Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) waste as a unique source of biofunctional protein hydrolysates: Emerging productions, promising applications, and challenges mitigation.

The Atlantic salmon is an extremely popular fish for its nutritional value and unique taste among several fish species. Researchers are focusing on the utilization of Atlantic salmon waste for generating protein hydrolysates rich in peptides and amino acids and investigating their health benefits. Several technological approaches, including enzymatic, chemical, and the recently developed subcritical water hydrolysis, are currently used for the production of Atlantic salmon waste protein hydrolysates. Hydrolyzing various wastes, e.g., heads, bones, skin, viscera, and trimmings, possessing antioxidant, blood pressure regulatory, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties, resulting in applications in human foods and nutraceuticals, animal farming, pharmaceuticals, cell culture, and cosmetics industries. Furthermore, future applications, constraints several challenges associated with industrial hydrolysate production, including sensory, safety, and economic constraints, which could be overcome by suggested techno processing measures. Further studies are recommended for developing large-scale, commercially viable production methods, focusing on eradicating sensory constraints and facilitating large-scale application.

Bioactive Peptides from Marine Organisms.

Marine organisms represent promising bioactive peptide resources with diverse biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anti-fatigue, and immunoregulatory activities. Despite many studies on marine bioactive peptides, there is a dearth of comprehensive review articles on the emerging trends that encompass the production techniques and the biological applications of marine bioactive peptides. In this review, we summarize the major research and findings related to marine bioactive peptides, encompassing aspects of their production, purification, biological activities, nanotechnology-based strategies, and their potential applications. Enzymatic hydrolysis currently stands out as the most commonly used method for producing marine bioactive peptides; the downstream purification process often includes a combination of multiple purification techniques. Due to their diverse biological properties, marine peptides have garnered considerable interest for industrial applications as active ingredients in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. Additionally, the incorporation of encapsulation strategies such as nano emulsion, nanoliposome, and microemulsions holds promise for significantly enhancing the bioavailability and bioactivity of marine peptides. Future research should also prioritize the systematic identification and validation of the potential health benefits of marine peptides by both in vitro and in vivo animal models, along with the conduct of human clinical trials.

Cellulose nanocrystals from agriculture and forestry biomass: synthesis methods, characterization and industrial applications.

Agricultural and forestry biomass wastes, often discarded or burned without adequate management, lead to significant environmental harm. However, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), derived from such biomass, have emerged as highly promising materials due to their unique properties, including high tensile strength, large surface area, biocompatibility, and renewability. This review provides a detailed analysis of the lignocellulosic composition, as well as the elemental and proximate analysis of different biomass sources. These assessments help determine the yield and characteristics of CNCs. Detailed discussion of CNC synthesis methods -ranging from biomass pretreatment to hydrolysis techniques such as acid, mineral, solid acid, ionic liquid, and enzymatic methods-are provided. The key physical, chemical, and thermal properties of CNCs are also highlighted, particularly in relation to their industrial applications. Recommendations for future research emphasize the need to optimize CNC synthesis processes, identify suitable biomass feedstocks, and explore new industrial applications.

Response of Escherichia coli to Acid Stress: Mechanisms and Applications-A Narrative Review.

Change in pH in growth conditions is the primary stress for most neutralophilic bacteria, including model microorganism Escherichia coli. However, different survival capacities under acid stress in different bacteria are ubiquitous. Research on different acid-tolerance mechanisms in microorganisms is important for the field of combating harmful gut bacteria and promoting fermentation performance of industrial strains. Therefore, this study aimed to carry out a narrative review of acid-stress response mechanism of E. coli discovered so far, including six AR systems, cell membrane protection, and macromolecular repair. In addition, the application of acid-tolerant E. coli in industry was illustrated, such as production of industrial organic acid and developing bioprocessing for industrial wastes. Identifying these aspects will open the opportunity for discussing development aspects for subsequent research of acid-tolerant mechanisms and application in E. coli.

