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BACKGROUND: Chrysanthemum morifolium 'HangBaiJu', a popular medicinal and edible plant, exerts its biological activities primarily through the presence of flavones and caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs). However, the regulatory mechanism of flavone and CQA biosynthesis in the chrysanthemum capitulum remains unclear. RESULTS: In this study, the content of flavones and CQAs during the development of chrysanthemum capitulum was determined by HPLC, revealing an accumulation pattern with higher levels at S1 and S2 and a gradual decrease at S3 to S5. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that CmPAL1/2, CmCHS1/2, CmFNS, CmHQT, and CmHCT were key structural genes in flavones and CQAs biosynthesis. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression correlation network analysis (WGCNA), k-means clustering, correlation analysis and protein interaction prediction were carried out in this study to identify transcription factors (TFs) associated with flavone and CQA biosynthesis, including MYB, bHLH, AP2/ERF, and MADS-box families. The TFs CmERF/PTI6 and CmCMD77 were proposed to act as upstream regulators of CmMYB3 and CmbHLH143, while CmMYB3 and CmbHLH143 might form a complex to directly regulate the structural genes CmPAL1/2, CmCHS1/2, CmFNS, CmHQT, and CmHCT, thereby controlling flavone and CQA biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings provide initial insights into the TF regulatory network underlying flavones and CQAs accumulation in the chrysanthemum capitulum, which laid a theoretical foundation for the quality improvement of C. morifolium 'HangBaiJu' and the high-quality development of the industry.
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Chrysanthemum , Flavonas , Ácido Quínico , Chrysanthemum/genética , Chrysanthemum/metabolismo , Flavonas/metabolismo , Ácido Quínico/metabolismo , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Metabolómica , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
With the increasing of aging population and the consumption of high-fat diets (HFD), the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has skyrocketed. Natural antioxidants show promising potential in the prevention of AD, as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are two hallmarks of AD pathogenesis. Here, we showed that quinic acid (QA), a polyphenol derived from millet, significantly decreased HFD-induced brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and the levels of Aß and p-Tau. Examination of gut microbiota suggested the improvement of the composition of gut microbiota in HFD mice after QA treatment. Metabolomic analysis showed significant increase of gut microbial tryptophan metabolites indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kynurenic acid (KYNA) by QA. In addition, IAA and KYNA showed negative correlation with pro-inflammatory factors and AD indicators. Further experiments on HFD mice proved that IAA and KYNA could reproduce the effects of QA that suppress brain oxidative stress and inflammation and decrease the levels of of Aß and p-Tau. Transcriptomics analysis of brain after IAA administration revealed the inhibition of DR3/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway by IAA. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that QA could counteract HFD-induced brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation by regulating inflammatory DR3/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway via gut microbial tryptophan metabolites.
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Encéfalo , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , FN-kappa B , Estrés Oxidativo , Ácido Quínico , Transducción de Señal , Triptófano , Animales , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Triptófano/metabolismo , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Ratones , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/farmacología , Ácido Quínico/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/metabolismo , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/prevención & control , Quinasa I-kappa B/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/prevención & control , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Ácido Quinurénico/metabolismo , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/prevención & controlRESUMEN
In this study, chitosan low molecular weight (LCH) and chitosan medium molecular weight (MCH) were employed to encapsulate a yarrow extract rich in chlorogenic acid and dicaffeoylquinic acids (DCQAs) that showed antiproliferative activity against colon adenocarcinoma cells. The design of CH micro/nanoparticles to increase the extract colon delivery was carried out by using two different techniques: ionic gelation and spray drying. Ionic gelation nanoparticles obtained were smaller and presented higher yields values than spray-drying microparticles, but spray-drying microparticles showed the best performance in terms of encapsulation efficiency (EE) (> 94%), also allowing the inclusion of a higher quantity of extract. Spray-drying microparticles designed using LCH with an LCH:extract ratio of 6:1 (1.25 mg/mL) showed a mean diameter of 1.31 ± 0.21 µm and EE values > 93%, for all phenolic compounds studied. The release profile of phenolic compounds included in this formulation, at gastrointestinal pHs (2 and 7.4), showed for most of them a small initial release, followed by an increase at 1 h, with a constant release up to 3 h. Chlorogenic acid presented the higher release values at 3 h (56.91% at pH 2; 44.45% at pH 7.4). DCQAs release at 3 h ranged between 9.01- 40.73%, being higher for 1,5- and 3,4-DCQAs. After gastrointestinal digestion, 67.65% of chlorogenic and most DCQAs remained encapsulated. Therefore, spray-drying microparticles can be proposed as a promising vehicle to increase the colon delivery of yarrow phenolics compounds (mainly chlorogenic acid and DCQAs) previously described as potential agents against colorectal cancer.
