producidas. Resultados: a partir de las referencias del St. Christopher's Hospice y con el apoyo del Grupo de Humanización de la Unidad, las estrategias adoptadas por los enfermeros y evidenciadas en este trabajo de investigación fueron las siguientes: ampliación del Proyecto de Capellanía hospitalaria y de la Sala del Silencio; inversiones en cursos de postgrado; capacitación profesional y cursos de actualización técnico-científica, tanto en la unidad como en otras instituciones; participación en eventos, como organizadores, exponentes y oyentes; y trabajo en el Programa de Residencia en Enfermería. Conclusión: los enfermeros adoptaron estrategias eficaces en el campo de la Enfermería Oncológica, consolidando y difundiendo el conocimiento especializado en Enfermería Oncológica en Brasil.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as estratégias empreendidas pelos enfermeiros do Hospital do Câncer IV para atuar em conformidade com as diretrizes da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Método: estudo histórico e qualitativo realizado no Hospital do Câncer IV, unidade de referência e exclusiva de cuidados paliativos do Instituto Nacional de Câncer. A coleta de dados incluiu documentos escritos e seis depoimentos orais e foi realizada no período de agosto de 2020 a agosto de 2022. Os achados do estudo foram organizados e analisados em conformidade com o método histórico, que comportou a triangulação das fontes escritas, orais e o contexto em que foram produzidas. Resultados: a partir das referências do St. Christopher's hospice e com o apoio do Grupo de Humanização da Unidade, as estratégias empreendidas pelos enfermeiros e evidenciadas nesta pesquisa foram: ampliação do Projeto de Capelania hospitalar e da Sala do Silêncio; investimentos em cursos de pós-graduação; capacitação profissional e cursos de atualização técnico-científica, na unidade e em outras instituições; participação em eventos, como organizadores, palestrantes e ouvintes; e atuação na Residência de Enfermagem. Conclusão: os enfermeiros empreenderam eficazes estratégias no campo da enfermagem oncológica, por meio da consolidação e difusão do conhecimento especializado em enfermagem oncológica no Brasil.

Nursing performance in the brazilian air force health service / Desempeño de la enfermería en el servicio de salud de la fuerza aérea de brasil / Atuação da enfermagem no serviço de saúde da força aérea brasileira