Bentonite clay reinforced alginate grafted composite hydrogel with remarkable sorptive performance toward removal of methylene green.

The rapid industrial progress in today's world has led to an alarming increase in water pollution caused by various contaminants such as synthetic dyes. To address this issue, a new hydrogel sorbent, BC-r-Na-Alg-g-p(NIPAm-co-AAc), was developed by combining bentonite clay, sodium alginate, and poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) through one-pot free radical polymerization at 60 °C. The developed sorbent was characterized using several analytical techniques including SEM, FTIR, TGA, UTM, and swelling studies. The swelling capacity of the sorbent was observed to increase remarkably with an increase in pH, reaching a maximum of 9664 % at pH 11. In batch mode sorption experiments, the sorbent's performance toward methylene green (MG) was investigated by analysing the effects of contact time, pH, temperature, and concentration. The experimental data were fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, indicating chemisorption as the dominant interaction mode between the anionic sorbent and cationic MG. However, physisorption may also occur to a lesser extent, indicated by the significant R2 of the pseudo-first-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models. Additionally, the sorbent exhibited very little decrease (approximately 5 %) in sorptive performance for six sorption-desorption cycles. Overall, the facile fabrication, excellent swelling (9664 %), promising sorption performance (2573 mg.g-1), and good recyclability (6 cycles) make the developed sorbent a potential candidate for various industrial applications.

Plant-Derived Terpenoids: A Plethora of Bioactive Compounds with Several Health Functions and Industrial Applications-A Comprehensive Overview.

Terpenoids are a large class of natural secondary plant metabolites which are highly diverse in structure, formed from isoprene units (C-5), associated with a wide range of biological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, anticancer, antimetastatic, antiangiogenesis, and apoptosis induction, and are considered for potential application in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. In plants, terpenoids exert a variety of basic functions in growth and development. This review gives an overview, highlighting the current knowledge of terpenoids and recent advances in our understanding of the organization, regulation, and diversification of core and specialized terpenoid metabolic pathways and addressing the most important functions of volatile and non-volatile specialized terpenoid metabolites in plants. A comprehensive description of different aspects of plant-derived terpenoids as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds, their biosynthetic pathway, the several biological properties attributed to these secondary metabolites associated with health-promoting effects, and their potential industrial applications in several fields will be provided, and emerging and green extraction methods will also be discussed. In addition, future research perspectives within this framework will be highlighted. Literature selection was carried out using the National Library of Medicine, PubMed, and international reference data for the period from 2010 to 2024 using the keyword "terpenoids". A total of 177,633 published papers were found, of which 196 original and review papers were included in this review according to the criteria of their scientific reliability, their completeness, and their relevance to the theme considered.

Rhizosphere bacterial exopolysaccharides: composition, biosynthesis, and their potential applications.

Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are biopolymers of carbohydrates, often released from cells into the extracellular environment. Due to their distinctive physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity, EPS finds applications in various industrial sectors. However, the need for alternative EPS has grown over the past few decades as lactic acid bacteria's (LAB) low-yield EPS is unable to meet the demand. In this case, rhizosphere bacteria with the diverse communities in soil leading to variations in composition and structure, are recognized as a potential source of EPS applicable in various industries. In addition, media components and cultivation conditions have an impact on EPS production, which ultimately affects the quantity, structure, and biological functions of the EPS. Therefore, scientists are currently working on manipulating bacterial EPS by developing cultures and applying abiotic and biotic stresses, so that better production of exopolysaccharides can be attained. This review highlights the composition, biosynthesis, and effects of environmental factors on EPS production along with the potential applications in different fields of industry. Ultimately, an overview of potential future paths and tactics for improving EPS implementation and commercialization is pointed out.

Architectures for Industrial AIoT Applications.

