In sickness and health - a questionnaire based study regarding immune mediated diseases and neoplasia in Swedish Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers.

BACKGROUND: The Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever (NSDTR) has previously been highlighted as a breed at risk for developing immune mediated diseases and cancer. The immune response is of great importance for the development of neoplastic disease and a dysregulated immune response may predispose to cancer. Two of the commonly seen immune mediated diseases in NSDTRs are immune mediated rheumatic disease (IMRD), which bears similarities to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affecting humans, and steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA), which is a non-infectious inflammation of the meninges and the leptomeningeal vessels. The aim of this survey study was to investigate the lifetime prevalence of immune mediated diseases and tumors among Swedish NSDTRs based on owners' information. The study design was cross-sectional. A questionnaire was sent to 4102 persons who owned or had previously owned a NSDTR. The questions concerned information about the dog and its overall health status as well as specific diseases. RESULTS: The response rate was 30%, including 935 live NSDTRs, corresponding to approximately 20% of the current population registered in Sweden (n = 4564), and 177 dead dogs. The surveyed dogs were spread over different ages and sex and corresponded to the typical demographic profile of the general dog population. Of the 935 individuals that were alive, 28 dogs (3%) were reported as previously diagnosed with IMRD and 33 dogs (3.5%) were reported as previously diagnosed with SRMA, one dog was reported to have been diagnosed with both SRMA and IMRD. There were 129 dogs (14%) reported to have or have had a neoplasia of some kind. For the dead dogs (n = 177), almost 40% of the owners reported neoplasia as the main reason for death/euthanasia. CONCLUSION: This study reports an estimated lifetime prevalence of IMRD and SRMA, in the studied population of Swedish NSDTRs, of 3.0 and 3.5% respectively. In this study, 14% of the living dogs (n = 935) were reported to have a neoplasia of some kind and almost 40% of the deceased dogs (n = 177) were euthanized due to neoplasia or suspicion of it.

Decreasing lifetime prevalence of diabetes-related foot ulcers in Norway: repeated cross-sectional population-based surveys from the HUNT study (1995-2019).

Background and aims: Diabetes-related foot ulcers (DFU) are a persistent healthcare challenge, impacting both patients and healthcare systems, with adverse effects on quality of life and productivity. Our primary aim was to examine the trends in lifetime prevalence of DFU, as well as other micro- and macrovascular complications in the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) in Norway. Methods: This study consists of individuals ≥20 years with diabetes participating in the population-based cross-sectional HUNT surveys (1995-2019). Prevalence ratios, comparing the lifetime prevalence of DFU and other relevant micro- and macrovascular complications between the HUNT surveys, were calculated using Poisson regression. Results: The lifetime prevalence (95% confidence interval (CI)) of a DFU requiring three or more weeks to heal was 11.0% (9.5-12.7) in HUNT2, 7.5% (6.3-8.8) in HUNT3 and 5.3% (4.4-6.3) in HUNT4. The decrease in DFU prevalence from 1995 to 2019 was observed in both men and women, for all age groups, and for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The highest lifetime prevalence of DFU was found among those with type 1 diabetes. The decrease in HbA1c from HUNT2 to HUNT4 did not differ between those with and without a DFU. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (eGFR categories G3-G5)) increased in both individuals with and without a DFU. Conclusion: Results from the HUNT surveys show a substantial decline in the lifetime prevalence of DFU from 1995 to 2019.

Lifetime prevalence, risk, and treatment of mood and anxiety disorders in Qatar's national mental health study.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate lifetime prevalence, risk, and treatment for mental disorders and their correlates in Qatar's general population for the first time. METHODS: We conducted a national phone survey of 5,195 Qatari and Arab residents in Qatar (2019-2022) using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.3 and estimated lifetime mood and anxiety defined diagnoses. Survival-based discrete time models, lifetime morbid risk, and treatment projections were estimated. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of any disorder was 28.0% and was associated with younger cohorts, females, and migrants, but lower formal education. Treatment contact in the year of disorder onset were 13.5%. The median delay in receiving treatment was 5 years (IQR = 2-13). Lifetime treatment among those with a lifetime disorder were 59.9% for non-healthcare and 63.5% for healthcare; it was 68.1% for any anxiety and 80.1% for any mood disorder after 50 years of onset. Younger cohorts and later age of onset were significantly predictors of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in Qatar is comparable to other countries. Treatment is significantly delayed and delivered largely in non-healthcare sectors thus the need for increased literacy of mental illness to reduce stigma and improve earlier help-seeking in healthcare settings.