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Achillea , Proliferación Celular , Quitosano , Ácido Clorogénico , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Nanopartículas , Tamaño de la Partícula , Extractos Vegetales , Quitosano/química , Humanos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Achillea/química , Ácido Clorogénico/farmacología , Ácido Clorogénico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Clorogénico/química , Nanopartículas/química , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/farmacología , Ácido Quínico/química , Ácido Quínico/administración & dosificación , Liberación de Fármacos , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/metabolismo , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Peso MolecularRESUMEN
Dicaffeoyltartaric acid (diCT) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQ) are described for their aphicidal properties on several aphid species. Intending to valorize diCT and 3,5-diCQ as biocontrol products and because of the high adaptive capacities of aphids to xenobiotics, we sought to determine the existence of adaptation first in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and then other aphids. Resistance of aphids to these biopesticides could be promoted by (i) the existence of resistance to synthetic insecticides that may confer cross-resistance and (ii) the presence of these compounds in wild plants likely which may have led to pre-existing adaptation in aphids. We assessed the resistance levels to diCT and 3,5-diCQ in 7 lab strains (including some resistant to synthetic aphicides) and 7 wild populations of M. persicae using biotests. The activities of detoxification enzymes contributing to insecticide resistance were also measured. Additionally, we followed the same method to characterize susceptibility to these caffeic derivatives in wild populations of Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Brevicoryne brassicae(Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and, Aphis craccivora(Koch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Our results show variability in susceptibility to diCT between populations of M. persicae, but resistance ratios (RR) were low (RRâ =â 3.59). We found no cross-resistance between synthetic insecticides and diCT. Carboxylesterase and glutathione-S-transferase did not seem to be involved in its detoxification. A clone of A. craccivora collected from peanut, a species rich in diCT, was not susceptible to either diCT or 3,5-diCQ, suggesting a common molecular target for these 2 molecules and the existence of a high-effect resistance mechanism. These active botanical substances remain good candidates for M. persicae biocontrol in agriculture.
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Áfidos , Ácidos Cafeicos , Resistencia a los Insecticidas , Insecticidas , Áfidos/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Insecticidas/farmacología , Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacología , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/farmacología , SuccinatosRESUMEN
(1) Background: Phytochemicals are crucial antioxidants that play a significant role in preventing cancer. (2) Methods: We explored the use of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in the in vitro cultivation of D. morbifera adventitious roots (DMAR) and evaluated its impact on secondary metabolite production in DMAR, optimizing concentration and exposure time for cost-effectiveness. We also assessed its anti-inflammatory and anti-lung cancer activities and related gene expression levels. (3) Results: MeJA treatment significantly increased the production of the phenolic compound 3,5-Di-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA). The maximum 3,5-DCQA production was achieved with a MeJA treatment at 40 µM for 36 h. MeJA-DMARE displayed exceptional anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, it downregulated the mRNA expression of key inflammation-related cytokines. Additionally, MeJA-DMARE exhibited anti-lung cancer activity by promoting ROS production in A549 lung cancer cells and inhibiting its migration. It also modulated apoptosis in lung cancer cells via the Bcl-2 and p38 MAPK pathways. (4) Conclusions: MeJA-treated DMARE with increased 3,5-DCQA production holds significant promise as a sustainable and novel material for pharmaceutical applications thanks to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lung cancer properties.
