The Synthesis of Needle-Like Monocrystalline Diamonds with a High Aspect Ratio up to 14.

Diamond exhibits nontrivial hardness and abrasion, ultra-high thermal conductivity, and light transmission over a wide wavelength range. All these properties are anisotropic. There is considerable literature on the synthesis of large-sized monocrystalline diamonds but the synthesis of highly oriented monocrystalline diamonds is limited. Here, [100] oriented monocrystalline needle-like diamonds are successfully synthesized with an aspect ratio of up to 14 by controlling the temperature gradient and carbon concentration gradient using FeCo alloy as the catalyst at ≈5.8 GPa and 1473 K. The distinctive morphology and microstructure of needle-like diamonds are characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Focused Ion Beam-Transmission Electron Microscopy. A four-stage growth model is established to elucidate the growth mechanism along the [100], which sheds light on the synthesis of diamonds with predetermines crystal orientations. Increasing the aspect ratio of needle-like diamonds further may enable the development of diamond fibers and assist in the fabrication of laser diamonds with specific orientation requirements.

A potential trade-off between reproduction and enhancement of thermotolerance in Liriomyza trifolii populations driven by thermal acclimation.

The invasive pest, Liriomyza trifolii, poses a significant threat to ornamental and vegetable plants. It spreads rapidly and causes large-scale outbreaks with pronounced thermotolerance. In this study, we developed L. trifolii strains adapted to high temperatures (strains designated 35 and 40); these were generated from a susceptible strain (designated S) by long-term thermal acclimation to 35 °C and 40 °C, respectively. Age-stage, two-sex life tables, thermal preferences, critical thermal limits, knockdown behaviors, eclosion and survival rates as well as expression of genes encoding heat shock proteins (Hsps) were compared for the three strains. Our findings indicated that the thermotolerance of L. trifolii was enhanced after long-term thermal acclimation, which suggested an adaptive plastic response to thermal stress. A trade-off between reproduction and thermotolerance was observed under thermal stress, potentially improving survival of the population and fostering adaptionary changes. Acclimation at 35 °C improved reproductive performance and population density of L. trifolii, particularly by enhancing the fecundity of female adults and accelerating the speed of development. Although the 40 strain exhibited the highest developmental speed and greater thermotolerance, it incurred a larger reproductive cost. This study provides a theoretical framework for monitoring and controlling leafminers and understanding their evolutionary adaptation to environmental changes.

Effects of different temperature and density on quality and microbial population of wilted alfalfa silage.

In this experiment, alfalfa silage with different packing densities (500 kg/m3、600 kg/m3 and 700 kg/m3) was prepared under the conditions of outdoor high temperature and indoor room temperature, respectively. At the same time, the same lactobacillus additive was used for fermentation in each density treatment group. The chemical composition, fermentation quality and microbial community of alfalfa silage were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of dry matter (DM) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) decreased with the increase of density during fermentation at high temperature. At the same time, when the density is 600 kg/m³, CP (crude protein) content is the highest, ADF (acid detergent fiber) content is the lowest. The contents and pH values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lactic acid (LA) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were significantly affected by temperature (p < 0.05). Density had significant effects on DM, NDF, WSC and LA contents (p < 0.05). The interaction between temperature and density had significant effects on the content of ADF and LAB (p < 0.05). At the same time, the abundance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in high temperature fermented silage was lower than that in normal temperature fermented feed. The number of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in room temperature treatment group decreased with the increase of density. In summary, this study clarified the effects of different temperature and density on alfalfa fermentation quality and microbial community, and clarified that the density should be reasonably controlled within 600 kg/m³ during alfalfa silage, providing theoretical support for production practice.

Effect of temperature and extraframework cation type on CHA framework flexibility.

The sorption properties of zeolites are controlled by several factors, i.e. Si/Al ratio of the aluminosilicate framework [AlSiO4]-, the type and position of the extraframework (EF) cations, and the applied temperature. Here we investigate the flexibility of CHA framework as a function of EF cation-content and temperature (20-350 °C). Two CHA forms (Na- and Cu-CHA) with Si/Al = 2 were analysed. The main objectives were: (i) to shed light on the HT behaviour of Na-CHA, for which contrasting results exist in literature; (ii) define the role of temperature and EF cation-type in the response to the heating stimuli. We show that at 75 °C, Na-CHA undergoes a severe contraction of the unit-cell volume (-12%) accompanied by a symmetry lowering (R-3m to I2/m). The transformation is reversible, if the dehydrated Na-CHA is exposed to ambient conditions. In contrast, Cu-CHA experiences a significant different dehydration path, which involves minor changes of the CHA framework, and a net positive thermal-expansion after dehydration. The implications of the observed transformations for gas separation processes are finally discussed.