The Prevalence and Clinical Phenotypes of Cluster Headache in Relation with Latitude.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Previous studies have indicated a possible link between the prevalence of cluster headache (CH) and sunlight exposure. However, this theory has yet to be tested systemically. In this article, we aim to examine how latitude affects the prevalence and phenotypes of CH. RECENT FINDINGS: To our knowledge, there is by far no article describing the effect of latitude on disease phenotype; thus, we performed a literature review. We noted positive effects of latitude on 1-year prevalence, the proportion of chronic CH, and the proportion of miosis and/or ptosis. Latitude may affect the phenotypic presentations of cluster headache, probably partially mediated via temperature and sunlight variations. Still, other factors, such as environmental exposure to smoking and the genetic difference between the Eastern and Western populations, may participate in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of CH.

Lifetime prevalence of owner-reported medical conditions in the 25 most common dog breeds in the Dog Aging Project pack.

Introduction: Large scale data on the prevalence of diverse medical conditions among dog breeds in the United States are sparse. This cross-sectional study sought to estimate the lifetime prevalence of medical conditions among US dogs and to determine whether purebred dogs have higher lifetime prevalence of specific medical conditions compared to mixed-breed dogs. Methods: Using owner-reported survey data collected through the Dog Aging Project (DAP) Health and Life Experience Survey for 27,541 companion dogs, we identified the 10 most commonly reported medical conditions in each of the 25 most common dog breeds within the DAP cohort. Lifetime prevalence estimates of these medical conditions were compared between mixed-breed and purebred populations. The frequency of dogs for whom no medical conditions were reported was also assessed within each breed and the overall mixed-breed and purebred populations. Results: A total of 53 medical conditions comprised the top 10 conditions for the 25 most popular breeds. The number of dogs for whom no medical conditions were reported was significantly different (p = 0.002) between purebred (22.3%) and mixed-breed dogs (20.7%). The medical conditions most frequently reported within the top 10 conditions across breeds were dental calculus (in 24 out of 25 breeds), dog bite (23/25), extracted teeth (21/25), osteoarthritis (15/25), and Giardia (15/25). Discussion: Purebred dogs in the DAP did not show higher lifetime prevalence of medical conditions compared to mixed-breed dogs, and a higher proportion of purebred dogs than mixed-breed dogs had no owner-reported medical conditions. Individual breeds may still show higher lifetime prevalence for specific conditions.

Lifetime prevalence and adherence rate of cervical cancer screening among women living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Women living with HIV (WLWH) are more likely to develop cervical cancer. Screening and available healthcare can effectively reduce its incidence and mortality rates. We aimed to summarize the lifetime prevalence and adherence rate of cervical cancer screening among WLWH across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and high-income countries (HICs). METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science and Embase for studies published between database inception and 2 September 2022, without language or geographical restrictions. Those reporting the lifetime prevalence and/or adherence rate of cervical cancer screening among WLWH were included. Pooled estimates across LMICs and HICs were obtained using DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models. When the number of eligible studies was greater than 10, we further conducted stratified analyses by the World Health Organization (WHO) region, setting (rural vs. urban), investigation year, screening method, type of cervical cancer screening programme, age and education level. RESULTS: Among the 63 included articles, 26 provided data on lifetime prevalence, 24 on adherence rate and 13 on both. The pooled lifetime prevalence in LMICs was 30.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21.0-41.3), compared to 92.4% in HICs (95% CI: 89.6-94.6). The pooled adherence rate was 20.1% in LMICs (95% CI: 16.4-24.3) and 59.5% in HICs (95% CI: 51.2-67.2). DISCUSSION: There was a large gap in cervical cancer screening among WLWH between LMICs and HICs. Further analysis found that those in LMICs had higher lifetime prevalence in subgroups with urban settings, with older age and with higher education levels; and those in HICs had higher adherence in subgroups with younger age and with higher education levels. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical cancer screening among WLWH falls considerably short of the WHO's goal. There should be continuous efforts to further increase screening among these women, especially those residing in the rural areas of LMICs and with lower education levels.

Lifetime and point prevalence of psychotic symptoms in adults with bipolar disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Psychotic symptoms, that we defined as delusions or hallucinations, are common in bipolar disorders (BD). This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to synthesise the literature on both lifetime and point prevalence rates of psychotic symptoms across different BD subtypes, including both BD type I (BDI) and BD type II (BDII). We performed a systematic search of Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and Cochrane Library until 5 August 2021. Fifty-four studies (N = 23 461) of adults with BD met the predefined inclusion criteria for evaluating lifetime prevalence, and 24 studies (N = 6480) for evaluating point prevalence. Quality assessment and assessment of publication bias were performed. Prevalence rates were calculated using random effects meta-analysis, here expressed as percentages with a 95% confidence interval (CI). In studies of at least moderate quality, the pooled lifetime prevalence of psychotic symptoms in BDI was 63% (95% CI 57.5-68) and 22% (95% CI 14-33) in BDII. For BDI inpatients, the pooled lifetime prevalence was 71% (95% CI 61-79). There were no studies of community samples or inpatient BDII. The pooled point prevalence of psychotic symptoms in BDI was 54% (95 CI 41-67). The point prevalence was 57% (95% CI 47-66) in manic episodes and 13% (95% CI 7-23.5) in depressive episodes. There were not enough studies in BDII, BDI depression, mixed episodes and outpatient BDI. The pooled prevalence of psychotic symptoms in BDI may be higher than previously reported. More studies are needed for depressive and mixed episodes and community samples.Prospero registration number: CRD 42017052706.

Childhood Prevalence of Involvement with the Child Protection System in Quebec: A Longitudinal Study.

The goal of this study, the first of its kind in Canada, was to estimate the child lifetime prevalence of child protection involvement in Quebec. Using administrative and population data spanning 17 years, we performed a survival analysis of initial incidents of child protection reports, confirmed reports, confirmation of a child's security or development being compromised, and placement outside the home for one day or more. We found that before reaching the age of 18 years, over 18% of children were reported to child protection at least once, one in every ten children (10.1%) in the province had a report that led to the finding of their security or development being compromised, and over 5% were placed outside the home. We found that neglect was a primary concern in close to half (47.6%) of cases. By using a full population dataset, we obtained a more accurate prevalence estimate than studies using synthetic cohort life tables. These findings only captured initial incidents of involvement with child protection, meaning this study does not show the extent of recurrent involvement for some children. The findings reflect prior results showing that neglect is common in initial child protection involvement but less pervasive than has been shown in incidence studies, suggesting that recurrent child protection involvement is more driven by neglect than initial incidents are.

DIP: Natural history model for major depression with incidence and prevalence.

BACKGROUND: Major depression is a treatable disease, and untreated depression can lead to serious health complications. Therefore, prevention, early identification, and treatment efforts are essential. Natural history models can be utilized to make informed decisions about interventions and treatments of major depression. METHODS: We propose a natural history model of major depression. We use steady-state analysis to study the discrete-time Markov chain model. For this purpose, we solved the system of linear equations and tested the parameter and transition probabilities empirically. RESULTS: We showed that bias in parameters might collectively cause a significant mismatch in a model. If incidence is correct, then lifetime prevalence is 33.2% for females and 20.5% for males, which is higher than reported values. If prevalence is correct, then incidence is .0008 for females and .00065 for males, which is lower than reported values. The model can achieve feasibility if incidence is at low levels and recall bias of the lifetime prevalence is quantified to be 31.9% for females and 16.3% for males. LIMITATIONS: This model is limited to major depression, and patients who have other types of depression are assumed healthy. We assume that transition probabilities (except incidence rates) are correct. CONCLUSION: We constructed a preliminary model for the natural history of major depression. We determined the lifetime prevalences are underestimated and the average incidence rates may be underestimated for males. We conclude that recall bias needs to be accounted for in modeling or burden estimates, where the recall bias should increase with age.

An innovative method to estimate lifetime prevalence of carcinogenic occupational circumstances: the example of painters and workers of the rubber manufacturing industry in France.

BACKGROUND: Existing methods to estimate lifetime exposure to occupational carcinogenic agents could be improved. OBJECTIVE: We propose a new method to estimate the lifetime prevalence of exposure to occupational carcinogens using the example of painters and workers of the rubber industry in France. METHODS: From census, we calculated the proportion of painters and rubber industry workers using predefined occupational codes related to each occupation by sex and 10-year age group in 1982, 1990, 1999, 2007, and 2013. Using a beta-regression model, we obtained the yearly prevalence of exposure by 10-year age group over the period 1967-2007. We estimated the age- and sex-specific lifetime prevalence of exposure of the population in 2017 over 1967-2007, summing up the estimated prevalence of exposure for years 1967, 1977, 1987, 1997, and 2007 combined with a sex- and age-specific turnover factor. Corresponding population-attributable fractions were estimated for lung and bladder cancers in 2017. RESULTS: In 2017, we estimated that 5.6 and 0.2% of men in France had ever worked as a painter or in the rubber industry, respectively, during their working time. The lifetime prevalence of ever having worked as a painter or in the rubber industry was much lower in women: 1.8% and 0.1%, respectively. We estimated that 950 lung cancer and 40 bladder cancer cases were attributable to these occupations in 2017. SIGNIFICANCE: Based on accurate data and taking into account evolution of specific jobs over time, the proposed method provides good estimates of lifetime prevalence of exposure to occupational carcinogens. It could be applied in any other country with similar data.

Prevalence and determinants of intimate partner violence among adult women in an urban community in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health problem of human rights concern. It is a global issue, regardless of social, economic, religious or cultural group. Ever experienced IPV is a risk factor for many acute and chronic diseases and or stress-related conditions among women. This study determined the prevalence and predictors of lifetime IPV among women in an urban community in Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 respondents from April to September 2019. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information from respondents. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 22. Descriptive analyses were performed. Associations were explored with Chi-square test; multivariate analysis was done with logistic regression at p≤5% level of significance (95% CI). RESULTS: a total of 400 adult women aged 18-73 years who have been in an intimate relationship for at least 1 year participated in this study. The mean ± SD age of the respondents was 36.72 ± 11.74 years. Lifetime prevalence of IPV was 73.3%. The significant predictors for IPV were; being employed (OR=0.461; 95% CI=0.230-0.924); witnessed parental violence (OR=1.909; 95% CI=1.023-3.563); partner consuming alcohol (OR=1.669; 95% CI=0.999-2.788) and partner having other sexual partners (OR=2.104; 95% CI=1.174-3.771). CONCLUSION: community-based interventions by government and other stakeholders are needed to empower women, reduce exposure of children to IPV at home and provide enlightenment education on IPV in communities.

Prevalência e fatores associados de dor lombar em uma comunidade urbana da Nigéria / Prevalence and associated factors of low back pain in an urban Nigerian community

A Dor Lombar (DL) constitui um problema de saúde pública, já que se espera que quase todo indivíduo experimente lombalgia pelo menos uma vez durante a vida. OBJETIVO: Este estudo é feito para determinar a prevalência de LBP e fatores associados em uma comunidade urbana da Nigéria. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Esta pesquisa domiciliar transversal selecionou aleatoriamente 741 indivíduos usando uma técnica de amostragem de quatro estágios. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionário semiestruturado autoaplicável. A associação entre variáveis categóricas e lombalgia foi analisada por meio do teste Qui-quadrado e modelo de regressão logística múltipla (α = 0.05). RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos participantes foi 41,32 ± 15,24 anos. A prevalência pontual, anual e ao longo da vida de lombalgia foram 31,2%, 61,1% e 70,6%, respectivamente. Idade igual ou superior a 40 anos (p = 0,006), ser artesão (p = 0,005) ou comerciante (p = 0,007) em comparação a ser trabalhador de escritório (p = 0,071) e ficar sentado continuamente por mais de 3 ­ 4 horas (p< 0,001) são fatores significativamente associados à DL. Outros são a duração do transporte de / para o trabalho maior ou igual a 30 minutos (p <0,001), uso de computador (p <0,001), história de trauma (p =0,045), nunca compareceu a uma palestra de saúde sobre cuidados nas costas (p <0,001), tabagismo (p = 0,006) e prática ocasional (p = 0,002) ou nenhuma rotina de exercícios (p <0,001). CONCLUSÃO: DL é comum entre os indivíduos na área de estudo com uma prevalência pontual, anual e ao longo da vida de 31.2%, 61.1% e 70.6%, respectivamente. As intervenções na prevenção da DL devem ter como objetivo a correção de fatores associados modificáveis identificados, como postura inadequada, inatividade física e falta de informações sobre lombalgia.

Low Back Pain (LBP) constitutes a public health problem as almost every individual is expected to experience LBP at least once during their lifetime. OBJECTIVE: This study is done to determine the prevalence of LBP and associated factors in an urban Nigerian community. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This cross-sectional household survey randomly selected 741 subjects using a 4-stage sampling technique. Data were obtained through a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Association between categorical variables and LBP was analyzed using the Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression model (α=0.05). RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 41.32 ± 15.24 years. The point, annual, and lifetime prevalence of LBP were 31.2%, 61.1%, and 70.6% respectively. Aged 40 years and above (p=0.006), being an artisan (p=0.005) or trader (p=0.007) compared to being an office worker (p=0.071), and continuously sitting more than 3 to 4 hours (p<0.001) are factors significantly associated with LBP. Others are transport duration to/from work more than or equal to 30 minutes (p<0.001), computer use (p<0.001), trauma history (p=0.045), never attending a health talk on back care (p<0.001), tobacco smoking history (p=0.006) and having an occasional (p=0.002) or no exercise routine (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: LBP is common among individuals in the study area with a point, annual, and lifetime prevalence of 31.2%, 61.1%, and 70.6% respectively. Interventions on LBP prevention should target correction of identified modifiable associated factors such as poor posture, physical inactivity and lack of information on LBP.

Dor musculoesquelética relacionada com o trabalho e características dos trabalhadores de cervejaria no sudoeste da Nigéria - Um estudo-piloto / Work-related musculoskeletal pain and characteristics of brewery workers in southwest Nigeria- a pilot study

A dor osteoarticular relacionada ao trabalho (DORT) é um sintoma comum associado a perturbações musculoesqueléticas relacionadas com o trabalho. É agravada por más técnicas de elevação, ergonomia inadequada, movimentos repetitivos e postura incômoda durante o exercício das suas funções. Variáveis como a idade, o estado civil, a experiência profissional, o álcool, o tabagismo e os hábitos de exercício têm desempenhado um papel importante na prevalência das DORT entre as diferentes categorias de trabalhadores. OBJETIVOS: este estudo centrou-se na prevalência ao longo da vida, de 12 meses e pontos das WMSP em associação com as características sociodemográficas, de estilo de vida e de trabalho dos trabalhadores da indústria cervejeira no Estado de Osun, sudoeste, Nigéria. MÉTODO: um design de pesquisa descritiva foi utilizado, e um total de oitenta e nove (89) participantes foram recrutados com estrita adesão aos critérios de inclusão. Foi desenvolvido um questionário de 28 itens para obter informações específicas sobre a prevalência e o padrão de DORT, enquanto medições antropométricas (peso e altura) de cada participante foram medidas. Os dados coletados foram organizados e analisados usando estatísticas descritivas e teste de Qui quadrado. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de DORT ao longo da vida, 12 meses e pontos entre os participantes foi de 96,6%, 93,3% e 57,3%, respectivamente. As costas baixas eram a região corporal mais afetada. Existem associações significativas entre cada uma das idades, a prevalência de 12 meses e pontos das DORT e o estado civil dos participantes. Além disso, existe uma associação significativa entre a prevalência pontual de DORT e a idade dos participantes. CONCLUSÃO: concluiu-se que havia uma elevada prevalência de DORT entre os trabalhadores da cervejaria no Estado de Osun, sudoeste, Nigéria.

Work-related musculoskeletal pain (WMSP) is a common symptom associated with workrelated musculoskeletal disorders. It is aggravated by poor lifting techniques, inappropriate ergonomics, repetitive movements and awkward posture during the course of performing one's duties. Variables such as age, marital status, work experience, alcohol, smoking and exercise habits have been found to play major roles in WMSP prevalence among different categories of workers. OBJECTIVES: This study focused on the lifetime, 12-month and point prevalence of WMSP in association with the socio-demographics, lifestyle and work-related characteristics of brewery workers in Osun state, Southwest, Nigeria. METHOD: A descriptive research design was utilized, and a total of eightynine (89) participants were recruited with strict adherence to the inclusion criteria. A 28-item questionnaire was developed to obtain specific information on the prevalence and pattern of WMSP, while anthropometric measurements (weight and height) of each participant were measured. Collected data were organized and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi square test. RESULTS: The lifetime, 12-month and point prevalence of WMSP among the participants were 96.6%, 93.3%, and 57.3% respectively. The low back was the mostly affected body region. Significant associations exist between each of the lifetime, 12-month and point prevalence of WMSP and participants' marital status. Furthermore, a significant association exists between the point prevalence of WMSP and participants' age. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of WMSP among brewery workers in Osun state, Southwest, Nigeria.