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Acetatos , Antiinflamatorios , Ciclopentanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Oxilipinas , Raíces de Plantas , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Acetatos/farmacología , Acetatos/química , Animales , Ratones , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/química , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Humanos , Células RAW 264.7 , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/farmacología , Ácido Quínico/química , Células A549 , Sapindaceae/químicaRESUMEN
Plant in vitro cultures can be an effective tool in obtaining desired specialized metabolites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on phenolic compounds in Rhaponticum carthamoides shoots cultured in vitro. R. carthamoides is an endemic and medicinal plant at risk of extinction due to the massive harvesting of its roots and rhizomes from the natural environment. The shoots were cultured on an agar-solidified and liquid-agitated Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 0.5 mg/L of 6-benzyladenine (BA). The effect of the medium and different treatments of LED lights (blue (BL), red (RL), white (WL), and a combination of red and blue (R:BL; 7:3)) on R. carthamoides shoot growth and its biosynthetic potential was observed. Medium type and the duration of LED light exposure did not affect the proliferation rate of shoots, but they altered the shoot morphology and specialized metabolite accumulation. The liquid medium and BL light were the most beneficial for the caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (CQAs) production, shoot growth, and biomass increment. The liquid medium and BL light enhanced the content of the sum of all identified CQAs (6 mg/g DW) about three-fold compared to WL light and control, fluorescent lamps. HPLC-UV analysis confirmed that chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) was the primary compound in shoot extracts regardless of the type of culture and the light conditions (1.19-3.25 mg/g DW), with the highest level under R:BL light. BL and RL lights were equally effective. The abundant component was also 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, accompanied by 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, a tentatively identified dicaffeoylquinic acid derivative, and a tricaffeoylquinic acid derivative 2, the contents of which depended on the LED light conditions.
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Flavonoides , Luz , Brotes de la Planta , Ácido Quínico , Brotes de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Brotes de la Planta/metabolismo , Brotes de la Planta/química , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/metabolismo , Ácido Quínico/química , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Flavonoides/química , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Herbal infusions exhibit diverse pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihypertensive, and antineurodegenerative activities, which can be attributed to the high content of phenolic compounds (e.g., caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs)). In this study, we used ultraperformance liquid chromatography to determine the content of CQAs in the methanolic extracts of model herbs, namely, yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), and Indian camphorweed (Pluchea indica (L.) Less.). The results revealed that yerba mate had the highest total CQA content (108.05 ± 1.12 mg/g of dry weight). Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of brewing conditions and storage at 4 °C under dark and light conditions on the antioxidant property and total phenolic and CQA contents of a yerba mate infusion. The analysis of the yerba mate infusions prepared with different steeping times, dried leaf weights, and water temperatures revealed that the amount of extracted CQAs was maximized (â¼175 mg/150 mL) when 6 g of dried leaves were steeped in hot water for 10 min. A total of 10-day refrigerated storage resulted in no significant changes in the antioxidant activity and total phenolic and CQA contents of an infusion kept in a brown container (dark). However, the antioxidant properties and total phenolic and CQA contents were negatively affected when kept in a clear container, suggesting the detrimental effect of light exposure. Our study provides practical recommendations for improving the preparation and storage of herbal infusions, thus catering to the needs of consumers, food scientists, and commercial producers. Moreover, it is the first study of the influence of light exposure on the content of crucial quality attributes within plant-based beverages.
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Antioxidantes , Ilex paraguariensis , Extractos Vegetales , Ácido Quínico , Stevia , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/análisis , Stevia/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/análisis , Fenoles/análisis , Frío , Hojas de la Planta/química , Almacenaje de MedicamentosRESUMEN
The industrial processing of pineapples generates a substantial quantity of by-products, including shell, crown, and core. Bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme found naturally in pineapple, including its by-products, may positively influence the bioaccessibility of phenolics from milk coffee. Therefore, this study aimed to assess how the inclusion of extracts from pineapple by-products, namely shell, crown and core, could impact the bioaccessibility of coffee phenolics when combined with milk. After measuring the proteolytic activity of pineapple by-products, the standardized in vitro digestion model of INFOGEST was employed to evaluate changes in total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, and individual phenolic compounds in different coffee formulations. The results showed that incorporating extracts from the crown or core in both black and milk coffee increased the bioaccessibility of total phenolics (from 93 to 114% to 105-129%) and antioxidants (from 54 to 56% to 84-87%), while this effect was not observed for the shell. Moreover, adding core extracts also enhanced the bioaccessibility of caffeoylquinic acids and gallic acid in milk coffee (from 0.72 to 0.85% and 109-155%, respectively). Overall, the findings of this study highlight that bromelain from pineapple core may have a favorable effect on the recovery of phenolic compounds in milk coffee, possibly due to its ability to cleave proteins. These outcomes point out that industrial by-products can be transformed into economic value by being reintroduced into the production process through suitable treatment instead of disposal.
