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Sport visual ability plays an important role in the performance of elite athletes in competition. However, its relationship with boxers' performance has not been fully understood. This study investigated the relationship between sports visual abilities and in-competition punching performance in 26 highly trained male amateur boxers. Ten visual abilities of the boxers were tested using the Senaptec Sensory Station (Senaptec, Beaverton, OR, United States), including Visual Clarity (VC), Contrast Sensitivity (CS), Depth Perception (DP), Near Far Quickness (NFQ), Target Capture (TC), Perception Span (PS), Multiple Object Tracking (MOT), Eye-Hand Coordination (EHC), Go/No Go (GNG), and Reaction Time (RT). Performance analyses were conducted on national boxing championships conducted by the boxers to analyze their punching accuracy. Correlation and regression analyses showed that punch performance %Hit was very strong correlated with DP, EHC, GNG, and RT, and showed a strong correlation with VC, CS, and PS. %Hit was moderate correlated with MOT, while there was no correlation with NFQ and TC. In addition, RT, EHC, and DP are important visual ability variables for boxers. The results of this study indicate that there is an overall relationship between sports visual ability and boxing performance, but there is also a specific relationship between variables in visual ability and boxing performance, especially faster reaction times, better processing of visual information, and decision-making abilities, and the ability to accurately recognize the distance and position of an opponent and their punches are essential for enhancing boxing performance. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between sport visual ability and more comprehensive performance in boxers, and the possibility of enhancing performance through specific visual training.
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Introduction: This article examines athletes preparing for, transitioning into, or going through the developmental stages of a professional sports career, referred to as the emerging athlete career transition. This transition includes events such as selections, Junior-to-Senior promotions, contracting, migration, and early exits. The article presents the collective findings of a multi-case study in three professional sports: rugby league, basketball, and boxing. Method: Consistent with pragmatic qualitative research methodology, a stratified data set was collected and analysed, incorporating researcher-practitioner fieldwork, interviews, documents and artefacts for these cases. This article explores unique events and the demographic and cultural implications of navigating emergent transitions along professional sporting pathways in New Zealand. Findings: These findings highlight the importance of building self-efficacy as a pre-condition for coping through preparation and experience. Recommendations: Recommendations include fostering collaborative cultures and authentic support relationships to facilitate better coping alongside athletic and personal development in these high-pressured environments. Furthermore, understanding existential perspectives of meaning, choice, and responsibility provides insights for developing the resources that allow emerging athletes to thrive in life beyond sport.
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BACKGROUND: Phase angle (PhA) is an indicator of cellular health, function, and integrity. PhA has been considered an indicator of nutritional and health status, but it is uncertain whether it could be used as a fitness or athletic performance indicator. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between PhA and the fitness and athletic performance of adolescent boxers and to know whether this association is independent of body composition. METHODS: Thirty-seven trained youth boxers (15-18 y old) participated in the study. Participants underwent anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance assessments. The following tests were conducted: Fitness-Gram battery; speed, agility, and quickness; ball throws; punch impact force; bench press maximal strength; and vertical and horizontal jumps. Linear regression models were estimated and adjusted by covariates. RESULTS: The PhA was related to upper-limb strength. Nevertheless, in linear regression models, after adjusting models by body composition, only PhA remained as a predictor of relative maximal strength. The PhA was not a predictor of speed, agility, and quickness; cardiorespiratory fitness; or lower-limb power, in which adiposity was the main predictor of fitness. CONCLUSIONS: In adolescent boxers, PhA can predict upper-limb maximal strength independently of bioelectrical impedance analysis premises. However, compared with mucle mass, PhA is not a better predictor of upper-limb maximal strength.