Industry 4.0 introduced new concepts, technologies, and paradigms, such as Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and, more recently, Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT). These paradigms ease the creation of complex systems by integrating heterogeneous devices. As a result, the structure of the production systems is changing completely. In this scenario, the adoption of reference architectures based on standards may guide designers and developers to create complex AIoT applications. This article surveys the main reference architectures available for industrial AIoT applications, analyzing their key characteristics, objectives, and benefits; it also presents some use cases that may help designers create new applications. The main goal of this review is to help engineers identify the alternative that best suits every application. The authors conclude that existing reference architectures are a necessary tool for standardizing AIoT applications, since they may guide developers in the process of developing new applications. However, the use of reference architectures in real AIoT industrial applications is still incipient, so more development effort is needed in order for it to be widely adopted.

A Comprehensive Review of Nanoparticles: From Classification to Application and Toxicity.

Nanoparticles are structures that possess unique properties with high surface area-to-volume ratio. Their small size, up to 100 nm, and potential for surface modifications have enabled their use in a wide range of applications. Various factors influence the properties and applications of NPs, including the synthesis method and physical attributes such as size and shape. Additionally, the materials used in the synthesis of NPs are primary determinants of their application. Based on the chosen material, NPs are generally classified into three categories: organic, inorganic, and carbon-based. These categories include a variety of materials, such as proteins, polymers, metal ions, lipids and derivatives, magnetic minerals, and so on. Each material possesses unique attributes that influence the activity and application of the NPs. Consequently, certain NPs are typically used in particular areas because they possess higher efficiency along with tenable toxicity. Therefore, the classification and the base material in the NP synthesis hold significant importance in both NP research and application. In this paper, we discuss these classifications, exemplify most of the major materials, and categorize them according to their preferred area of application. This review provides an overall review of the materials, including their application, and toxicity.

Advances in valorization of sweet potato peels: A comprehensive review on the nutritional compositions, phytochemical profiles, nutraceutical properties, and potential industrial applications.

During food production, food processing, and supply chain, large amounts of food byproducts are generated and thrown away as waste, which to a great extent brings about adverse consequences on the environment and economic development. The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is cultivated and consumed in many countries. Sweet potato peels (SPPs) are the main byproducts generated by the tuber processing. These residues contain abundant nutrition elements, bioactive compounds, and other high value-added substances; therefore, the reutilization of SPP holds significance in improving their overall added value. SPPs contain abundant phenolic compounds and carotenoids, which might contribute significantly to their nutraceutical properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, prebiotic, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, and lipid-lowering effects. It has been demonstrated that SPP could be promisingly revalorized into food industry, including: (1) applications in diverse food products; (2) applications in food packaging; and (3) applications in the recovery of pectin and cellulose nanocrystals. Furthermore, SPP could be used as promising feedstocks for the bioconversion of diverse value-added bioproducts through biological processing.

A comprehensive review on nutritional, nutraceutical, and industrial perspectives of perilla (Perilla frutscens L.) seeds - An orphan oilseed crop.

There is a growing need to mainstream orphan or underutilized crops to enhance nutritional security and sustainable agriculture. Among these, Perilla frutescens L. is an important crop due to its rich nutritional and phytochemical content which makes it significant in nutrition, medicine, and industrial sector. Perilla seeds are mainly rich in ω-3 fatty acids, dietary fiber, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, high α-linolenic acid, which contributes to their health benefits. This review explores the nutritional profile of perilla seeds and highlights its unique composition compared to other oilseed crops. It also analyzes the phytochemical components of perilla seeds and their various biological activities, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity, cardioprotective, anticancer, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. These activities demonstrate the potential of perilla seeds in both pharmaceutical and food sectors. The review also covers recent advancements in genomics and transgenic research discussing potential areas for crop improvement. Additionally, it explores the use of perilla seeds in functional foods, blending perilla oil with other oils, and their applications in enhancing product formulations. This review offers valuable insights for researchers, students, policymakers, environmentalists, and industry professionals by detailing the potential of perilla seeds across various sectors. The findings support sustainable agriculture, crop diversification, and innovative product development, thus contributing to the integration of perilla into mainstream agriculture.