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Ananas , Antioxidantes , Café , Leche , Fenoles , Ananas/química , Fenoles/análisis , Antioxidantes/análisis , Café/química , Leche/química , Bromelaínas , Animales , Ácido Gálico/análisis , Digestión , Disponibilidad Biológica , Extractos Vegetales/química , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/análisis , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodosRESUMEN
The present work carries out a quantitative analysis of the major bioactive compounds found in the native Mexican purple tomatoes. Total phenolic content ranged from 7.54 to 57.79 mg TPC/g DM, total flavonoid content ranged from 1.89 to 16.93 mg TFC/g DM, total anthocyanin content ranged from 0.29 to 2.56 mg TAC/g DM, and total carotenoid content ranged from 0.11 to 0.75 mg TCC/ g DM. In addition, 14 phenolic acids were identified, among which caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the most abundant compounds with chlorogenic acid concentration up to 9.680 mg/g DM, together with flavonoids, such as rutin and quercetin-hexoxide. The qualitative analysis also showed the presence of 9 acylated anthocyanins and 2 carotenoids with significant functional features. As for anthocyanins, their chemical structures disclosed special structural features: glycosylated anthocyanins exhibited cis-trans hydroxycinnamic moieties and petunidin-3-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside was reported to be the main anthocyanin, whitin the range of concentrations between 0.160 and 1.143 mg/g DM.
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Antocianinas , Carotenoides , Flavonoides , Fenoles , Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Antocianinas/análisis , Carotenoides/análisis , México , Flavonoides/análisis , Fenoles/análisis , Frutas/química , Ácido Clorogénico/análisis , Ácido Quínico/análisis , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Hidroxibenzoatos/análisisRESUMEN
Caffeioyl quinic acids and polysaccharides from Artemisia selengensis Turcz are considered potential bioactive substances for hyperuricemia (HUA) treatment. While the mechanism of multi-component combined intervention of polysaccharides and dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQAs) is not yet clear. In this study, we investigated the effect of A. selengensis Turcz leaves polysaccharides (APS) on the HUA treatment with diCQAs in vitro by direct inhibition of XOD activities and in vivo by using animal model. The results showed that APS had almost no inhibitory effect on XOD activities in vitro, but the inhibitory activity of diCQAs on XOD was affected by changes in inhibition type and inhibition constant. Compared to APS and diCQAs alone, high-dose APS and diCQAs in combination (ADPSh) could significantly reduce the production of uric acid (16.38 % reduction compared to diCQAs group) and oxidative stress damage. Additionally, this combined therapy showed promise in restoring the gut microbiota balance and increasing the short-chain fatty acids levels. The results suggested that APS and diCQAs in combination could be a potential inhibitor for HUA treatment.
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Artemisia , Hiperuricemia , Hojas de la Planta , Polisacáridos , Artemisia/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hiperuricemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/química , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/farmacología , Ácido Quínico/química , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ácido Úrico , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , RatonesRESUMEN
Excessive accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the body is associated with diabetes and its complications. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential and mechanism of coffee leaf extract (CLE) in inhibiting the generation of AGEs and their precursors in an in vitro glycation model using bovine serum albumin and glucose (BSA-Glu) for the first time. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that CLE prepared with ultrasound pretreatment (CLE-U) contained higher levels of trigonelline, mangiferin, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid than CLE without ultrasound pretreatment (CLE-NU). The concentrations of these components, along with caffeine and rutin, were dramatically decreased when CLE-U or CLE-NU was incubated with BSA-Glu reaction mixture. Both CLE-U and CLE-NU exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of fluorescent AGEs, carboxymethyllysine, fructosamine, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 3-deoxyglucosone, glyoxal, as well as protein oxidation products. Notably, CLE-U exhibited a higher inhibitory capacity compared to CLE-NU. CLE-U effectively quenched fluorescence intensity and increased the α-helix structure of the BSA-Glu complex. Molecular docking results suggested that the key bioactive compounds present in CLE-U interacted with the arginine residues of BSA, thereby preventing its glycation. Overall, this research sheds light on the possible application of CLE as a functional ingredient in combating diabetes by inhibiting the generation of AGEs.
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Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada , Extractos Vegetales , Hojas de la Planta , Albúmina Sérica Bovina , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Albúmina Sérica Bovina/química , Coffea/química , Alcaloides/farmacología , Furaldehído/análogos & derivados , Furaldehído/farmacología , Fructosamina , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Glioxal , Glucosa/metabolismo , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Glicosilación/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/farmacología , Rutina/farmacología , Lisina/análogos & derivados , Cafeína/farmacología , Desoxiglucosa/análogos & derivados , Desoxiglucosa/farmacología , XantonasRESUMEN
Background: Caffeoylquinic acid (CQA), which is abundant in coffee beans and Centella asiatica, reportedly improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice, but its effects on neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, and the amyloid-ß (Aß) plaque burden have remained unclear. Objective: To assess the effects of a 16-week treatment with CQA on recognition memory, working memory, Aß levels, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and gene expression in the brains of 5XFAD mice, a commonly used mouse model of familial AD. Methods: 5XFAD mice at 7 weeks of age were fed a 0.8% CQA-containing diet for 4 months and then underwent novel object recognition (NOR) and Y-maze tests. The Aß levels and plaque burden were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescent staining, respectively. Immunostaining of markers of mature neurons, synapses, and glial cells was analyzed. AmpliSeq transcriptome analysis and quantitative reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed to assess the effect of CQA on gene expression levels in the cerebral cortex of the 5XFAD mice. Results: CQA treatment for 4 months improved recognition memory and ameliorated the reduction of mature neurons and synaptic function-related gene mRNAs. The Aß levels, plaque burden, and glial markers of neuroinflammation seemed unaffected. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CQA treatment mitigates neuronal loss and improves cognitive function without reducing Aß levels or neuroinflammation. Thus, CQA is a potential therapeutic compound for AD, improving cognitive function via as-yet unknown mechanisms independent of reductions in Aß or neuroinflammation.
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Disfunción Cognitiva , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratones Transgénicos , Neuronas , Placa Amiloide , Ácido Quínico , Animales , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/farmacología , Ácido Quínico/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Placa Amiloide/tratamiento farmacológico , Placa Amiloide/patología , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas/patología , Disfunción Cognitiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Disfunción Cognitiva/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key enzyme in glucolipid metabolism, and abnormally high expression of ACLY occurs in many diseases, including cancers, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. ACLY inhibitors are prospective treatments for these diseases. However, the scaffolds of ACLY inhibitors are insufficient with weak activity. The discovery of inhibitors with structural novelty and high activity continues to be a research hotpot. Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms is used for cardiovascular disease treatment, from which no ACLY inhibitors have ever been found. In this work, we discovered three novel ACLY inhibitors, and the most potent one was isochlorogenic acid C (ICC) with an IC50 value of 0.14 ± 0.04 µM. We found dicaffeoylquinic acids with ortho-dihydroxyphenyl groups were important features for inhibition by studying ten phenolic acids. We further investigated interactions between the highly active compound ICC and ACLY. Thermal shift assay revealed that ICC could directly bind to ACLY and improve its stability in the heating process. Enzymatic kinetic studies indicated ICC was a noncompetitive inhibitor of ACLY. Our work discovered novel ACLY inhibitors, provided valuable structure-activity patterns and deepened knowledge on the interactions between this targe tand its inhibitors.
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ATP Citrato (pro-S)-Liasa , Eleutherococcus , Eleutherococcus/química , Estructura Molecular , ATP Citrato (pro-S)-Liasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Ácido Clorogénico/farmacología , Ácido Clorogénico/aislamiento & purificación , Ácido Clorogénico/química , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/aislamiento & purificación , Fitoquímicos/química , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/farmacología , Ácido Quínico/aislamiento & purificación , Ácido Quínico/química , Hidroxibenzoatos/farmacología , Hidroxibenzoatos/aislamiento & purificación , Hidroxibenzoatos/química , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Few sclerophyllous plants from the central coast of Chile have been systematically studied. This work describes the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of Baccharis concava Pers. (sin. B. macraei), a shrub found in the first line and near the Pacific coast. B. concava has been traditionally used by indigenous inhabitants of today's central Chile for its medicinal properties. Few reports exist regarding the phytochemistry characterization and biological activities of B. concava. A hydroalcoholic extract of B. concava was prepared from leaves and small branches. Qualitative phytochemical characterization indicated the presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic, and tannin compounds. The antimicrobial activity of this extract was assessed in a panel of microorganisms including Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and pathogenic yeasts. The extract displayed an important antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive bacteria, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans but not against Gram-negatives, for which an intact Lipopolysaccharide is apparently the determinant of resistance to B. concava extracts. The hydroalcoholic extract was then fractionated through a Sephadex LH-20/methanol-ethyl acetate column. Afterward, the fractions were pooled according to a similar pattern visualized by TLC/UV analysis. Fractions obtained by this criterion were assessed for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The fraction presenting the most antimicrobial activity was HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, obtaining molecules related to caffeoylquinic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid, and quercetin, among others. In conclusion, the extracts of B. concava showed strong antimicrobial activity, probably due to the presence of metabolites derived from phenolic acids, such as caffeoylquinic acid, and flavonoids, such as quercetin, which in turn could be responsible for helping with wound healing. In addition, the development of antimicrobial therapies based on the molecules found in B. concava could help to combat infection caused by pathogenic yeasts and Gram-positive bacteria, without affecting the Gram-negative microbiota.
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Baccharis , Quercetina , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Chile , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The utilization of coffee leaves in kombucha production has intrigued researchers; however, the lack of understanding regarding the characteristics of coffee leaf kombucha (CK) and its differentiation from black tea kombucha (BK) has impeded its application in the beverage industry. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize and compare the physiochemical properties, phytochemical compositions, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory ability of kombucha prepared from the leaves of Coffea arabica (CK) and black tea (Camellia sinensis, BK) and their extracts (CT and BT). After fermentation, pH and the contents of total sugars, reducing sugars, and free amino acids of BK and CK were decreased, whereas the levels of total acids and organic acids, such as gluconic, lactic, and acetic acid were increased. Notably, the concentration of vitamin C in CK was 48.9% higher than that in BK. HPLC analysis exhibited that 5-caffeoylquinic acid in CT was significantly decreased by 48.0% in CK, whereas the levels of 3-caffeoylquinic acid and 4-caffeoylquinic acid were significantly increased after fermentation. The content of caffeine was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 9.5% and 22.0% in BK and CK, respectively, whereas the theobromine level was significantly increased in CK. Notably, CK has superior total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity than BK, whereas BK possesses higher α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity. Electronic nose analysis demonstrated that sulfur-containing organics were the main volatiles in both kombuchas, and fermentation significantly increased their levels. Our study indicates that coffee leaves are a promising resource for preparing kombucha. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This article investigates the differences in physicochemical properties, bioactive constituents, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of kombucha preparation from black tea and coffee leaves. We have found that after fermentation BK had brighter soup color and higher α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity, whereas CK had higher levels of total phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, and antioxidants and lower contents of sugars. This study provides valuable information for the preparation of CK with high-quality attributes and antioxidant activity.
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Antioxidantes , Camellia sinensis , Coffea , Extractos Vegetales , Hojas de la Planta , Hojas de la Planta/química , Antioxidantes/análisis , Coffea/química , Camellia sinensis/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Fermentación , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/análisis , Té de Kombucha/análisis , Café/química , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Té/química , Ácido Ascórbico/análisis , Fenoles/análisis , Cafeína/análisis , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/análisis , Flavonoides/análisisRESUMEN
To probe the functions of Aster glehni (AG) extract containing various caffeoylquinic acids on dyslipidemia, obesity, and skeletal muscle-related diseases focused on the roles of skeletal muscle, we measured the levels of biomarkers involved in oxidative phosphorylation and type change of skeletal muscle in C2C12 cells and skeletal muscle tissues from apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice. After AG extract treatment in cell and animal experiments, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to estimate the levels of proteins that participated in skeletal muscle type change and oxidative phosphorylation. AG extract elevated protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), phosphorylated 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARß/δ), myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD), and myoglobin in skeletal muscle tissues. Furthermore, it elevated the ATP concentration. However, protein expression of myostatin was decreased by AG treatment. In C2C12 cells, increments of MyoD, myoglobin, myosin, ATP-producing pathway, and differentiation degree by AG were dependent on PPARß/δ and caffeoylquinic acids. AG extract can contribute to the amelioration of skeletal muscle inactivity and sarcopenia through myogenesis in skeletal muscle tissues from ApoE KO mice, and function of AG extract may be dependent on PPARß/δ, and the main functional constituents of AG are trans-5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid. In addition, in skeletal muscle, AG has potent efficacies against dyslipidemia and obesity through the increase of the type 1 muscle fiber content to produce more ATP by oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle tissues from ApoE KO mice.
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Ratones Noqueados , Desarrollo de Músculos , Músculo Esquelético , PPAR delta , PPAR-beta , Extractos Vegetales , Ácido Quínico , Animales , Ratones , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , PPAR-beta/metabolismo , PPAR-beta/genética , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Desarrollo de Músculos/efectos de los fármacos , PPAR delta/metabolismo , PPAR delta/genética , Masculino , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Apolipoproteínas E/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteína MioD/metabolismo , Proteína MioD/genética , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma/metabolismo , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma/genética , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismoRESUMEN
Rice blast disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, poses a severe threat to rice production, particularly in Asia where rice is a staple food. Concerns over fungicide resistance and environmental impact have sparked interest in exploring natural fungicides as potential alternatives. This study aimed to identify highly potent natural fungicides against M. oryzae to combat rice blast disease, using advanced molecular dynamics techniques. Four key proteins (CATALASE PEROXIDASES 2, HYBRID PKS-NRPS SYNTHETASE TAS1, MANGANESE LIPOXYGENASE, and PRE-MRNA-SPLICING FACTOR CEF1) involved in M. oryzae's infection process were identified. A list of 30 plant metabolites with documented antifungal properties was compiled for evaluation as potential fungicides. Molecular docking studies revealed that 2-Coumaroylquinic acid, Myricetin, Rosmarinic Acid, and Quercetin exhibited superior binding affinities compared to reference fungicides (Azoxystrobin and Tricyclazole). High throughput molecular dynamics simulations were performed, analyzing parameters like RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, hydrogen bonds, contact analysis, Gibbs free energy, and cluster analysis. The results revealed stable interactions between the selected metabolites and the target proteins, involving important hydrogen bonds and contacts. The SwissADME server analysis indicated that the metabolites possess fungicide properties, making them effective and safe fungicides with low toxicity to the environment and living beings. Additionally, bioactivity assays confirmed their biological activity as nuclear receptor ligands and enzyme inhibitors. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into potential natural fungicides for combating rice blast disease, with 2-Coumaroylquinic acid, Myricetin, Rosmarinic Acid, and Quercetin standing out as promising and environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional fungicides. These findings have significant implications for developing crop protection strategies and enhancing global food security, particularly in rice-dependent regions.
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Ascomicetos , Fungicidas Industriales , Magnaporthe , Oryza , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Fungicidas Industriales/farmacología , Quercetina/farmacología , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Oryza/microbiología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. (PJ) is a vegetable widely consumed in East Asia and is known to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effect of PJ on muscle atrophy remains elusive. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of PJ and its active compound on dexamethasone (DEX)-induced muscle atrophy. METHODS: We performed qualitative and quantitative analysis of PJ using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The efficacy of PJ and its main compound 4-caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) on muscle atrophy was evaluated in DEX-induced myotube atrophy and DEX-induced muscle atrophy in mouse myoblasts (C2C12) and C57BL/6 mice, in vitro and in vivo, respectively. RESULTS: The UPLC-MS/MS and HPLC data showed that the concentration of 4-CQA in PJ was 18.845 mg/g. PJ and 4-CQA treatments significantly inhibited DEX-induced myotube atrophy by decreasing protein synthesis and glucocorticoid translocation to the nucleus in C2C12 myotubes. In addition, PJ enhanced myogenesis by upregulating myogenin and myogenic differentiation 1 in C2C12 cells. PJ supplementation effectively increased muscle function and mass, downregulated atrogenes, and decreased proteasome activity in C57BL/6 mice. Additionally, PJ effectively decreased the nuclear translocation of forkhead transcription factor 3 alpha by inhibiting glucocorticoid receptor. CONCLUSION: Overall, PJ and its active compound 4-CQA alleviated skeletal muscle atrophy by inhibiting protein degradation. Hence, our findings present PJ as a potential novel pharmaceutical candidate for the treatment of muscle atrophy.