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the circumstances related to the creation of the Aeronautics Central Hospital and to discuss the alliances formalized between the Brazilian Air Force and the Anna Nery Nursing School, in favor of the Aeronautics Health Service. Method: a historical-social study, whose historical sources are documents located at the Aeronautics Historical-Cultural Institute, the Aerospace Museum, the Central Aeronautics Hospital collection and the Anna Nery Nursing School Documentation Center. The analysis considered unity of the context, that is, it considered the "universe" that influenced the production of the discourse contained in the source, and Pierre Boudieu's concepts of power and symbolic capital were applied in the analysis and discussion. Results: when taken over by the Brazilian government in 1942, the School Hospital had its name changed to Hospital Central da Aeronáutica (Aeronautics Central Hospital). That same year, the hospital director, with the Minister of Aeronautics acquiescence, invited the Anna Nery Nursing School to organize the hospital's Nursing Service. Conclusion: the nurses who graduated from the Anna Nery Nursing School accumulated symbolic capital, as they had their work recognized in the Military field due to their performance in the aforementioned hospital, which served as a reference in their appointment to assume the other health services of the new Armed Force, in addition to highlighting the quality of the training of these nurses, so that they were selected to fight in the war with the rank of 2nd Lieutenants (Officers), exclusively assisting, the military of the elite Fighter Aviation Group.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir las circunstancias al momento de crearse el Hospital Central de la Aeronáutica y debatir las alianzas formalizadas entre la Fuerza Aérea de Brasil y la Escuela de Enfermería Anna Nery, en beneficio del Servicio de Salud de la Aeronáutica. Método: estudio histórico-social, cuyas fuentes históricas son documentos que se encuentran en el Instituto Histórico-Cultural de la Aeronáutica, en el Museo Aeroespacial, en la colección del Hospital Central de la Aeronáutica y en el Centro de Documentación de la Escuela de Enfermería Anna Nery. En el análisis se consideró la unidad del contexto, es decir, el "universo" que influenció la producción del discurso contenido en la fuente, además de aplicarse los conceptos de poder y capital simbólico de Pierre Boudieu en el análisis y la discusión. Resultados: cuando su control fue adoptado por el gobierno de Brasil en 1942, el Hospital Itapagipe pasó a llamarse Hospital Central de la Aeronáutica. Ese mismo año, el Director del hospital, con la anuencia del Ministro de Aeronáutica, invitó a la Escuela de Enfermería Anna Nery para organizar el Servicio de Enfermería del hospital. Conclusión: las enfermeras egresadas de la Escuela de Enfermería Anna Nery acumularon capital simbólico, ya que su trabajo fue reconocido en el ámbito militar debido a su desempeño en el antes citado hospital, que actuó como referencia para sugerir a dichas enfermeras para asumir el control de los demás servicios de salud de la nueva Fuerza Armada, además de destacar la calidad de su formación académica, a fin de elegirlas para trabajar en la guerra con el rango de Teniente Segundo (Oficiales), asistiendo exclusivamente a los militares del Grupo de Aviación de Caza, grupo de élite de la Fuerza Aérea.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever as circunstâncias de criação do Hospital Central da Aeronáutica e discutir as alianças formadas entre a Força Aérea Brasileira e a Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, em favor do Serviço de Saúde da Aeronáutica. Método: estudo histórico-social, cujas fontes históricas são documentos localizados no Instituto Histórico-Cultural da Aeronáutica, no Museu Aeroespacial, no acervo do Hospital Central da Aeronáutica e no Centro de Documentação da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery. A análise considerou a unidade do contexto, isto é, considerou o "universo" que influenciou a produção do discurso contido na fonte, e os conceitos de poder e capital simbólico de Pierre Boudieu, foram aplicados na análise e discussão. Resultados: o Hospital Itapagipe, ao ser arrestado pelo governo brasileiro, em 1942, teve sua denominação mudada para Hospital Central da Aeronáutica. Nesse mesmo ano, o diretor do hospital, com a aquiescência do Ministro da Aeronáutica convidou a Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery para organizar o Serviço de Enfermagem do hospital. Conclusão: as enfermeiras egressas da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery acumularam capital simbólico, uma vez que tiveram seu trabalho reconhecido no campo militar, em função da atuação no referido hospital, que funcionou como referência na indicação das mesmas para assumirem os demais serviços de saúde da nova força armada, além de dar destaque à qualidade da formação dessas enfermeiras, de modo que foram selecionadas para atuarem na guerra com patente de 2º Tenente (Oficiais), assistindo, exclusivamente, aos militares do Grupo de Aviação de Caça, grupo de elite da aviação.

Os reflexos do passado sobre a enfermagem atual brasileira: lutas, conquistas, desafios e perspectivas / Reflections of the past on current brazilian nursing: fights, achievements, challenges and perspectives / Reflexiones del pasado sobre la enfermería brasileña actual: luchas, logros, desafíos y perspectivas

Objetivo: realizar uma análise histórica dos fatos que transcorreram na enfermagem e estabelecer um padrão sócio-histórico da participação feminina na profissão e dos paradigmas enfrentados até a atualidade no Brasil. Método: estudo teórico, reflexivo, fundamentado nos achados da literatura sobre a evolução histórica da enfermagem. Resultados: a prática profissional atual ainda apresenta os ecos das conjunturas vivenciadas no passado pela relação da mulher com o progresso da assistência à saúde. Além do papel feminino na estruturação da enfermagem, a íntima conexão entre a construção social da mulher e os estereótipos projetados sobre essa profissão, ainda impõe maiores dificuldades na luta pelo reconhecimento da enfermagem como ciência. Conclusão: o modo de constituição da profissão contribuiu para que a enfermagem fosse vinculada à sexualização e ao machismo. Entretanto, a mesma tornou-se uma profissão com base científica e técnica. Rebaixar mulheres e reduzi-las ao seu corpo é discrepante das conquistas femininas atuais.

Objectives: to study the history of nursing in Brazil and to establish a historical and social pattern of female participation in the profession. The study also looked at the current situation. Method: theoretical, reflective study, based on findings in the literature on the historical evolution of nursing. Results: current professional practice still echoes the circumstances experienced in the past by women's relationship with the progress of health care. In addition to the female role in the structuring of nursing, the intimate connection between the social construction of women and the stereotypes projected on this profession, still imposes greater difficulties in the fight for the recognition of nursing as a science. Conclusion: the way in which the profession was constituted contributed for nursing to be linked to sexualization and machismo. However, it has become a profession with a scientific and technical basis. Demeaning women and reducing them to their bodies is at odds with current female achievements.

