Research on the Impact of Deep Eutectic Solvent and Hot-Water Extraction Methods on the Structure of Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides.

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) and hot-water extraction (HWE) methods were utilized to extract polysaccharides from Polygonatum sibiricum, referred to as DPsP and WPsP, respectively. The extracted polysaccharides were purified using the Superdex-200 dextran gel purification system, resulting in three components for each type of polysaccharide. The structures of these components were characterized. The molecular weight analysis revealed that DPsP components had slightly larger molecular weights compared with WPsP, with DPsP-A showing a slightly higher dispersity index and broader molecular weight distribution. The main monosaccharide components of both DPsP and WPsP were mannose and glucose, while DPsP exhibited a slightly greater variety of sugar components compared with WPsP. FTIR analysis demonstrated characteristic polysaccharide absorption peaks in all six PSP components, with a predominance of acidic pyranose sugars. NMR analysis revealed the presence of pyranose sugars, including rhamnose and sugar aldehyde acids, in both DPsP-B and WPsP-A. DPsP-B primarily exhibited ß-type glycosidic linkages, while WPsP-A predominantly displayed α-type glycosidic linkages, with a smaller fraction being ß-type. These findings indicated differences in monosaccharide composition and structure between PSPs extracted using different methods. Overall, this study provided experimental evidence for future research on the structure-function relationship of PSPs.

CO2-triggered switchable hydrophilicity solvent as a recyclable extractant for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides.

In this study, CO2-triggered switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHSs) based on different amines and water were employed in the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSPs). When CO2 was pumped into the amine, the solution became hydrophilic and could be used as an extractant for PSPs extraction. When CO2 was removed, the solution switched hydrophobicity, with the extractants being separated from the extract and further recycled and reused. The factors affecting the solid-liquid extraction of PSPs were studied. The maximum extraction yield of 399.2 mg/g was obtained at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:20, extraction time of 60 min, extraction temperature of 50 °C, and ultrasonic power of 500 W. SHSs could be recovered and reused with 88.4% recovery after the fifth cycle. The molecular weights and monosaccharide compositions of PSPs were also determined. This study provides a new strategy for sustainable extraction of plant polysaccharides and other bioactive ingredients.

Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides Attenuate Lipopoly-Saccharide-Induced Septic Liver Injury by Suppression of Pyroptosis via NLRP3/GSDMD Signals.

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome with high mortality. Acute liver injury is an independent predictor for poor prognosis in septic patients. Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. To evaluate the effects of PSP on septic liver injury and demonstrate the potential molecular mechanisms, the septic acute liver injury (SALI) model was established in BALB/c mice via intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that PSP treatment could remarkably reduce the 48 h mortality rate of septic mice; alleviate liver histopathologic damage; lower the activity of neutrophil infiltration marker MPO in liver tissue; and decrease the levels of liver function indexes AST, ALT, ALP, and TBIL, inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6, and pyroptosis-related inflammatory cytokines IL-18 and IL-1ß in serum. TUNEL staining and detecting GSDMD-NT protein expression level in liver tissue revealed that PSP could restrain excessive pyroptosis. In addition, PSP treatment reversed the upregulations of mRNA expression levels of the NLRP3/GSDMD signals in the liver. Our results indicated the potential protective role of PSP against SALI by inhibiting pyroptosis via NLRP3/GSDMD signals.

Synthesis of naphthalimide-type chemsensor and its application in quality evaluation for polygonatum sibiricum Red.

The premise and key of ensuring the safety and effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is to construct appropriate quality evaluation system of TCM. This study aimed to establish a pre-column derivatization HPLC method for achieving the quality control of Polygonatum sibiricum by reacting synthesized 4-hydrazino-1,8-naphthalimide (HAN) with diverse monosaccharides from the hydrolytic product of P. sibiricum polysaccharides (PSPs), followed by HPLC separation. The HAN was synthesized based on a CuI-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction in water, and then employed as a novel chemosensor that reacts with reducing sugars. Good separation was achieved at a detection wavelength of 448 nm using an ZORBAX SB-C8 column under a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min within 12 min. The monosaccharide compositions of PSP mainly include two hexoses [glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal)] and two hexuronic acids [glucuronic acid (GlcA) and galacturonic acid (GalA)], and the molar ratio of Glc, Gal, GlcA and GalA is 16.67:52.94:10.58:19.81. The verified HPLC method, possessing excellent precision and good accuracy, successfully achieved rapid qualitative and quantitative determination for PSP. Additionally, the HAN displayed fluorescence enhancement through "push-pull" mode, and fluorescence decreased through "pull-pull" mode after binding to monosaccharides, which is a potential for fluorescence determination of different monosaccharides.

Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides.

Polysaccharide is one of the main active components of Polygonatum sibiricum. For this study, P. sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) were obtained through purification using DEAE-Cellulose52 and Sephacryl G-150 column chromatography. The obtained samples were named PSP1, PSP2 and PSP3. The PSP1 sample was found to have the highest content and the best solubility, and a subsequent. So, its structure and characterization were analyzed. The main sugar residue linkages were found to be â†’ 1)-ß-D-Fruf-(2 â†’ 1)-ß-D-Fruf-(2 â†’ 1), 1 â†’ -ß-D-Fruf-(2 â†’ 6)α-D-Glcp (1→, →4)-ß-D-Manp-(1 â†’ 4)-ß-D-Manp-(1→ and →6)-ß-D-Glcp-(1 â†’ 4)-ß-D-Manp-(1→ link existed. Branch chain analysis indicated →1,6)-ß-D-Fruf-(2→, ß-D-Fruf-(2→, →1,6)-ß-D-Fruf-(2→, →6)-ß-D- Fruf-(2→ link existed, and the link site was at position C-6. In vitro antioxidant activity tests showed that PSP1 had a certain scavenging effect on DPPH, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical and a particular effect on the chelating ability of ferrous. This suggested that P. sibiricum polysaccharides may be a potential antioxidant.

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in RPE cells.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the major diabetic complications and remains the most common cause of adult blindness among patients with diabetes mellitus. Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) are a group important component of Polygonatum sibiricum (PS) with anti-diabetic activity. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of PSP on diabetic retinopathy remains unclear. We used high glucose (HG)-stimulated ARPE-19 cells to establish in vitro diabetic retinopathy model. Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to evaluate cell viability of ARPE-19 cells. The changes in the ROS production, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were detected to indicate oxidative stress. The secretion levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected by ELISA. The protein levels of TNF-α, IL-8, bcl-2, bax, nuclear Nrf2, and anti-hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) were detected by western blot analysis. Our results showed that HG treatment caused a significant reduction in cell viability of ARPE-19 cells. PSP treatment improved the reduced cell viability of ARPE-19 cells. PSP also attenuated HG-induced oxidative stress with decreased ROS production and MDA content, as well as increased the activities of SOD and GPx. In addition, HG significantly increased bax expression and caspase-3 activity, and decreased bcl-2 expression. However, these changes were mitigated by PSP treatment. Furthermore, PSP markedly induced the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in HG-induced ARPE-19 cells. Knockdown of Nrf2 reversed the protective effects of PSP on HG-induced ARPE-19 cells. Taken together, these findings indicated that PSP protects ARPE-19 cells from HG-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell apoptosis through regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides prevent LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammation via the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB pathway.

Inflammation plays an important role in cases of acute lung injury (ALI), and the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB (TLR4/NF-κB) pathway, which can be regulated by Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSPs), is closely related to the dynamics of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Thus, we sought to evaluate whether or not PSPs prevent LPS-induced ALI by way of inhibiting inflammation via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in rats. We established an ALI rat model by tracheal instillation of LPS, and by pre-injection of PSPs into rats to examine PSPs in the ALI rat model. We found that PSPs attenuated LPS-induced lung pathological changes in ALI rats, decreased LPS-induced myeloperoxidase (MOP) activity, and elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in lung tissue. However, PSPs also decreased the LPS-induced increase in the neutrophil ratio, and decreased inflammatory factor levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Moreover, PSPs decreased LPS-induced increases in inflammatory factors measured by mRNA expression, and altered the levels of expression of TLR4, medullary differentiation protein 88 (Myd88), p-IKB-α/IKB-α and p-p65/p65 proteins in lung tissue. In vitro, PSPs also reduced apoptosis induced by LPS in BEAS-2B cells by suppressing inflammation through its effect of inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, our results suggest that PSPs may be a potential drug for effective treatment of LPS-induced ALI, due to the ability to inhibit inflammation through effects exerted on the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB pathway.