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PURPOSE: Measuring head kinematics data is important to understand and develop methods and standards to mitigate head injuries in contact sports. Instrumented mouthguards (iMGs) have been developed to address coupling issues with previous sensors. Although validated with anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), there is limited post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) data which provides more accurate soft tissue responses. This study evaluated two iMGs (Prevent Biometrics (PRE) and Diversified Technical Systems (DTS) in response to direct jaw impacts. METHODS: Three unembalmed male cadaver heads were properly fitted with two different boil-and-bite iMGs and impacted with hook (4 m/s) and uppercut (3 m/s) punches. A reference sensor (REF) was rigidly attached to the base of the skull, impact kinematics were transformed to the head center of gravity and linear and angular kinematic data were compared to the iMGs including Peak Linear Acceleration, Peak Angular Acceleration, Peak Angular Velocity, Head Injury Criterion (HIC), HIC duration, and Brain Injury Criterion. RESULTS: Compared to the REF sensor, the PRE iMG underpredicted most of the kinematic data with slopes of the validation regression line between 0.72 and 1.04 and the DTS overpredicted all the kinematic data with slopes of the regression line between 1.4 and 8.7. CONCLUSION: While the PRE iMG was closer to the REF sensor compared to the DTS iMG, the results did not support the previous findings reported with use of ATDs. Hence, our study highlights the benefits of using PMHS for validating the accuracy of iMGs since they closely mimic the human body compared to any ATD's mandible.
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PURPOSE: This study assessed the reliability and load-velocity profiles of 3 different landmine-punch-throw variations (seated without trunk rotation, seated with trunk rotation, and standing whole body) with different loads (20, 22.5, and 25.0 kg), all with the dominant hand and nondominant hand. METHODS: In a quasi-randomized order, 14 boxers (24.1 [4.3] y, 72.6 [10.1] kg) performed 3 repetitions of each variation with their dominant hand and their nondominant hand, with maximal effort and 3 minutes of interset rest. Peak velocity was measured via the GymAware Power Tool (Kinetic Performance Technologies). The interclass correlation coefficients and their 95% CIs were used to determine the intrasession reliability of each variation × load × hand combination. Additionally, a 2 (hand) × 3 (variation) repeated-measures analysis of variance assessed the load-velocity profile slope, and a 3 (variation) × 2 (hand) × 3 (load) repeated-measures analysis of variance assessed the peak velocity of each variation. RESULTS: Most variations were highly reliable (intraclass correlation coefficient > .91), with the nondominant hand being as reliable or more reliable than the dominant hand. Very strong linear relationships were observed for the group average for each variation (R2 ≥ .96). However, there was no variation × hand interaction for the slope, and there was no main effect for variation or hand. Additionally, there was no interaction for the peak velocity, but there were main effects for variation, hand, and load (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Each variation was reliable and can be used to create upper-body ballistic unilateral load-velocity profiles. However, as with other research on load-velocity profile, individual data allowed for more accurate profiling than group average data.
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Mano , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Adulto Joven , Mano/fisiología , Masculino , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Adulto , Lateralidad Funcional/fisiología , Rotación , SedestaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a relatively young combat sport. In contrast to classic boxing, MMA combines techniques of grappling and striking. However, characteristic long-term effects of MMA on the wrist are discussed controversially. Aim of this study was to elucidate characteristic degenerative changes of the wrist from MMA fighters in comparison to classic boxers. METHODS: In this study, eleven professional MMA fighters and ten professional boxers with chronic wrist pain were examined and compared. Age, weight, number of fights and weekly hours of training were recorded. Wrist and hand of each fighter were examined using a 3T-MR scanner. Degenerations of the radial, central and ulnar column were analyzed according to Navarro's three-column theory and degenerative changes were categorized based on the classification of Fredericson. RESULTS: There was no significant difference of age, weight and number of fights between MMA fighters and boxers (p > 0.15). However, MMA fighters practiced significantly more hours per week (19.5 (MMA) vs. 8.5 (boxing) hours/week, p < 0.001). No significant associations were found between different training times per Week in terms of degenerative changes of the wrist in MMA and boxing based on the three column theory. The comparison of degenerative changes in the columns between MMA and boxing showed no significant differences. The MRI showed a significantly higher degeneration in the radial column compared to the central column among MMA fighters for ligaments (p = 0.01) and bones (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Due to different fighting techniques, different physical traumas, including falls, pattern of degenerations of the wrist between MMA fighters and boxers are different. MMA fighters suffer of a highly degenerative radial column and boxers suffer of a homogeneous degeneration of all three columns.
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Displaying nonverbal pride after a boxing match leads to judgements of success. However, it is not clear the extent to which this effect generalises nor whether it can override competing information. An experimental design had 214 participants watch two boxing clips that were manipulated so that one was evenly matched and the other had a fighter with an advantage (i.e. demonstrating more skill). Nonverbal behaviour at the completion of the fight varied between fighters (pride versus neutral). When the fight was evenly matched, the fighters displaying nonverbal pride were judged as winning the fight, but the fighter did not garner increased social influence. In contrast, when fighters demonstrated superior skill, the more skilled fighters who displayed neutral postures rather than the less-skilled ones displaying pride were judged as winning the fight, and the skilled fighters garnered increased social influence. These results suggest that in a boxing context, a pride bias works in evenly matched scenarios, but when differences in skill are more clearly present, a skill bias is more pronounced and leads to more social influence. Furthermore, perceptions of skill were associated with judgments of victory across stimuli, suggesting the importance of skill perceptions in such judgments.
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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra and characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. Boxing is a type of complementary therapy to improve symptoms in PD. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of boxing training on the functionality and quality of life of patients with PD. The literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, PEDro, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar search engines. The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. This systematic review included three studies that examined disease severity, mobility, physical activity, balance, and quality of life. According to the PEDro scale criteria, the three articles included were of high methodological quality. Statistically significant improvements after the implementation of boxing training was shown for balance and quality of life in contrast to the other variables. Boxing training intervention programs had a positive effect on balance and quality of life in patients with PD; however, the results are conflicting regarding certain functionality variables. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research to examine the effectiveness of boxing training on the functionality and quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Older Fighters are defined as combat sports athletes older than 35 years, based on heightened medical risks and historical classification. Age-related changes to the neurological, cardiopulmonary, endocrinological, thermoregulatory, osmoregulatory, and musculoskeletal systems increase these athletes' risks for injury and may prolong their recovery. These age-related risks warrant special considerations for competition, licensure, prefight medical clearance, in-fight supervision, post-fight examination, and counseling regarding training practices and retirement from combat sports. Neurological considerations include increased risk of intracranial lesions, intracranial hemorrhage, and sequelae from traumatic brain injury (TBI), warranting more comprehensive neurological evaluation and neuroimaging. Increased risk of myocardial ischemia and infarction warrant careful assessment of cardiac risk factors and scrutiny of cardiovascular fitness. Older fighters may take longer time to recover from musculoskeletal injury; post-injury clearance should be individualized.
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PURPOSE: To explore how people with Parkinson's (PwP) experience the impact of attending Parkinson Boxing (PB) on their symptoms and quality of life. METHODS: The authors NMAY and PeB conducted participant observations of four PB sessions and eight semi-structured interviews with PwP who participated in PB in Denmark. The empirical material was systematically analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four main themes arose. The participants experience a sense of community from being part of a group where they share the same diagnosis. They described various bodily experiences related to their physical and cognitive functioning and well-being, as well as emotional experiences including feelings of joy, gratitude, and mental well-being. They are motivated to participate in the training sessions, and participation further motivates them to retain their exercise practice. CONCLUSIONS: The experienced impact of participating in PB relates to physical relief of symptoms and improved functioning in everyday life, as well as a mental lift, energy, and joy during and after training sessions. Participants described being motivated to attend PB and to continue their training practice. Thus, PB entails experiences of relief of symptoms and presumably improved quality of life for the participants.
Physical activity is an effective complementary treatment to experience improvement in health and well-being for people affected by Parkinson's disease.The Danish concept, Parkinson Boxing, inspired by the concept Rock Steady Boxing from USA, shows promise to relieve symptoms, improve mental and physical well-being and create social relationships.The motivation to engage in physical activity increases when exercising in a diagnosis-specific group as Parkinson Boxing where participants have a shared understanding of each other's challenges and simultaneously achieve social relationships.We recommend that rehabilitation professionals use diagnosis-specific group-based interventions which in addition to physical benefits creates basis for a sense of community, mental well-being and motivation to maintain physical activity among participants.