Association of response rate and prevalence estimates of common mental disorders across 129 areas in a nationally representative survey of adults in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of area response rate with prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the 2nd World Mental Health Survey (WMHJ2). METHODS: The sample of the WMHJ2 was selected from community residents in 129 areas from three regions of Japan. The surveys were conducted between 2013 and 2015, and 2450 (43.4%) responded. Mental disorders as well as three disorder classes (mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders) were identified using the WHO CIDI/DSM-IV. Response rates and 12-month and lifetime prevalences were calculated for each area. A generalized linear mixed model analysis was conducted to associate area response rate with the prevalence of mental disorders, controlling for sex, age, urbanity, and geographical region. RESULTS: Area response rates ranged from 0.05 to 0.80 across the 129 areas. Area response rate was not significantly associated with 12-month or lifetime prevalence of mental disorder. Lifetime prevalences of substance use disorder were significantly lower in a survey with a higher response rate than a survey of the same area with a lower response rate. CONCLUSION: Response rate may not strongly affect the prevalence estimates of mental disorders in a community-based survey of the prevalence of common mental disorders during a particular time frame. However, a lower response rate could be associated with overestimation of lifetime prevalence of substance use disorder. This needs further elucidation.

Are bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder increasing? Results of a population-based study of lifetime prevalence and lifetime prevalence by age in South Australia.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide updated lifetime prevalence estimates of eating disorders, specifically bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) and investigate changes over time in lifetime prevalence by age. METHOD: Two thousand nine hundred seventy-seven participants from South Australia were interviewed in the Health Omnibus Survey. DSM-5 criteria were used for current and broad (in accord with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-11 [ICD-11]) criteria for lifetime prevalence of BED. RESULTS: This study found that the lifetime prevalence of BN was 1.21% (95% CI [0.87, 1.67]) and 2.59% (95% CI [2.07, 3.22]) for males and females, respectively, and that lifetime prevalence for BED-broad was 0.74% (95% CI [0.49, 1.11]) and 1.85% (95% CI [1.42, 2.40]) for males and females, respectively, which is higher than reported in previous research. Current prevalence (past 3 months) of BN was 0.40% (95% CI [0.23, 0.70]) and 0.81% (95% CI [0.54, 1.20]) for males and females, respectively, and current prevalence for BED was found to be 0.03 (95% CI [0.01, 0.04]) and 0.20% (95% CI [0.09, 0.44]) for males and females, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The current study confirmed the moderate community prevalence of BN and BED. BED was found to be less prevalent than BN in the present study, and a significant lifetime prevalence by age effect was found for both. Lifetime prevalence by age indicated that past increases in prevalence may be waning in this century and that overall BN and BED are not increasing in Australia.

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus at the end of life: An investigation using individually linked cause-of-death and medical register data.

AIMS: Although diabetes mellitus at the end of life is associated with complex care, its end-of-life prevalence is uncertain. Our aim is to estimate diabetes prevalence in the end-of-life population, to evaluate which medical register has the largest added value to cause-of-death data in detecting diabetes cases, and to assess the extent to which reporting of diabetes as a cause of death is associated with disease severity. METHODS: Our study population consisted of deaths in the Netherlands (2015-2016) included in Nivel Primary Care Database (Nivel-PCD; N = 18,162). The proportion of deaths with diabetes (Type 1 or 2) within the last two years of life was calculated using individually linked cause-of-death, general practice, medication, and hospital discharge data. Severity status of diabetes was defined with dispensed medicines. RESULTS: According to all data sources combined, 28.7% of the study population had diabetes at the end of life. The estimated end-of-life prevalence of diabetes was 7.7% using multiple cause-of-death data only. Addition of general practice data increased this estimate the most (19.7%-points). Of the cases added by primary care data, 76.3% had a severe or intermediate status. CONCLUSIONS: More than one fourth of the Dutch end-of-life population has diabetes. Cause-of-death data are insufficient to monitor this prevalence, even of severe cases of diabetes, but could be enriched particularly with general practice data.

Using life history calendars to improve measurement of lifetime experience with mental disorders.