UV-B increases active phytochrome B to suppress thermomorphogenesis and enhance UV-B stress tolerance at high temperatures.

Plants respond to small increases in ambient temperature by changing their architecture, a response collectively termed thermomorphogenesis. Thermomorphogenesis is considered to attenuate the damage caused by potentially harmful high-temperature conditions, and multiple environmental factors can modulate this process. Among these factors, ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light has been shown to strongly suppress this response. However, the molecular mechanisms through which it regulates thermomorphogenesis and the physiological roles of the UV-B-mediated suppression of thermomorphogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we show that UV-B inhibits thermomorphogenesis through the UVR8-COP1-phyB/HFR1 signaling module. We found that cop1 mutants maintain high levels of active phyB at high temperatures. Extensive genetic analyses revealed that the increased phyB, HFR1, and CRY1 in cop1 mutants redundantly reduce both the level and activity of a key positive regulator in thermomorphogenesis, PIF4, thereby repressing this growth response. Additionally, we found that UV-B light increases phyB stability and its photobody number through the inactivation of COP1. The UV-B-stabilized active phyB, together with HFR1, inhibits thermomorphogenesis by interfering with PIF4. We further show that the increased active phyB enhances UV-B tolerance by activating flavonoid biosynthesis and inhibiting thermomorphogenic growth. Taken together, our study demonstrates that UV-B increases the levels of active phyB and HFR1 by inhibiting COP1 to suppress PIF4-mediated growth responses, which is essential for plant tolerance to UV-B stress at high temperatures.

Effect of chitosan oligosaccharides with different molecular weight in alleviating textural deterioration of chicken myofibrillar protein gel with high-temperature treatment.

The molecular weight (MW) of oligosaccharides on gel properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) at high temperature remains unclear. In this study, it was found that chitosan oligosaccharides (CO) with different MW all significantly alleviated the textural deterioration of MP gel with high-temperature treatment. Moreover, MP-CO gel with the largest MW had the highest breaking force and the lowest cooking loss. Low-field NMR results further indicated that MP-CO gel with larger MW of CO had gradually increased relaxation rate, thus binding water more tightly. Rheological and microrheological tests suggested the addition of CO with larger MW resulted in much tighter gel network. These results indicated that CO with larger MW improved the quality of MP gel more effectively, which was because CO with larger MW inhibited aggregation of MP to a larger extent, resulting in smaller MP aggregates. Then MP-CO gel with much denser and more homogeneous structure was formed. Besides, MP-CO gel with larger MW of CO had higher content of ß-sheet, resulting in MP gel with more ordered structure and better gel quality. Therefore, this study provided theoretical guidance for choosing the appropriate CO in improving texture of high temperature meat products.

Soybean gene GmMLP34 regulates Arabidopsis negative response to high temperature stress.

The functions of major latex proteins (MLPs) in plant defense and stress responses have been widely documented; however, their roles in HT stress response in soybeans have not been elucidated. This study investigated the role of GmMLP34, a member of the major latex protein (MLP) family, in the response of soybeans to HT stress. Transcriptome analysis of HT-resistant (JD21) and HT-sensitive (HD14) soybean leaves under HT stress (43.40 ± 1.70 °C) and field conditions revealed differential expression of GmMLP34. Further examination across different HT-resistant varieties showed that GmMLP34 was down-regulated in the leaves of 6 HT-resistant varieties (85.7 %) and up-regulated in the leaves of 6 HT-sensitive varieties (85.7 %) under the HT treatment (45 °C for 3 h). The results of this study indicate that ectopic expression of the GmMLP34 gene in Arabidopsis led to a significant decrease in the survival rate of seedling when compared to the wild type (WT) under HT stress conditions of 37/28 °C (day/night) for 5 d, Moreover, the results indicated a significant decrease in primary root length and lateral root number under 45 °C/3 h HT stress followed by 12 h room temperature recovery. Additionally, the levels of abscisic acid (ABA), and flavonoids, and the activity of the peroxidase (POD) enzyme in the antioxidant system was decreased, while the activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme increased in GmMLP34-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression levels of the HT-response genes AtCHS1 and AtCHI2-A, were significantly down-regulated, whereas that of AtGBP1 was significantly up-regulated. These results suggest that GmMLP34 negatively regulates the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to HT stress by modulating flavonoid synthesis, hormone synthesis, and the antioxidant enzyme system. These findings provide theoretical information for the genetic improvement of HT tolerance in soybean and contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to abiotic stress.

Alicyclic Polyimide With Multiple Breakdown Self-Healing Based on Gas-Condensation Phase Validation for High Temperature Capacitive Energy Storage.

Polymer dielectrics with combined thermal stability and self-healing properties are specifically desired for high-temperature film capacitors. The high thermal stability of conventional polymers benefits from the abundance of aromatic rings in the molecule backbone, but the high carbon content sacrifices their self-healing properties. Here, analicyclic polyimide with a high glass transition temperature (256 °C) and wide energy bandgap (4.58 eV) is designed, which exhibits electric conductivity more than an order of magnitude lower than that of classical polyimide at high electric fields and high temperatures. As a result, alicyclic polyimide achieves a discharged energy density of 4.54 J cm-3 and a charge-discharge efficiency of above 90% at 200 °C, which is superior to existing dielectric polymers and composites. The alicyclic polyimide benefits from a low pyrolytic residual carbon rate, retaining 93% of the dielectric breakdown strength after four electrical breakdown cycles. Distinguishing from the current condensed-phase self-healing concept, for the first time, exploring the self-healing capability of high-temperature polyimide dielectric is presented based on dual self-healing mechanisms of gas-phase and condensed-phase. The high energy density at high temperatures and the superior self-healing capability of alicyclic polyimide further indicate the promise of polyimide dielectric film capacitors for extreme conditions.

High-temperature transport properties of a two-dimensional weakly doped parabolic semiconductor.

A version of the Mexican-hat Hamiltonian is used to study high-temperature transport properties of a two-dimensional weakly doped semiconductor with electron-hole symmetric bands. For a finite doping level and a temperature-dependent band gap, we find a closed analytical form of the temperature-dependent chemical potential. The effective concentrations of charge carriers participating in transport coefficients are analyzed in the space spanned by the total electron concentration and temperature. It is shown that these concentrations are the sum of a residual contribution and two thermally activated contributions, with a complicated dependence on temperature. The analytical expression for the Hall coefficient RHis also found. It is argued that it is a non-monotonic function of the doping level with the maximum at the doping nmax that is a linear function of temperature at high enough temperatures. The analysis of the real part of the interband conductivity shows that it is inversely proportional to incoming photon energy at low temperatures and that it is nearly constant over a wide energy range at high temperatures. This results are expected to be of significant importance in understanding transport and optical properties of weakly doped two-dimensional semiconductors with nearly symmetric parabolic bands. .

Rapidly one-step fabrication of durable superhydrophobic graphene surface with high temperature resistance and self-clean.

High temperature resistant and self-cleaning superhydrophobic flexible film has potential application value in lunar exploration. In this paper, a novel method of magnetic field-assisted ultrafast laser induced plasma was proposed to fabricate strongly superhydrophobic graphene on polyimide film with multi-level micro-nano structure. The longitudinal magnetic field contributed to constrain the induced plasma in the lateral direction so as to form a plasma plume with high temperature and high energy density. The multi-level micro-nano graphene structures with better ordering and superhydrophobicity were fabricated, which had a contact angle of 163.1° and a roll-off angle of 1.5°, as well as hydrophobic CC bond content of 72.82 %. The droplets can achieve obvious bouncing at different heights of 1 cm and 5 cm on surfaces at different angles of 0°, 5° and 10°. The contact angle was still greater than 160° after 25 days of aging treatment and heating at 300 °C for 40 min. The water droplets before and after the heating of the sample can push the dust off the surface, showing excellent high temperature resistance and self-cleaning performance.

Boost Electrocatalytic Activity of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ Air Electrode Prepared by High-Temperature Shock for Solid Oxide Electrochemical Cells.

High-temperature shock (HTS) is an emerging material synthesis technology with advantages, such as rapid processing, low energy consumption, and high controllability. This technology can prepare ultrafine nanoparticles with uniform particle size distribution and introduce additional oxygen vacancies, offering significant potential for the preparation of key materials for solid oxide electrochemical cells (SOCs). In this study, the La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF) air electrode was successfully prepared using HTS technology. Compared to the conventional muffle furnace calcination, the HTS-prepared LSCF exhibits a larger specific surface area and a higher oxygen vacancy concentration, and it demonstrates significant improvements in performance. The oxygen ion conducting SOC (O-SOC) with the HTS-LSCF air electrode achieved a peak power density (PPD) of 960 mW cm-2 and a current density of 0.38 A cm-2 (at 1.3 V) at 700 °C. Meanwhile, the proton conducting SOC (P-SOC) with HTS-LSCF air electrode reached a PPD value of 1.34 W cm-2 and a current density of 3.43 A cm-2 (at 1.3 V) at 700 °C. Additionally, the P-SOC with HTS-LSCF air electrode showed no significant degradation during over 200 h of long-term testing, reflecting the excellent stability of HTS-LSCF. This work provides a fast, efficient, and economical approach for synthesizing high-performance, high-stability SOC air electrode materials.

Ionomeric Binders for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.

High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) based on phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole membrane (PBI/PA) operating at 120-200 °C can provide insensitivity to carbon monoxide (CO) and simplified managements of water and heat and thus attract significant global attention. However, one significant drawback is its low utilization of precious metal catalysts resulted from the PA poisoning and inefficient three-phase boundary. Studies of binder materials in catalyst layers for HT-PEMFC are gradually emerging and there are few literature reviews on this important topic. The purpose of this review is to describe the various types of binders based on their molecular structure and electrochemical properties, with particular emphasis on catalyst layer for fuel cells. Importantly, this review provides a better understanding of relationship between fuel cell performance and the gas permeability and conductivity of different binders. Then, future directions of research and development in binder materials of HT-PEMFC are pointed out.

An Innovative Azobenzene-Based Photothermal Fabric with Excellent Heat Release Performance for Wearable Thermal Management Device.

Azobenzene (azo)-based photothermal energy storage systems have garnered great interest for their potential in solar energy conversion and storage but suffer from limitations including rely on solvents and specific wavelengths for charging process, short storage lifetime, low heat release temperature during discharging, strong rigidity and poor wearability. To address these issues, an azo-based fabric composed of tetra-ortho-fluorinated photo-liquefiable azobenzene monomer and polyacrylonitrile fabric template is fabricated using electrospinning. This fabric excels in efficient photo-charging (green light) and discharging (blue light) under visible light range, solvent-free operation, long-term energy storage (706 days), and good capacity of releasing high-temperature heat (80-95 °C) at room temperature and cold environments. In addition, the fabric maintains high flexibility without evident loss of energy-storage performance upon 1500 bending cycles, 18-h washing or 6-h soaking. The generated heat from charged fabric is facilitated by the Z-to-E isomerization energy, phase transition latent heat, and the photothermal effect of 420 nm light irradiation. Meanwhile, the temperature of heat release can be personalized for thermal management by adjusting the light intensity. It is applicable for room-temperature thermal therapy and can provide heat to the body in cold environments, that presenting a promising candidate for wearable personal thermal management.

PlWRKY47 Coordinates With Cytosolic Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 2 Gene to Improve Thermotolerance Through Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Herbaceous Peony.

Although WRKY transcription factors play crucial roles in plant responses to high-temperature stress, little is known about Group IIb WRKY family members. Here, we identified the WRKY-IIb protein PlWRKY47 from herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), which functioned as a nuclear-localized transcriptional activator. The expression level of PlWRKY47 was positively correlated with high-temperature tolerance. Silencing of PlWRKY47 in P. lactiflora resulted in the decreased tolerance to high-temperature stress by accumulating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overexpression of PlWRKY47 improved plant high-temperature tolerance through decreasing ROS accumulation. Moreover, PlWRKY47 directly bound to the promoter of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (PlGAPC2) gene and activated its transcription. PlGAPC2 was also positively regulated high-temperature tolerance in P. lactiflora by increasing NAD+ content to inhibit ROS generation. Additionally, PlWRKY47 physically interacted with itself to form a homodimer, and PlWRKY47 could also interact with one Group IIb WRKY family member PlWRKY72 to form a heterodimer, they all promoted PlWRKY47 to bind to and activate PlGAPC2. These data support that the PlWRKY47-PlWRKY47 homodimer and PlWRKY72-PlWRKY47 heterodimer can directly activate PlGAPC2 expression to improve high-temperature tolerance by inhibiting ROS generation in P. lactiflora. These results will provide important insights into the plant high-temperature stress response by WRKY-IIb transcription factors.

Individual and combined effects of high-temperature stress at booting and flowering stages on rice grain quality.

BACKGROUND: High temperature stress (HTS) has become a serious threat to rice grain quality and few studies have examined the effects of HTS across multiple stages on rice grain quality. In the present study, we conducted 2 years of HTS treatments under three temperature regimes (32/22 °C, 40/30 °C and 44/34 °C) and HTS durations of 2 days and 4 days at three critical stages: booting, flowering, and a combination of booting and flowering. We employed the heat degree days (HDD) metric, which accounts for both the level and duration of HTS, to quantify the relationships between grain quality traits and HTS. RESULTS: The results revealed the diverse effects of HTS on rice grain quality at different stages, durations and temperature levels. HTS significantly (P < 0.05) reduced grain quality, with the highest sensitivities (reduction per 1 °C day-1 increase in HDD) observed at the flowering stage, followed by the combined and booting stages treatments under mild HTS treatment (40/30 °C). However, under extreme HTS treatments (44/34 °C) for 4 days, rice grains subjected to combined HTS treatment experienced complete mortality. CONCLUSION: Pre-exposed to HTS at the booting stage within a certain intensity can alleviate the adverse effects of post-flowering HTS on grain quality. This provides valuable insights for assessing the potential impact of multiple HTS events on the grain quality under future climate warming. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Modified guanidine gel fracturing fluid system and performance optimization for ultra-deep and ultra-high temperature oil and gas reservoirs.

The development of deep high-temperature oil and gas reservoirs gives rise to a rise in reservoir temperature along with the depth of the oil reservoir, thereby imposing higher requirements on the heat resistance of fracturing fluid. Guar gum fracturing fluid has difficulty tolerating temperatures exceeding 160 °C, thereby demanding the development of corresponding cross-linking agents, temperature stabilizers, and other additives to enhance the thermal stability of the fracturing system. Considering the distinctive characteristics of deep and ultra-deep reservoirs, such as extreme burial depth (exceeding 6000 m), ultra-high temperature (higher than 160 °C), and high fracturing pressure, an experimental modification of a guar gum fracturing fluid system was carried out, specifically tailored for ultra-high temperatures. The experiment identified and selected individual agents for ultra-high temperature fracturing fluids, including crosslinking agents, thermal stabilizers, flowback aids, and clay inhibitors. Through rigorous experimentation, these key agents for an ultra-high temperature fracturing fluid system have been successfully developed, including the optimal thickener GBA1-2, crosslinking agent BA1-1, anti-swelling agent FB-1, and gel breaker TS-1. The evaluation of diverse additive dosages has facilitated the development of an optimal guar fracturing fluid system, which exhibits outstanding high-temperature resistance while minimizing damage and friction. The outcomes of our experiments indicate that even after subjecting our ultra-high temperature fracturing fluid to 2 h of shearing at 170 s-1 at 180 °C, its viscosity remained above 200 mPa s-a distinct proof of its superior performance in withstanding high temperatures. This achievement represents a substantial progress in providing a suitable fracturing fluid system for the transformation and stimulation of ultra-deep and ultra-high temperature reservoirs, and also lays a solid foundation for further exploration and application in related fields in the future.

Effects of temperature and lactic acid Bacteria additives on the quality and microbial community of wilted alfalfa silage.

This study investigated the influence of different temperatures (35℃ High temperature and average indoor ambient temperature of 25℃) and lactic acid bacterial additives (Lactiplantibacillus plantarym, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, or a combination of Lactiplantibacillus plantarym and Lentilactobacillus buchneri) on the chemical composition, fermentation quality, and microbial community of alfalfa silage feed. After a 60-day ensiling period, a significant interaction between temperature and additives was observed, affecting the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the silage feed (p < 0.05). Temperature had a highly significant impact on the pH value of the silage feed (p < 0.0001). However, the effect of temperature on lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid was not significant (p > 0.05), while the inoculation of additives had a significant effect on lactic acid, acetic acid, and butyric acid (p > 0.05). As for the dynamic changes of microbial community after silage, the addition of three kinds of bacteria increased the abundance of lactobacillus. Among all treatment groups, the treatment group using complex bacteria had the best fermentation effect, indicating that the effect of complex lactic acid bacteria was better than that of single bacteria in high temperature fermentation. In summary, this study explained the effects of different temperatures and lactic acid bacterial additives on alfalfa fermentation quality and microbial community, and improved our understanding of the mechanism of alfalfa related silage at high temperatures.