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BACKGROUND: Adapted boxing can help improve the physical functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Whether these benefits persist longitudinally is unclear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of a community-based adapted boxing program on the physical functioning and HRQoL of individuals with PD over 1-1.5 years. METHODS: Twenty-six individuals with PD agreed to share their results on tests administered upon enrollment in the program (PRE) and â¼431 days later (POST). The tests included the Fullerton Advanced Balance scale, (FAB), the Timed Up-and-Go test (TUG), the 30-second Sit-to-Stand test (30-STS), and the PD questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39). RESULTS: From PRE to POST, performance significantly improved on the TUG and 30-STS tests (both pâ<â0.001), but not on the FAB (pâ=â0.79). Over the same period, PDQ-39 scores significantly increased (pâ=â0.05). No PRE to POST changes surpassed the minimal detectable change threshold. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that adapted boxing is at worst non-detrimental and at best potentially beneficial for muscle strength, endurance, and functional mobility in individuals with PD. However, adapted boxing probably cannot fully counteract the HRQoL decrements that accompany PD progression.
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Enfermedad de Parkinson , Equilibrio Postural , Calidad de Vida , Humanos , Enfermedad de Parkinson/rehabilitación , Enfermedad de Parkinson/fisiopatología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/psicología , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Equilibrio Postural/fisiología , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Rendimiento Físico FuncionalRESUMEN
The purpose of this study is to deeply understand the psychological state of boxers before the competition, and explore an efficient boxing action classification and recognition model supported by artificial intelligence (AI) technology through these psychological characteristics. Firstly, this study systematically measures the key psychological dimensions of boxers, such as anxiety level, self-confidence, team identity, and opponent attitude, through psychological scale survey to obtain detailed psychological data. Then, based on these data, this study innovatively constructs a boxing action classification and recognition model based on BERT fusion 3D-ResNet, which not only comprehensively considers psychological information, but also carefully considers action characteristics to improve the classification accuracy of boxing actions. The performance evaluation shows that the model proposed in this study is significantly superior to the traditional model in terms of loss value, accuracy and F1 value, and the accuracy reaches 96.86%. Therefore, through the comprehensive application of psychology and deep learning, this study successfully constructs a boxing action classification and recognition model that can fully understand the psychological state of boxers, which provides strong support for the psychological training and action classification of boxers.
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Boxeo , Inteligencia Artificial , Psicología del Deporte , Redes Neurales de la ComputaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Over the last few years, there has been a growing interest in workout apps and active virtual reality video games (AVRGs), which provide entertainment and enable users to undertake various forms of physical activity (PA) at home. Presumably, these types of exercises can be particularly useful for people with physical disabilities, who experience problems with access to sports and leisure facilities due to architectural and communication barriers. However, it is interesting whether the intensity of PA in VR is high enough to provide users with health benefits, as it is mainly based on arm movements. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of the study was to evaluate the intensity of physical exercise of wheelchair boxers during a boxing training session using the FitXR app in immersive VR in light of health-related PA recommendations. The effect of Velcro-fastened hand-held weights (HHWs) on the intensity of PA undertaken by people in VR was also examined, and the attractiveness of virtual exercise were assessed in the opinion of users. METHODS: PA intensity was evaluated using a heart rate monitor based on the percentage of maximal heart rate (% HRmax) and the Borg's rating of perceived exertion (RPE 6-20). The attractiveness perceived during exercise by users were evaluated using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES 1-7 scale). RESULTS: The study shows that the exercise intensity of the athletes during wheelchair boxing training in VR is at a beneficial moderate level for health (HRave=68.98% HRmax). The use of HHWs (0.5 kg) does not significantly increase the PA intensity of the individuals during virtual exercise. Users with disabilities highly rated the attractiveness (6.32 ± 0.79 points) of PA during virtual boxing training. CONCLUSIONS: Boxing exercises in VR can be an attractive and health-related form of PA for wheelchair boxers and a supplement to their conventional training.
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La preparación del boxeador conlleva cambios y adaptaciones fisiológicas para garantizar las cargas físicas, psíquicas y sociales a las que han sido sometidos sus practicantes. Finalizada dicha etapa aparece el desentrenamiento deportivo, cuya naturaleza es eminentemente pedagógica y consiste en desinstalar los componentes que garantizaron la acumulación de cargas durante su etapa como boxeador activo, hasta alcanzar los niveles de un practicante sistemático normal de la Cultura Física. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en diseñar una estrategia pedagógica sustentada en un modelo de igual naturaleza para el desentrenamiento potenciado con la equino-interacción-profiláctica, a partir del uso de ejercicios con caballos como elemento de cambio. Se utilizaron como métodos empíricos y técnicas la observación de las sesiones de deportivo, el análisis de documentos, la encuesta a exboxeadores, entrenadores, médicos deportivos, funcionarios y expertos seleccionados, así como los talleres de opinión crítica y socialización entre entrenadores de boxeo. Como resultados se obtuvo un modelo pedagógico del que se derivó una estrategia. Estos aportes fueron constatados mediante la aplicación parcial de la estrategia en un combinado deportivo en Majibacoa, Las Tunas y se demostró su factibilidad para ser generalizada. El artículo que se ofrece tiene como objetivo socializar resultados de la investigación realizada sobre el desentrenamiento deportivo en el boxeo potenciado con el equino-interacción-profiláctica. De manera conclusiva, los aportes teórico y práctico demostraron el cumplimiento del objetivo de la investigación y la solución del problema científico.
A preparação do boxeador implica em mudanças e adaptações fisiológicas para garantir as cargas físicas, psicológicas e sociais às quais o boxeador foi submetido. Ao final dessa etapa, surge o destreinamento esportivo, cuja natureza é eminentemente pedagógica e consiste em desinstalar os componentes que garantiram o acúmulo de cargas durante sua etapa como boxeador ativo, até atingir os níveis de um praticante normal sistemático de Cultura Física. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em projetar uma estratégia pedagógica baseada em um modelo semelhante de destreinamento aprimorado com a interação equino-profilática, baseada no uso de exercícios com cavalos como elemento de mudança. Os métodos e técnicas empíricos utilizados foram a observação de sessões esportivas, a análise de documentos, pesquisas com ex-pugilistas, treinadores, médicos esportivos, oficiais e especialistas selecionados, bem como workshops de opinião crítica e socialização entre treinadores de boxe. Como resultado, foi obtido um modelo pedagógico do qual derivou uma estratégia. Essas contribuições foram confirmadas por meio da aplicação parcial da estratégia em uma equipe esportiva em Majibacoa, Las Tunas, e sua viabilidade de generalização foi demonstrada. O objetivo deste artigo é socializar os resultados da pesquisa realizada sobre o destreinamento esportivo no boxe, aprimorado com a interação equino-profilática. Em conclusão, as contribuições teóricas e práticas demonstraram o cumprimento do objetivo da pesquisa e a solução do problema científico.
The preparation of the boxer entails physiological changes and adaptations to guarantee the physical, psychological and social loads to which its practitioners have been subjected. Once this stage is completed, sports detraining appears, the nature of which is eminently pedagogical and consists of uninstalling the components that guaranteed the accumulation of loads during his time as an active boxer, until reaching the levels of a normal systematic practitioner of Physical Culture. The objective of this work was to design a pedagogical strategy based on a model of the same nature for detraining enhanced with equine-interaction-prophylactics, based on the use of exercises with horses as an element of change. Observation of sports sessions, document analysis, a survey of former boxers, coaches, sports doctors, officials and selected experts, as well as critical opinion and socialization workshops among boxing coaches, were used as empirical methods and techniques. As results, a pedagogical model was obtained from which a strategy was derived. These contributions were verified through the partial application of the strategy in a sports complex in Majibacoa, Las Tunas and its feasibility to be generalized was demonstrated. The article offered aims to socialize results of the research carried out on sports detraining in boxing enhanced with equine-interaction-prophylaxis. Conclusively, the theoretical and practical contributions demonstrated the fulfillment of the research objective and the solution of the scientific problem.