Purification, structural characterization and in vivo immunoregulatory activity of a novel polysaccharide from Polygonatum sibiricum.

The purpose of this study was to study polysaccharides isolated from Polygonatum sibiricum to establish the structure-activity relationships of the active substances and to discover the optimal fraction for further development and application. Four polysaccharides fractions (PSP1, PSP2, PSP3 and PSP4) from P. sibiricum were obtained by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow ion-exchange chromatography. Acid hydrolysis and FT-IR spectral and NMR spectral analyses were employed for structural analysis. Our results illustrated that PSP with different chemical structure and monosaccharide composition showed different abilities to activate phagocytic activity in vitro. According to the preliminary screening results in vitro, the newly identified water-soluble polysaccharides of PSP3 were selected for further evaluation in vivo. The results demonstrated that PSP3 possessed an immunomodulatory function and could be regarded as a promising candidate as an immunomodulator.

Optimization of preparation conditions for CTAB-modified Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide cubosomes using the response surface methodology and their effects on splenic lymphocytes.

This study aimed to optimize the preparation conditions for cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide cubosomes (CTAB-modified PSP-Cubs) by response surface methodology (RSM). Glyceryl-monooleate (GMO) was used as the lipid base for the cubosomes. The optimal preparation conditions of CTAB-modified PSP-Cubs were as follows: the mass percentage of PSP to GMO (X1), Poloxamer 407 (F127) to GMO (X2) and water to GMO (X3) was 1.4%, 9% and 50%, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of CTAB-modified PSP-Cubs under the experimental conditions was 62.4 ±â€¯3.6%, which was close to our predicted value. The particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of CTAB-modified PSP-Cubs were 427.7 ±â€¯8.0 nm, 0.236 ±â€¯0.024 and 19.2 ±â€¯0.4 mV, respectively. Specific modifications were able to slow down in vitro release behaviors and reduce cytotoxicity to some extent. The effects of CTAB-modified PSP-Cubs on splenic lymphocytes were also investigated. When splenic lymphocytes were treated with CTAB-modified PSP-Cubs together with LPS or PHA, the results showed more favorable effects on cellular proliferation than blank cubosomes or free PSP at certain concentrations.

A Review: The Bioactivities and Pharmacological Applications of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been widely used in China and is regarded as the most important therapeutic. Polygonatum sibiricum (PS), a natural plant used in traditional Chinese medicine, has various functions associated with a number of its components. There are many compositions in PS including polysaccharides, steroids, anthraquinone, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, lignin, vitamins, various acids, and so on. Of these, polysaccharides play a significant role in PS-based therapeutics. This article summarizes Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) have many pharmacological applications and biological activities, such as their antioxidant activity, anti-aging activity, an anti-fatigue effect, immunity enhancement effect, antibacterial effect, anti-inflammatory effect, hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effects, anti-osteoporosis effect, liver protection, treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), anti-cancer effect, and may help prevent Alzheimer's disease, and so on. This review summarized the extraction method, purification method, compositions, pharmacological applications, biological activities, biosynthesis, and prospects of PSP, providing a basis for further study of PS and PSP.

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides play anti-cancer effect through TLR4-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anti-cancer effect of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into normal saline (NS) group, adriamycin (ADM) group, PSP group and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group. RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated with or without TLR4 inhibitor or MyD88 inhibitor. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were performed to detect the mRNA and protein expressions, respectively. ELISA and Griess reaction was used to measure cytokines and NO levels. Flow cytometry was employed to examine T-lymphocyte subset and CCK-8 assay was used for cell viability. RESULTS: The in vivo experiment found that PSP inhibited tumor growth and improved the spleen index, thymus index, the cytokines secretion and CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes ratio. Compared with the NS group, the mRNA and protein expressions of the critical nodes inTLR4-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways (except TRAM) significantly increased in PSP group, as well as the NO and cytokines levels. Nevertheless, PSP had no obvious effects on TRAM. Further analysis showed that PSP effects on the critical nodes in TLR4-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways were suppressed by inhibitor in vitro. CONCLUSION: The immunoenhancement effect of PSP against lung cancer is mediated by TLR4-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways.