Analytical characterization of anthocyanins using trapped ion mobility spectrometry-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry.

Anthocyanin profiles of juices from blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and different grape varieties (Vitis labrusca L. cv. Concord, Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Accent, Dunkelfelder, Dakapo, and GM 674-1) were characterized by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to trapped ion mobility spectrometry-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (TIMS-QTOF-MS/MS). Ion mobility and collision cross section (CCS) values of over 50 structurally related anthocyanins based on delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin were determined. Relations between molecular mass, mobility values, and specific structural features were revealed. The mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio of the molecular ions (M+) was found to be the major factor influencing anthocyanin ion mobilities, but structural characteristics also contributed to their variability. We were able to differentiate positional and geometrical isomers and certain epimers by their respective mobility values. For instance, whereas 3-O-hexosides (i.e., 3-O-glucosides and 3-O-galactosides) were separated by TIMS, epimers of 3-O-pentosides assessed could not be distinguished.

Phytochemical Statistical Mapping of Red Grape Varieties Cultivated in Romanian Organic and Conventional Vineyards.

Red grapes are rich in phytochemicals such as phenolics and flavonoids, which are strongly correlated with their antioxidant activity. Thus, grapes as-harvested and grape extracts, especially those obtained from their seeds and pulp, have been reported to have health benefits, and accordingly, grapes and their derivatives are considered potential functional food ingredients. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and the antioxidant activity of skin, pulp, and seeds of four grape varieties grown both in conventional and organic vineyards were examined in this study. Phytochemical characteristics of one native Romanian variety, Feteasca Neagra, were compared with data measured for three red grape varieties more commonly cultivated worldwide (Merlot, Pinot Noir, and Muscat Hamburg). It was found that the seeds of the Pinot Noir variety grown in an organic system contained the highest total phenolics of 169.53 ± 7.32 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and the highest total flavonoid content of 388.25 ± 10.72 mg quercetin equivalents/g, values corresponding to high antioxidant activity (312.84 ± 12.81 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g). The total flavonoid content in the hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from seeds of Pinot Noir (organic vineyard) was around 24.5-fold higher than that of the skin of Pinot Noir (conventional vineyard). Experiments showed that seeds of all four tested grape varieties are good sources of total flavonoids, not only of total phenolics. When referring to the organic vineyard, the skin and pulp grapes showed good results for the total phenolic content. The antioxidant activities of the hydroalcoholic extracts were well-correlated with the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Lower values of these parameters were found for extracts obtained from skin and pulp than for those obtained from seeds of the same grape variety regardless of the culture management system (organic/conventional). Data mining techniques such as regression analysis, principal component analysis, and clustering analysis were applied to establish the potential correlation between the phytochemical content and the antioxidant activities of the red grapes on the one hand, and grape variety, anatomical parts, and vineyard type (organic/conventional) on the other hand.

Multifunction smart nanocomposite film for food packaging based on carboxymethyl cellulose/Kombucha SCOBY/pomegranate anthocyanin pigment.

Active packing systems employed to preserve food quality have gone through chains of sustainable development processes, reflecting the growth in consumer awareness of high-quality foods in eco-friendly packaging. Consequently, this study aims to develop antioxidant, antimicrobial, UV-shielding, pH-sensitive, edible, and flexible films from composites of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), pomegranate anthocyanin extract (PAE), and various fractions (1-15 %) of bacterial cellulose from the Kombucha SCOBY (BC Kombucha). Various analytical tools such as ATR-FTIR, XRD, TGA, and TEM were utilized to investigate the physicochemical characterization of BC Kombucha and CMC-PAE/BC Kombucha films. The DDPH scavenging test demonstrated the efficiency of PAE as a matrix with potent antioxidant properties, both as a solution and enclosed in composite films. The fabricated films of CMC-PAE/BC Kombucha showed antimicrobial activities against many pathogenic Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., and Escherichia coli), Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, and Candida albicans, ranging from a 20 to 30 mm inhibition zone. The CMC-PAE/BC Kombucha nanocomposite has additionally been utilized to pack red grapes and plums. The results illustrated that CMC-PAE/BC Kombucha nanocomposite can increase red grapes and plums' shelf lives by up to 25 days while maintaining the fruits' quality better than those left unpacked.

Chemical characteristics of grapes cv. Syrah (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in the tropical semiarid region of Brazil (Pernambuco state): influence of rootstock and harvest season.