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BACKGROUND: Frailty is common among older adults, often associated with activity limitations during physical and walking tasks. The interactive boxing-cycling combination has the potential to be an innovative and efficient training method, and our hypothesis was that interactive boxing-cycling would be superior to stationary cycling in improving frailty and activity limitations in frail and prefrail older adults. OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of interactive boxing-cycling on frailty and activity limitations in frail and prefrail older adults compared to stationary cycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Forty-five participants who met at least one frailty phenotype criteria were randomly assigned to receive either interactive boxing-cycling (n = 23) or stationary-cycling (n = 22) for 36 sessions over 12 weeks. The interactive boxing-cycling was performed on a cycle boxer bike with an interactive boxing panel fixed in front of the bike. The primary outcomes were frailty status, including score and phenotypes. Secondary outcomes included activity limitations during physical and walking tasks. The pre- and post-intervention data of both groups were analyzed using a repeated measures two-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Both types of cycling significantly improved frailty scores (p<0.001). Interactive boxing-cycling was more effective than stationary cycling in reversing the frailty phenotype of muscle weakness (p = 0.03, odds ratio 9.19) and demonstrated greater improvements than stationary cycling in arm curl (p = 0.002, η2=0.20), functional reach (p = 0.001, η2=0.22), and grip strength (p = 0.02, η2=0.12) tests. Additionally, interactive boxing-cycling exhibited a greater effect on gait speed (p = 0.02, η2=0.13) and gait variability (p = 0.01, η2=0.14) during dual-task walking. CONCLUSION: In frail and prefrail older adults, interactive boxing-cycling effectively improves frailty but is not superior to stationary cycling. However, it is more effective at improving certain activity limitations. REGISTRATION NUMBER: TCTR20220328001.
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Ciclismo , Terapia por Ejercicio , Anciano Frágil , Fragilidad , Humanos , Anciano , Masculino , Femenino , Método Simple Ciego , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Ciclismo/fisiología , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Caminata/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare acute hemodynamic, metabolic (glucose and blood lactate concentrations), hormonal (growth hormone and normetanephrine), heart rate variability (HRV), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses before and after bouts of a boxing exergame with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) in non-athlete young individuals. METHODS: Fourteen participants (age: 30 ± 10 y; BMI: 21 ± 3 kg.m-2) participated in two sessions of a 20 min boxing exergame. During week one, the participants were randomly divided into two groups and played against one another under normal (n = 7) and BFR (n = 7) conditions. Over the next exercise session, participants were then reallocated to the opposite condition (normal vs. BFR) for data collection. Hemodynamic, metabolic, HRV, and hormonal parameters were measured before and immediately after the exercise protocols. RESULTS: Playing exergame led to a significant increase in hemodynamic variables (except for diastolic blood pressure) regardless of BFR condition with no between-group differences. Regarding HRV, significant reductions in total power (TP) and low-frequency (LF) waves were identified in the non-BFR group (p < 0.0001) compared with the BFR group. Conversely, a significant increase in very LF (VLF) waves was noted for the BFR group (p = 0.050), compared with the non-BFR group. Significant increases were observed in serum concentrations of growth hormone, normetanephrine, and blood lactate concentration from pre- to post-exercise under both conditions (p ≤ 0.05), with no significant differences between the groups. Moreover, no statistically significant changes were observed in glucose levels. RPE responses were significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) in the BFR group compared with the non-BFR group throughout the exercise session. CONCLUSIONS: We observed similar hemodynamic, hormonal, and metabolic responses after an acute boxing exergame session in young individuals, whether conducted with or without BFR. However, notable differences were observed in certain HRV markers and RPE. Specifically, the inclusion of BFR resulted in an elevation of VLF and a heightened perceived exertion. These findings suggest that BFR may alter cardiac autonomic and perceptual responses during exergaming. Further research is warranted to understand the long-term implications and potential benefits of incorporating BFR into exergaming routines.