Advancements in Asymmetric Supercapacitors: From Historical Milestones to Challenges and Future Directions.

Numerous challenges, like the uninterrupted supply of electricity, stable and reliable power, and energy storage during non-operational hours, arise across various industries due to the absence of advanced energy storage technologies. With the continual technological advancements in portable electronics, green energy, and transportation, there are inherent limitations in their innovative production. Thus, ongoing research is focused on pursuing sustainable energy storage technologies. An emerging solution lies in the development of asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs), which offer the potential to extend their operational voltage limit beyond the thermodynamic breakdown voltage range of electrolytes. This is achieved by employing two distinct electrode materials, presenting an effective solution to the energy storage limitations faced by ASCs. The current review concentrates on the progression of working materials to develop authentic pseudocapacitive energy storage systems (ESS). Also, evaluates their ability to exceed energy storage constraints. It provides insights into fundamental energy storage mechanisms, performance evaluation methodologies, and recent advancements in electrode material strategies. The review approaches developing high-performance electrode materials and achieving efficient ASC types. It delves into critical aspects for enhancing the energy density of ASCs, presenting debates and prospects, thereby offering a comprehensive understanding and design principles for next-generation ASCs in diverse applications.

Enhanced Citric Acid Production through Aspergillus niger: Insights from Fermentation Studies Using Sugarcane Molasses.

The production of citric acid, a vital agricultural commodity utilized across various industries such as food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, detergents, and cosmetics, predominantly relies on microbial fermentation, with Aspergillus niger accounting for approximately 90% of global production. In this study, we aimed to optimize the key factors influencing citric acid production, with a focus on strains, fermentation techniques, and carbon sources, particularly sugarcane molasses. A. niger, sourced from the Botany department/Biotechnology laboratories at Govt. College of Science, Lahore, was employed for citric acid production. The process involved inoculum preparation through spore collection from 3 to 5 days of cultured PDA slants. The fermentation medium, comprising cane molasses with a 15% sugar concentration, was meticulously prepared and optimized for various factors, including magnesium sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, time of addition of potassium ferrocyanide, ammonium oxalate, and calcium chloride. Our optimization results shed light on the significant impact of different factors on citric acid production. For instance, the addition of 0.4 g/L magnesium sulfate led to a maximum yield of 75%, while 2 g/L potassium ferrocyanide, added at 24 h, achieved a yield of 78%. Remarkably, ammonium oxalate, at a concentration of 10 g/L, resulted in a notable 77% yield. Conversely, the addition of calcium chloride exhibited negligible effects on citric acid production, with the control group yielding more at 78%. Our study underscores the potential for optimizing factors to enhance citric acid production by A. niger in submerged fermentation. These findings highlight the pivotal role of magnesium sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, and ammonium oxalate in augmenting citric acid yields while emphasizing the minimal impact of calcium chloride. Ultimately, these insights contribute to advancing our understanding of microbial citric acid biosynthesis, providing valuable implications for industrial applications and future research endeavors.

Biosynthesis and Biotechnological Synthesis of Hydroxytyrosol.

Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a plant-derived phenolic compound, is recognized for its potent antioxidant capabilities alongside a spectrum of pharmacological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral properties. These attributes have propelled HT into the spotlight as a premier nutraceutical and food additive, heralding a new era in health and wellness applications. Traditional methods for HT production, encompassing physico-chemical techniques and plant extraction, are increasingly being supplanted by biotechnological approaches. These modern methodologies offer several advantages, notably environmental sustainability, safety, and cost-effectiveness, which align with current demands for green and efficient production processes. This review delves into the biosynthetic pathways of HT, highlighting the enzymatic steps involved and the pivotal role of genetic and metabolic engineering in enhancing HT yield. It also surveys the latest progress in the biotechnological synthesis of HT, examining innovative strategies that leverage both genetically modified and non-modified organisms. Furthermore, this review explores the burgeoning potential of HT as a nutraceutical, underscoring its diverse applications and the implications for human health. Through a detailed examination of both the biosynthesis and biotechnological advances in HT production, this review contributes valuable insights to the field, charting a course towards the sustainable and scalable production of this multifaceted compound.