Objetivos:realizar un análisis histórico de los hechos que transcurrieron en la enfermeria y establecer un padron socio-histórico de la participación feminina en la profesión y de los paradigmas encarados hasta la actualidad en Brasil. Método: estudio teórico, reflexivo, basado en los hallazgos de la literatura sobre la evolución histórica de la enfermería. Resultados:: la práctica profesional actual todavía se hace eco de las circunstancias vividas en el pasado por la relación de las mujeres con el progreso de la atención a la salud. Además del papel femenino en la estructuración de la enfermería, la íntima conexión entre la construcción social de la mujer y los estereotipos proyectados sobre esta profesión, aún impone mayores dificultades en la lucha por el reconocimiento de la enfermería como ciencia. Conclusión: la forma en que se constituyó la profesión contribuyó a que la enfermería se vincule a la sexualización y al machismo. Sin embargo, se ha convertido en una profesión con una base científica y técnica. Degradar a las mujeres y reducirlas a sus cuerpos está reñido con los logros femeninos actuales.

Contributions of the institutions for the nursing professionalization: integrative review (2010-2020) in the light of freidsonian conceptions / Contribuciones de las entidades para la profesionalización de la enfermería: revisión integradora (2010-2020) bajo la luz de las concepciones freidsonianas / Contribuições das entidades para profissionalização da enfermagem: revisão integrativa (2010-2020) à luz das concepções freidsonianas

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the contributions of the Brazilian Nursing Association and the Federal and Regional Nursing Councils in the literature for the professionalization of nursing in the light of Eliot Freidson's theoretical conceptions. Methods: Integrative review of the literature, of socio-professional historical interest, carried out from June to November 2021, through the question: How did professional associations contribute to the professionalization of Brazilian nursing according to the literature from 2010 to 2020? The evidence were organized in a synoptic table, which allowed the construction of a conceptual map. Results: In the 23 selected studies, the professional associations presented scientific, social and political contributions, which shape the professional field of nursing, enabling knowledge/expertise, autonomy and self-regulation. Final considerations: The efforts of these institutions reaffirm nursing as an academic and consulting profession, capable of exerting control over the essence of nursing work. They strive to consolidate nursing as a legitimate professional field of health in Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las contribuciones de la Asociación Brasileña de Enfermería y de los Consejos Federales y Regionales de Enfermería a la profesionalización de la enfermería bajo la luz de las concepciones teóricas de Eliot Freidson Métodos: Se trata de una revisión integradora, de interés histórico socio profesional, realizada de junio a noviembre de 2021, mediante la pregunta: ¿Cómo han contribuido las entidades de clase con la profesionalización de la enfermería brasileña según la literatura de 2010 a 2020? Las pruebas se organizaron en un cuadro sinóptico que permitió construir un mapa conceptual. Resultados: En los 23 estudios seleccionados, las entidades de clase presentaron contribuciones científicas, sociales y políticas, que forman el campo profesional de la enfermería y facilitan el conocimiento, la experticia, la autonomía y la autorregulación. Consideraciones finales: Las entidades reafirman que la enfermería es una profesión académica y de consulta, capaz de ejercer el control sobre la esencia del trabajo en sí y perseveran para consolidarla como un campo profesional legítimo en el Brasil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar na literatura contribuições da Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem e dos Conselhos Federal e Regionais de Enfermagem para a profissionalização da enfermagem à luz das concepções teóricas de Eliot Freidson. Métodos: Revisão integrativa, de interesse histórico socioprofissional, realizada de junho a novembro de 2021, mediante a questão: Como as entidades de classe contribuíram para a profissionalização da enfermagem brasileira de acordo com a literatura de 2010 a 2020? Organizaram-se as evidências em quadro sinótico, que possibilitou a construção de mapa conceitual. Resultados: Nos 23 estudos selecionados, as entidades de classe apresentaram contribuições científicas, sociais e políticas, que conformam o campo profissional da enfermagem, possibilitando conhecimento/expertise, autonomia e autorregulação. Considerações finais: Os esforços dessas entidades reafirmam a enfermagem como profissão acadêmica e de consulta, capaz de exercer controle sobre a essência do trabalho da enfermagem. Elas se empenham em consolidar a enfermagem como legítimo campo profissional da saúde no Brasil.