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Introduction: Despite changes in regulations, boxing-related injuries and fatalities are still occurring. The numbers available in the literature regarding mortality and long-term consequences may not accurately represent the actual situation. Indeed, the real extent of this phenomenon remains poorly known. Research question: Delineating the spectrum of acute and chronic consequences of boxing-related traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Material and methods: Narrative review of the literature concerning acute and chronic boxing-related TBI. Keywords such as mortality, boxing, subdural hematoma were used to search in PubMed and Google scholar. An updated analysis of the Velazquez fatalities collection in boxing was undertaken. Results: The Velazquez collection includes 2076 fatalities from 1720 to the present with a death rate of 10 athletes per year. More than half of the deaths (N = 1354, 65.2%) occurred after a knock-out, and nearly 75% happened during professional bouts. In Australia, from 1832 to 2020, 163 fatalities were recorded (75% professional). In Japan, from 1952 to 2016, 38 deaths were recorded with a mean age of 23.9 years. Up to 40% of retired professional boxers in the United States were diagnosed with symptoms of chronic brain injury. Clinical dementia is far more prevalent among professional boxers than in amateurs with an incidence of 20%. Discussion and conclusions: A concerted effort to raise awareness and shed light on boxing-related neuro-trauma is required. Similar considerations can be made for other combat sports or contact sports. A call to action to address this knowledge gap, decrease and prevent this phenomenon is advocated.
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Visual field loss and visuospatial neglect are frequent consequences of cerebral stroke. They often have a strong impact on independence in many daily activities. Rehabilitation aiming to decrease these disabilities is therefore important, and several techniques have been proposed to foster awareness, compensation, or restitution of the impaired visual field. We here describe a rehabilitation intervention using adapted boxing therapy that was part of a pluridisciplinary intervention tailored for a particular case. A 58-year-old man with left homonymous hemianopia (HH) and mild visuospatial hemineglect participated in 36 sessions of boxing therapy six months after a right temporo-occipital stroke. Repeated stimulation of his blind and neglected hemifield, and training to compensate for his deficits through improved use of his healthy hemifield were performed through boxing exercises. The patient showed a stable HH before the beginning of the training. After six months of boxing therapy, he reported improved awareness of his visual environment. Critically, his HH had evolved to a left superior quadrantanopia and spatial attention for left-sided stimuli had improved. Several cognitive functions and his mood also showed improvement. We conclude that boxing therapy has the potential to improve the compensation of visuospatial impairments in individual patients with visual field loss.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of head impacts, sustained over the course of three rounds of amateur boxing, on indices of cerebrovascular function. METHODS: Eighteen university amateur boxers (six female) completed three experimental trials in a randomised order; (1) three rounds of boxing (BOX), (2) an equivalent bout of pad boxing (where no blows to the head were sustained; PAD), and (3) a time-matched seated control trial (CON). Indices of cerebrovascular function were determined immediately before and 45 min after each trial. Specifically, dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) was determined by considering the relationship between changes in cerebral blood velocity and mean arterial pressure during 5 min of squat-stand manoeuvres at 0.05 and 0.10 Hz. Cerebrovascular reactivity was determined using serial breath holding and hyperventilation attempts. RESULTS: Participants received an average of 40 ± 16 punches to the head during the BOX trial. Diastolic, mean and systolic dCA phase during squat stand manoeuvres at 0.05 Hz was lower after BOX compared to pre BOX (P ≤ 0.02, effect size (d) ≥ 0.74). No other alterations in dCA outcomes were observed at 0.05 or 0.10 Hz. The number of head impacts received during the BOX trial was associated with the change in systolic phase (r = 0.50, P = 0.03). No differences in cerebrovascular reactivity to breath holding or hyperventilation were observed. CONCLUSIONS: A typical bout of amateur boxing (i.e., three rounds) can subtly alter cerebral pressure-flow dynamics, and the magnitude of this change may be related to head impact exposure.
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Boxeo , Dióxido de Carbono , Humanos , Femenino , Hiperventilación , Homeostasis/fisiología , Presión Arterial , Circulación CerebrovascularRESUMEN
The Association of Ringside Physicians (ARP) is committed to the concept of fair competition. It advocates for two equally skilled and matched athletes to keep bouts fair, competitive, entertaining, and, most importantly, safe for all combatants. Numerous studies have proven that transgender women may have a competitive athletic advantage against otherwise matched cis-gender women. Likewise, transgender men may suffer a competitive disadvantage against cis-gender men. These differences - both anatomic and physiologic - persist despite normalization of sex hormone levels and create disparities in competitive abilities that are not compatible with the spirit of fair competition. More importantly, allowing transgender athletes to compete against cisgender athletes in combat sports, which already involve significant risk of serious injury, unnecessarily raises the risk of injury due to these differences. Hence the ARP does not support transgender athlete competition against cisgender athletes in combat sports.