Carob: A Mediterranean Resource for the Future.

For centuries, the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) has contributed to the economy of the Mediterranean basin, mainly as food for livestock. Nowadays, the value of the carob tree extends far beyond its traditional uses, encompassing a wide range of industries and applications that take advantage of its unique properties and nutritional benefits. Despite its high industrial demand and European indications, there has been a 65% reduction in the area cultivated throughout the Mediterranean area in the 21st century. Given the threats posed by climate change, including reduced water availability and nutrient-depleted soils, there is a growing need to focus on this crop, which is well placed to cope with unpredictable weather. In this review, we use a bibliographic search approach to emphasise the prioritisation of research needs for effective carob tree exploitation. We found enormous gaps in the scientific knowledge of this under-utilised crop species with fruit pulp and seeds of high industrial value. Insufficient understanding of the biology of the species, as well as inadequate agronomic practices, compromise the quantity and the quality of fruits available to the industry. In addition to industrial applications, carob can also be used in reforestation or restoration programmes, providing a valuable crop while promoting biodiversity conservation and soil restoration. The carbon sequestration potential of the trees should be taken into account as a promising alternative in fighting climate change. This bibliographic search has highlighted clusters with different knowledge gaps that require further research and investment. The carob tree has untapped potential for innovation, economic development, and environmental sustainability.

Recent advances in the implementation of ultrasound technology for the extraction of essential oils from terrestrial plant materials: A comprehensive review.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is an innovative process for recovering valuable substances and compounds from plants and various biomaterials. This technology holds promise for resource recovery while maintaining the quality of the extracted products. The review comprehensively discusses UAE's mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations, focusing on extracting essential oils (EOs) from diverse terrestrial plant materials. These oils exhibit preservation, flavor enhancement, antimicrobial action, antioxidant effects, and anti-inflammatory benefits due to the diverse range of specific compounds in their composition. Conventional extraction techniques have been traditionally employed, and their limitations have prompted the introduction of novel extraction methods. Therefore, the review emphasizes that the use of UAE, alone or in combination with other cutting-edge technologies, can enhance the extraction of EOs. By promoting resource recovery, reduced energy consumption, and minimal solvent use, UAE paves the way for a more sustainable approach to harnessing the valuable properties of EOs. With its diverse applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and other industries, further research into UAE and its synergies with other cutting-edge technologies is required to unlock its full potential in sustainable resource recovery and product quality preservation.

Era of bast fibers-based polymer composites for replacement of man-made fibers.

Bast fibers are defined as those obtained from the outer cell layers of the bast of various plant families. They are finding use in textile applications and are widely used as reinforcements for green composites, as bast fibers are perceived as "sustainable". There is a growing demand for bast fibers across the world due to their renewable and biodegradable nature. The bast fibers are mainly composed of cellulose, which potentially considers the growing techniques, harvesting and extraction processes of bast fibers most used to produce fibers with appropriate quality to apply in the daily lives of modern men and women in contemporary society. This review paper looks at many aspects of natural fibers, with a focus on plant bast fibers, including their impact on prehistoric and historical society. This review shows that bast fibers are competitive compared to man-made fibers in many applications, but variability in mechanical properties and low tenacity may limit their use in high-strengthh composites and extend to, particularly in aerospace, automotive, packaging, building industries, insulation, E-composites (Eco composites), geotextiles and many other applications are currently being explored. Considering, important characteristics of bast fibers include physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This makes bast fibers one of the most important classes of plant fibers to use as reinforcing agents in thermosetting/thermoplastic polymer matrices. And the effect of bast fibers as reinforcement in the properties of ECO-composites, GREEN-composites, BIO-composites, lightweight composites. Bast fibers play an important role in sustainability, the preservation of the health of the environment, the well-being of the next generation, and even the daily lives of men and women in the contemporary world.