BACKGROUND: Retrospective reports of lifetime experience with mental disorders greatly underestimate the actual experiences of disorder because recall error biases reporting of earlier life symptoms downward. This fundamental obstacle to accurate reporting has many adverse consequences for the study and treatment of mental disorders. Better tools for accurate retrospective reporting of mental disorder symptoms have the potential for broad scientific benefits. METHODS: We designed a life history calendar (LHC) to support this task, and randomized more than 1000 individuals to each arm of a retrospective diagnostic interview with and without the LHC. We also conducted a careful validation with the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition. RESULTS: Results demonstrate that-just as with frequent measurement longitudinal studies-use of an LHC in retrospective measurement can more than double reports of lifetime experience of some mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The LHC significantly improves retrospective reporting of mental disorders. This tool is practical for application in both large cross-sectional surveys of the general population and clinical intake of new patients.

Bidirectional Association between First-Episode Panic Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder in a Nationwide General Population Survey in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Panic disorder (PD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) can occur concurrently, despite different clinical manifestations. Because MDD and PD patients tend to have more complicated conditions, understanding the co-occurrence and pattern of these conditions is important. Here, we investigated the influence of PD and MDD on each other, with respect to time interval. METHODS: Data from three national representative surveys were pooled (total 18,807 respondents), and the age of onset (AOO) of PD and MDD was analyzed. We performed Kaplan-Meier analysis to estimate separate survival functions, using the AOO of MDD and PD as the outcome. To understand the temporal effect of other disorders, we used a Cox proportional hazard model to estimate the hazard ratios for the onset of MDD/PD with other comorbidities as time-dependent covariates. RESULTS: PD elevated the risk of subsequent MDD by 1.5-fold, whereas MDD elevated the risk of subsequent PD by 3.8-fold. The effect of such an elevation risk was significant for up to 2 years. CONCLUSION: The results revealed a bidirectional relationship between MDD and PD. Each disease represents a risk of a subsequent occurrence of the other, which lasts for a considerable duration.

Value Orientations and Mental Health: A Theoretical Review.

Cross-national epidemiological studies show that prevalence rates of common mental disorders (i.e. depression, anxiety disorders, and PTSD) vary considerably between countries, suggesting cultural differences. In order to gather evidence on how culture relates to the aetiology and phenomenology of mental disorders, finding meaningful empirical instruments for capturing the latent (i.e. non-visible) construct of 'culture' is vital. In this review, we suggest using value orientations for this purpose. We focus on Schwartz's value theory, which includes two levels of values: cultural and personal. We identified nine studies on personal values and four studies on cultural values and their relationship with common mental disorders. This relationship was assessed among very heterogeneous cultural groups; however, no consistent correlational pattern occurred. The most compelling evidence suggests that the relationship between personal values and mental disorders is moderated by the cultural context. Hence, assessing mere correlations between personal value orientations and self-reported symptoms of psychopathology, without taking into account the cultural context, does not yield meaningful results. This theoretical review reveals important research gaps: Most studies aimed to explain how values relate to the aetiology of mental disorders, whereas the question of phenomenology was largely neglected. Moreover, all included studies used Western instruments for assessing mental disorders, which may not capture culturally-specific phenomena of mental distress. Finding systematic relationships between values and mental disorders may contribute to making more informed hypotheses about how psychopathology is expressed under different cultural circumstances, and how to culturally adapt psychological interventions.

Psoriasis Incidence and Lifetime Prevalence: Suggestion for a Higher Mortality Rate in Older Age-classes among Psoriatic Patients Compared to the General Population in Italy.

Data on the psoriasis incidence and prevalence in the Italian population are limited, and a timely and accurate understanding of the disease epidemiology is needed. This ad hoc study investigated psoriasis incidence and lifetime prevalence in a representative sample (n = 14,705) of the Italian population. Information on lifetime history of skin disorders with details about their onset, duration, and treatment was collected. Psoriasis incidence showed a bimodal distribution pattern, with peaks in age classes characteristic of early-onset (35-44 years) and late-onset (65-74 years) psoriasis. Late-onset psoriasis showed some variations according to the sex, with females being diagnosed earlier than males. Lifetime prevalence of psoriasis was 2.7% (95% confidence interval: 2.5-3.0): it increased to 3.5% at age 60-64 years, then decreased steadily after age 64, to 1.7% at age > 74 years. This decrease, despite a peak in incidence rates, after age 64, may suggest a higher mortality rate among psoriasis patients in older age classes, compared to the general population.