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Apiaceae , Dexametasona , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Atrofia Muscular , Extractos Vegetales , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Animales , Atrofia Muscular/inducido químicamente , Atrofia Muscular/tratamiento farmacológico , Dexametasona/farmacología , Ratones , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Apiaceae/química , Masculino , Línea Celular , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Quínico/farmacología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Miogenina/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The hawthorn has recently been used as a popular herbal medicine in food applications and phytotherapy, especially for the cardiovascular system. METHODS: In this study, phytochemicals were evaluated by LC-ESI-MS, GC-MS, and biological activity, including antioxidant (DPPH test) and antibacterial (broth dilution assay), in different extracts of Crataegus pentagyna fruit, leaf, and root. RESULTS: Globally, 49 phenolics were tentatively identified using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS in the hydro-methanolic extract of the fruit (major apigenin, caffeoylquinic acid derivative, and 4-O-(3'-O-glucopyranosyl)-caffeoyl quinic acid), 42 in the leaf (major salicylic acid, naringenin-6-C-glucoside, and naringin), and 33 in the root (major naringenin-7-O-neohesperidoside, isovitexin-2â³-O-rhamnoside, and 4-O-(3'-O-glucopyranosyl)-caffeoyl quinic acid). The major group compounds analyzed by GC-MS in petroleum ether extracts were hydrocarbons (63.80%) and fatty acids and their derivatives (11.77%) in fruit, hydrocarbons (49.20%) and fatty acids and their derivatives (13.85%) in leaf, and hydrocarbons (53.96%) and terpenes (13.06%) in root. All samples exhibited promising phytochemical profile (total phenol, flavonoid, phenolic acid, and anthocyanin), antioxidant and antibacterial capacities, especially in hydro-methanolic extract of fruit (210.22 ± 0.44 mg GAE/g DE; 79.93 ± 0.54 mg QE/g DE; 194.64 ± 0.32 mg CAE/g DE; 85.37 ± 0.13 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside/100 g FW; DPPH: 15.43 ± 0.65 µg/mL; MIC: 0.15-0.62 µg/mL; and MBC: 0.62-1.25 mg/mL), followed by the leaf and root extracts, respectively. The PCA and heatmap analysis results distinguished metabolite profile differences for samples. CONCLUSION: The results of the present work provide scientific support for C. pentagyna as antimicrobial agents and natural antioxidants in human health and food preservation.
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Antiinfecciosos , Crataegus , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Antioxidantes/química , Crataegus/química , Frutas/química , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Ácido Quínico/análisis , Antiinfecciosos/análisis , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/análisis , Fenoles/análisis , Hojas de la Planta/química , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Ácidos GrasosRESUMEN
There are many complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are two complications related to the increased lipid accumulation in the liver. Previous studies have shown that mulberry leaf water extract (MLE) has the effect of lowering lipid levels in peripheral blood, inhibiting the expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and increasing the activity of liver antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Our study aimed to investigate the role of MLE and its main component, neochlorogenic acid (nCGA), in reducing serum lipid profiles, decreasing lipid deposition in the liver, and improving steatohepatitis levels. We evaluated the antioxidant activity including glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GRd), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase was tested in mice fed with MLE and nCGA. The results showed a serum lipid profile, and fatty liver scores were significantly increased in the HFD group compared to the db/m and db mice groups, while liver antioxidant activity significantly decreased in the HFD group. When fed with HFD + MLE or nCGA, there was a significant improvement in serum lipid profiles, liver fatty deposition conditions, steatohepatitis levels, and liver antioxidant activity compared to the HFD group. Although MLE and nCGA do not directly affect the blood sugar level of db/db mice, they do regulate abnormalities in lipid metabolism. These results demonstrate the potential of MLE/nCGA as a treatment against glucotoxicity-induced diabetic fatty liver disease in animal models.