BACKGROUND: Obtaining two or more successive annual vintages from the same vineyard is characteristic of regions with a tropical climate, such as the Submédio of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil. The present study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of grapes in four production cycles (i.e. two calendar years) when considering the interaction between cv. Syrah and two rootstocks. For a broad characterization, two methodologies for the extraction of phenolic compounds were used, as well as different methods of analysis. RESULTS: The results obtained showed that there was an influence of rootstock and harvest season. Grapes from vines grafted onto IAC 313 contained higher concentrations of total condensed tannins (skins) and flavanols than grapes from vines grafted onto 1103P. However, the grape samples from the vines grafted onto 1103P contained higher levels of monomeric anthocyanins than the grape samples from the vines grafted onto IAC 313. The first harvest season was characterized by higher concentrations of most phenolic compounds than the second harvest season. CONCLUSION: In the present study, it was possible to confirm that, in the semiarid region of Brazil, the interaction between the cultivar Syrah and the different rootstocks, as well as the climatic conditions in each harvest season, influenced the composition of the grapes, mainly in relation to phenolic compounds. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Feasibility study on the use of a portable micro near infrared spectroscopy device for the "in vineyard" screening of extractable polyphenols in red grape skins.

There is substantial variation in levels of extractable phenolic compounds of red grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). Therefore, it could be desirable to known the aforesaid parameter at least for each vine. Nowadays, interest has shifted toward the development of portable vis/NIR systems, innovation in optical system design and miniaturization for its friendly use directly in the field. Spectra of intact grapes and grapes skins were recorded at harvest time in two different vintages (2016 and 2017 respectively) using a portable micro NIR spectrophotometer (908-1676 nm). A number of chemometric approaches have been used for spectral interrogation and evaluation of the aforesaid device. Spectral data have been correlated with red grape skin extractable polyphenols (total phenolic, anthocyanins and flavanols) by modified partial least squares regression (MPLS) using a number of spectral pretreatments. Moreover, different statistics strategies have been performed to develop a qualitative analysis of the data (linear discriminant analysis, discriminant partial least square analyses and Pearson's similarity index). After an exhaustive analysis of the obtained results in two different seasons, it can be concluded that the use of the portable micro NIR device for the "in vineyard" screening of extractable polyphenols in red grape skins is hampered by a number of factors. Environmental and physiological conditions should be considered to evaluate and remove factors that hamper a good sorting the berries according to their extractable polyphenol contents.

Exogenous Applications of Brassinosteroids Improve Color of Red Table Grape (Vitis vinifera L. Cv. "Redglobe") Berries.

Color and other quality parameters of "Redglobe" grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries were evaluated after treatment with brassinosteroid (BR) analogs. Three BRs analogs (24-epibrassinolide, Triol, or Lactone) were applied at three concentrations (0.0, 0.4, or 0.8 mg⋅L-1), at the onset of veraison. A commercial formulation (B-2000®) was also applied, at a recommended rate of 0.06 mg⋅L-1. The tested BR analogs were effective improving berry color (evaluated as color index for red grapes, CIRG), increasing the levels of soluble solids and anthocyanins, and changing the types of anthocyanins present without altering other quality and yield parameters. The effects of BR analogs on color enhancement could be explained by an increase in soluble solids content and/or anthocyanin content. Treatment with 24-epibrassinolide (at 0.4 mg⋅L-1) or the commercial formulation tended to favor the production of dihydroxylated anthocyanins, which are responsible for the red and pink colors of grape berries. Results indicate that the use of BRs constitutes a potential tool in the production of table grapes. This is the first report of this enhancement effect in a productive context.

87Sr/86Sr isotopes in grapes of different cultivars: A geochemical tool for geographic traceability of agriculture products.

87Sr/86Sr was determined on fresh red and white grapes, soils and rocks from three selected vineyards to verify the isotopic relationships between the fruit of the vine and geologic substrata of vineyards. 87Sr/86Sr were determined on sampled grapes of four different harvest years and different grape varieties, on bioavailable fraction of soils, on whole soils, and on bedrocks from the geo-pedological substratum of the vineyards. The vineyards chosen for the experimental works belong to an organic farming winery and thus cultivation procedures were strictly controlled. Grapes were sampled during the harvests of four different but consecutive years with 87Sr/86Sr that does not change reflecting the values of the soil bioavailable fraction. No variations among grapes from different vine cultivars were observed. A strict isotope relationship with soil bio-available fraction was observed. These findings demonstrate the reliability of 87Sr/86Sr, even at a very small scale, for food products geographic origin assessment.

Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Foods and Derived Products Containing Ellagitannins and Anthocyanins on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: Analysis of Factors Influencing Variability of the Individual Responses.

Understanding interindividual variability in response to dietary polyphenols remains essential to elucidate their effects on cardiometabolic disease development. A meta-analysis of 128 randomized clinical trials was conducted to investigate the effects of berries and red grapes/wine as sources of anthocyanins and of nuts and pomegranate as sources of ellagitannins on a range of cardiometabolic risk biomarkers. The potential influence of various demographic and lifestyle factors on the variability in the response to these products were explored. Both anthocyanin- and ellagitannin-containing products reduced total-cholesterol with nuts and berries yielding more significant effects than pomegranate and grapes. Blood pressure was significantly reduced by the two main sources of anthocyanins, berries and red grapes/wine, whereas waist circumference, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose were most significantly lowered by the ellagitannin-products, particularly nuts. Additionally, we found an indication of a small increase in HDL-cholesterol most significant with nuts and, in flow-mediated dilation by nuts and berries. Most of these effects were detected in obese/overweight people but we found limited or non-evidence in normoweight individuals or of the influence of sex or smoking status. The effects of other factors, i.e., habitual diet, health status or country where the study was conducted, were inconsistent and require further investigation.

Relationship between Agronomic Parameters, Phenolic Composition of Grape Skin, and Texture Properties of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo.

The relationship between the agronomic parameters of grapevine and the phenolic composition of skin of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo grapes was assessed. The physical and mechanical properties of berries and their skins were also determined and correlated to the chemical composition. Results showed a significant negative correlation between grapevine vigor-related parameters (such as leaf area and bunch weight) and anthocyanin composition, whereas the percentage (w/w) of seeds was negatively correlated with the amount of flavanols of grape skins. Texture properties of grape skins also showed an important relationship with chemical composition. Berry hardness showed a negative correlation with the coumaroyl-anthocyanin derivatives, but it was positively correlated to skin flavanic composition. Moreover, significant regressions with high coefficients of determination were found between phenolic composition and grapevine vigor-related and texture variables, thus pointing out that these parameters might be useful for estimating the phenolic composition of grape skins.

A novel red grape cells complex: health effects and bioavailability of natural resveratrol.

In this study, we present a novel product consisted of red grape cells (RGC) grown in culture and evaluated its effect on human LDL oxidation (in vitro) and inflammatory stress (in an in vivo rat model). We analyzed RGC for its polyphenols content and characterized RGC-derived resveratrol (RES) and its properties; and finally, we characterized the pharmacokinetic profile of RGC-RES in human plasma. RGC has demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation with IC50 as low as 8.0 µg/ml. RGC significantly reduced rats inflamed paw size induced by carrageenan injection. LC/MS analysis has shown that the main polyphenol in RGC was RES with one hexose moiety. The human pharmacokinetic analysis (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01747252) revealed relatively high bioavailability and two distinctly separated plasma concentration peaks at 1 and 5 h. The present study demonstrates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory traits of RGC that warrants further research in both pre-clinical and clinical settings.

Evolution of colour and phenolic compounds during Garnacha Tintorera grape raisining.

The off-vine drying is one of the most important steps in the production of a high quality naturally sweet wine. However, only few studies have analyzed the changes in colour and phenolic compounds of the grapes throughout the process. In this work, UV/Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC/DAD-ESI/MS were applied to determine, respectively, the evolution of colour and phenolic compounds in the red grapes of Garnacha Tintorera during the raisining process. The total water loss in 83 days was about 62% and the sugar concentration rose from 225 to 464 g L(-1). Browning and low-medium molecular weight compounds increase during the dehydration process. In CIELab coordinates, raisining decreases a(*) (red/green) and lightness and increases b(∗) (yellow/blue), colour saturation and hue angle. In general, most of the phenolic compounds determined (anthocyanins, flavonols, esters of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ol monomers and proanthocyanidins) increase but to a lesser extent than expected because of the water loss of the grapes during drying. The lower increase was observed for esters of hydroxicinnamic acids suggesting these compounds could undergo strong enzymatic degradation. Despite this, both the terminal and the extension subunit compositions show little changes, while the mean degree of polymerization of proanthocyanidins decreases as raisining progresses.