Evaluating building stones: Physical-mechanical changes from high-temperature fire and water cooling.

Heritage sites built with natural stone are at risk from fires, which can alter stone properties and compromise its structural integrity. Over 60 studies in the past three decades have examined fire impact on natural stone, providing insights for their prevention and restoration. The primary objectives are to develop effective strategies to mitigate fire risks, protect heritage structures, and ensure the preservation of our cultural legacy. Two noteworthy Portuguese limestones used as heritage building materials: Lioz (LL) and grey Ançã stone (GAS), were studied regarding the effect of high-temperature exposure for simulating fire at 200 °C, 400 °C and 600 °C, followed by cooling in water to reproduce fire extinguish in natural stone buildings. The findings provided insights into how the different temperatures impact the stone morphological, physical and mechanical properties. Color measurements (CIE L*a*b*) showed a color difference from 3 to 32 %; SEM-EDS confirmed microstructure modifications after fire exposure with cracks formation and intragranular porosity development. Among the diverse physical and mechanical properties of the stones, uniaxial compressive strength decreased from 1 to 33 %, Leeb D hardness decreased up to 12.2 %, lowering in open porosity was detected in the range 70-289 % and ultrasound speed propagation were significantly affected after thermal cycle at 600 °C with a negative variation reaching 49 %. Results from TGA show a loss of mass due to retained water (∼40 °C) and loss of hydration water at âˆ¼ 120 °C in both limestones. The total mass loss (∼42-∼44 %) is associated with the loss of H2O, CO2. In conclusion, stones with higher toughness and compression strength exhibited reduced damage at high temperatures due to their enhanced resistance to fracturing under stress. As limestone's mechanical strength decreases under high temperatures, it's advisable to increase its thickness to ensure sufficient support for loads and intended conditions of use. The deficiency of analysis on limestone's mechanical decay from fire reveals a significant knowledge gap regarding the complete extent of damage and deterioration in stone heritage structures.

Concurrent ozone and high temperature exacerbates nasal epithelial barrier damage in allergic rhinitis mice: Insights from the nasal transcriptome and nasal microbiota.

The global ambient temperature has been rising in recent decades and high temperature is usually accompanied by ozone (O3) pollution. Environmental change is an underlying factor for the increased prevalence of respiratory allergic disease. However, the potential mechanisms are complex and remain elusive. This study was performed to reveal toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of O3 or/and high temperature induced allergic rhinitis (AR) deterioration. The results indicated that O3 and high temperature co-exposure exacerbated rhinitis symptoms, destroyed ultrastructure of nasal mucosa and down-regulated the expression of nasal epithelial barrier structural proteins ZO-1 and occludin. Moreover, the levels of total protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in nasal lavage fluid and the levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α in serum also exhibited a significant upward trend. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that immune and inflammatory signaling pathways such as IL-17 signaling pathway was involved in the combined toxicity of O3 and high temperature. Microbiome examination showed that Prevotella and Elizabethkingia were linked to nasal injury. What's more, spearman correlation analysis revealed correlations among nasal microbiota dysbiosis, inflammation and injury. To sum up, the present study assessed the combined toxicity of O3 and high temperature and found potential mechanisms, which provided important experimental evidence for making preventive intervention strategies and protecting vulnerable populations.

High Performance Organic Mixed Ionic-electronic Polymeric Conductor with Stability to Autoclave Sterilization.

We present a series of newly developed donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers designed specifically for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) synthesized by a straightforward route. All polymers exhibited accumulation mode behavior in OECT devices, and tuning of the donor comonomer resulted in a three-order-of-magnitude increase in transconductance. The best polymer gFBT-g2T, exhibited normalized peak transconductance (gm,norm) of 298±10.4 S cm-1 with a corresponding product of charge-carrier mobility and volumetric capacitance, µC*, of 847 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 and a µ of 5.76 cm2 V-1 s-1, amongst the highest reported to date. Furthermore, gFBT-g2T exhibited exceptional temperature stability, maintaining the outstanding electrochemical performance even after undergoing a standard (autoclave) high pressure steam sterilization procedure. Steam treatment was also found to promote film porosity, with the formation of circular 200 - 400 nm voids. These results demonstrate the potential of gFBT-g2T in p-type accumulation mode OECTs, and pave the way for the use in implantable bioelectronics for medical applications.