Unveiling Advancements: Trends and Hotspots of Metal-Organic Frameworks in Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are robust, crystalline, and porous materials featured by their superior CO2 adsorption capacity, tunable energy band structure, and enhanced photovoltaic conversion efficiency, making them highly promising for photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (PCO2RR). This study presents a comprehensive examination of the advancements in MOFs-based PCO2RR field spanning the period from 2011 to 2023. Employing bibliometric analysis, the paper scrutinizes the widely adopted terminology and citation patterns, elucidating trends in publication, leading research entities, and the thematic evolution within the field. The findings highlight a period of rapid expansion and increasing interdisciplinary integration, with extensive international and institutional collaboration. A notable emphasis on significant research clusters and key terminologies identified through co-occurrence network analysis, highlighting predominant research on MOFs such as UiO, MIL, ZIF, porphyrin-based MOFs, their composites, and the hybridization with photosensitizers and molecular catalysts. Furthermore, prospective design approaches for catalysts are explored, encompassing single-atom catalysts (SACs), interfacial interaction enhancement, novel MOF constructions, biocatalysis, etc. It also delves into potential avenues for scaling these materials from the laboratory to industrial applications, underlining the primary technical challenges that need to be overcome to facilitate the broader application and development of MOFs-based PCO2RR technologies.

Chemistry of Polythiols and Their Industrial Applications.

Thiols can react with readily available organic substrates under benign conditions, making them suitable for use in chemical, biological, physical, and materials and engineering research areas. In particular, the highly efficient thiol-based click reaction includes the reaction of radicals with electron-rich enes, Michael addition with electron-poor enes, carbonyl addition with isocyanate SN2 ring opening with epoxies, and SN2 nucleophilic substitution with halogens. This mini review provides insights into emerging venues for their industrial applications, especially for the applications of thiol-ene, thiol-isocyanate, and thiol-epoxy reactions, highlighting a brief chemistry of thiols as well as various approaches to polythiol synthesis.

Recent insight into the advances and prospects of microbial lipases and their potential applications in industry.

Enzymes play a crucial role in various industrial sectors. These biocatalysts not only ensure sustainability and safety but also enhance process efficiency through their unique specificity. Lipases possess versatility as biocatalysts and find utilization in diverse bioconversion reactions. Presently, microbial lipases are gaining significant focus owing to the rapid progress in enzyme technology and their widespread implementation in multiple industrial procedures. This updated review presents new knowledge about various origins of microbial lipases, such as fungi, bacteria, and yeast. It highlights both the traditional and modern purification methods, including precipitation and chromatographic separation, the immunopurification technique, the reversed micellar system, the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), and aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF), moreover, delves into the diverse applications of microbial lipases across several industries, such as food, vitamin esters, textile, detergent, biodiesel, and bioremediation. Furthermore, the present research unveils the obstacles encountered in employing lipase, the patterns observed in lipase engineering, and the application of CRISPR/Cas genome editing technology for altering the genes responsible for lipase production. Additionally, the immobilization of microorganisms' lipases onto various carriers also contributes to enhancing the effectiveness and efficiencies of lipases in terms of their catalytic activities. This is achieved by boosting their resilience to heat and ionic conditions (such as inorganic solvents, high-level pH, and temperature). The process also facilitates the ease of recycling them and enables a more concentrated deposition of the enzyme onto the supporting material. Consequently, these characteristics have demonstrated their suitability for application as biocatalysts in diverse industries.