Florence Nigtingale: precursora de la práctica de los cuidados intensivos / Florence Nightingale: Forerunner of Critical Care Practice

Entre las figuras con más aportes en el desarrollo de la enfermería profesional, sobresale Florence Nightingale, enfermera británica precursora de la enfermería profesional contemporánea y creadora del primer modelo conceptual de enfermería. Sus contribuciones como estadística, investigadora y salubrista se complementan con el hecho de ser la pionera de la práctica de los cuidados intensivos, sus enseñanzas tienen una notable vigencia en los sistemas de salud en la actualidad. Fundó en 1860 la Escuela de Entrenamiento y Hogar Nightingale para Enfermeras. Escribió alrededor de doscientos documentos con trascendentales repercusiones en la sanidad militar, la asistencia social, hospitales civiles, las estadísticas médicas y la asistencia a los enfermos. Es objetivo de las autoras resaltar a través de esta comunicación, los aspectos relevantes de su obra que la distinguen como precursora de la práctica de los cuidados intensivos, conocimientos necesarios para los estudiantes de ciencias médicas en formación y profesionales en general.

Among the personalities with the most contributions to the development of professional nursing, Florence Nightingale stands out, a British nurse who was a forerunner of contemporary professional nursing and creator of the first conceptual model of nursing. Her contributions as a statistician, researcher, and public health professional are complemented by the fact that she is the pioneer in the practice of intensive care; her teachings are notably valid in today's health systems. In 1860 she founded the Nightingale Home and Training School for Nurses. She wrote around two hundred documents with transcendental repercussions in military health, social assistance, civil hospitals, medical statistics and care for the sick. It is the objective of the authors to highlight through this Research Paper, the relevant aspects of her work that distinguish her as a forerunner of the practice of intensive care, necessary knowledge for medical science students in training and professionals in general.

Ensino da história da Enfermagem: reflexões e contribuições / Teaching of nursing history: reflections and contributions / Enseñanza de la historia de la Enfermería: reflexiones y contribuciones

Objetivo: refletir acerca do ensino da história de enfermagem mediante suas contribuições para a formação profissional. Conteúdo: trata-se de ensaio teórico-reflexivo, cujos dados foram organizados de acordo com os conteúdos relacionados à problemática e discutidos apoiados nos objetos referentes à história da enfermagem, com ênfase no período pós-Florence Nightingale. Delinearam-se duas seções teóricas: ensino da história da enfermagem e contribuições para a formação profissional. Considerações Finais: constatou-se que o ensino da história da enfermagem vem enfrentando desafios crescentes. Espera-se fomentar novas reflexões com o intuito de colaborar com o ensino da história da enfermagem de maneira crítica, reflexiva e emancipatória, reverberando na consolidação e fortalecimento da profissão na sociedade.

Objective: to think about teaching of the history of nursing history through its contributions to professional training. Content: in this theoretical-reflexive study, data was organized by content relating to the subject and discussed on the basis of the objects relating to nursing history, with emphasis on the period post-Florence Nightingale. Two theoretical sections were outlined: teaching of nursing history and contributions to professional training. Final remarks: teaching of nursing history was found to be facing mounting challenges. It is hoped to encourage new thinking with a view to contributing towards the critical, thoughtful and emancipatory teaching of nursing history, reflected in a consolidation and strengthening of the profession in society.

Objetivo: reflexionar acerca de la enseñanza de la historia de la enfermería mediante sus contribuciones para la formación profesional. Contenido: se trata de un ensayo teórico-reflexivo, cuyos datos fueron organizados según los contenidos relacionados a la problemática y discutidos con base en los objetos referentes a la historia de la enfermaría, con énfasis al periodo post-Florence Nightingale. Se delinearon dos secciones teóricas: enseñanza de la historia de la enfermería y contribuciones para la formación profesional. Consideraciones Finales: se constató que la enseñanza de la historia de la enfermería ha enfrentado crecientes desafíos. Se espera fomentar nuevas reflexiones con el intuito de colaborar con la enseñanza de la historia de la enfermería de manera crítica, reflexiva y emancipatoria, reverberando en la consolidación y fortalecimiento de la profesión en la sociedad.

Negative nursing stereotypes: past or present? / Estereotipos negativos en Enfermería: ¿Pasado o presente? / Estereótipos negativos na Enfermagem: passado ou presente?

Introduction: nursing has been moving towards the formation of its own body of knowledge through increased research and technological advances. However, the social image of the profession identified in society seems to reflect an invisible professional with an outdated professional image associated with negative stereotypes. Aim: to analyze the presence of negative stereotypes associated with nurses' social image in the literature. Method: integrative literature review study that included scientific articles published from 2007 to 2013, in the databases: BVS, CINAHL / EBSCO, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science. Results and Discussion: fourteen studies dealing with the image of nursing met inclusion criteria, 57.1% showed low incidence of negative stereotypes, 35.7% showed high incidence of negative stereotypes and 7.2% did not find negative stereotypes. Negative stereotypes such as low status and subordination to the medical field were evidenced. However positive stereotypes such as careerist were also identified. Closing Remarks: the results indicate the possibility of improvement in the social image of nursing. These stereotypes about the profession remain in the social imagination, causing anachronism, making difficult the recognition and appreciation of this profession.

Introdução: a Enfermagem tem avançado para a conformação de sua própria base de conhecimentos, através de crescentes progressos na pesquisa e tecnologia. Porém, o imaginário social da profissão, identificado na sociedade, parece refletir um profissional invisível, com uma imagem profissional desatualizada e associada a estereótipos negativos. Objetivo: analisar a presença de estereótipos negativos associados com a imagem social de enfermeiros na literatura. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura incluindo artigos científicos publicados entre 2007 e 2013 nas seguintes bases de dados: BVS, CINAHL / EBSCO, MEDLINE, Scopus e Web of Science. Resultados e discussão: quatorze estudos que investigaram a imagem da Enfermagem atenderam aos critérios de inclusão: 57,1% indicaram baixa incidência de estereótipos negativos, 35,7% apresentaram alta incidência de estereótipos negativos e 7,2% não encontraram estereótipos negativos. Estereótipos negativos como baixo status e subordinação ao campo da Medicina tornaram-se evidentes. No entanto, estereótipos positivos, como ser carreirista, também foram identificados. Considerações finais: os resultados indicam a possibilidade de melhoria da imagem social da Enfermagem. Esses estereótipos sobre a profissão permanecem no imaginário do coletivo social, gerando anacronismo e dificultando o reconhecimento e a valorização dessa profissão.

Introducción: la Enfermería ha venido avanzando hacia la conformación de su propio bagaje de conocimientos a través de mayores progresos en investigación y tecnología. Sin embargo, la imagen social de la profesión que se identifica en la sociedad parece reflejar a un profesional invisible con una anticuado imagen profesional y asociada a estereotipos negativos. Objetivo: analizar la presencia de estereotipos negativos asociados con la imagen social de los enfermeros en la literatura. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura que incluyó artículos científicos publicados entre 2007 y 2013 en las siguientes bases de datos: BVS, CINAHL / EBSCO, MEDLINE, Scopus y Web of Science. Resultados y discusión: catorce estudios que investigaron la imagen de la Enfermería cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión: el 57,1% indicó baja incidencia de estereotipos negativos, el 35,7% presentó gran incidencia de estereotipos negativos y el 7,2% no encontró estereotipos negativos. Se hicieron evidentes estereotipos negativos como bajo estatus y subordinación al campo de la Medicina. Sin embargo, también se identificaron estereotipos positivos como ser ambicioso en la carrera. Consideraciones finales: los resultados indican la posibilidad de mejora de la imagen social de la Enfermería. Estos estereotipos sobre la profesión permanecen en la imaginación del colectivo social, generando anacronismo y dificultando el reconocimiento y la valoración de esta profesión.

Developments in Nursing Practice to Address Substance Use in the Perinatal Period.

Since 1972, the year of the inaugural issue of Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, substance use during pregnancy has remained a public health concern in the United States. This concern is currently exacerbated by factors such as the opioid and stimulant use crisis and widening health and social inequities for many women and families. The purposes of this historical commentary are to describe trends in the perception of women with substance use disorder and their infants and related sociolegal implications and to trace the evolution of related nursing practice and research during the past 50 years. We provide recommendations and priorities for practice and research, including further integration of support for the mother-infant dyad, cross-sectoral collaborations, and equity-oriented practices and policies.

Filling the Gap between Metropoles and Peripheries: Insights about Hospital Standardization from the British Columbia Hospital Association Conferences, 1918-30.

In this study, we examine British Columbia's Hospital Association conference records (1918-31) to understand how place, gender, and profession shaped debates about hospital standardization during the interwar period. The conference records reveal that hospital standardization was conceptualized as the conformity of smaller, peripheral hospitals to larger metropolitan ones. Arguments about how to best address the gaps in small hospitals were often directed to elite nursing leaders, who suggested improved nursing education as a solution. Hospital affiliation was recommended to ensure adequate training for rural nurses by moving trainee nurses from rural to urban hospitals during the last year of their education. Yet the way that affiliation was conceived was more aligned with the professional goals of the nursing elite, rather than the needs of rank-and-file nurses in small hospitals. These ideas ultimately worked to support the goals of standardization, but obscured the divergent needs of small community hospitals.