Evidence of the role of the vagal nerves as a monitor in the gastrointestinal-renal axis of natriuresis in human: Effects of vagotomy.

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of gastrointestinal regulation of natriuresis. Sixteen subjects without (group I) and sixteen subjects with a truncal vagotomy (group II), were given a daily diet of 18mmol of sodium for 5days (D1-D5). The sodium deficit for this period was calculated for each subject and on the morning of day-6 (D6), their cumulative deficit (E) was given as 3% NaCl. In both groups the subjects were divided to receive the hypertonic saline either orally (Ior, IIor) or intravenously (Iiv, IIiv). During the period of low sodium diet when compared to group II subjects of group I (1) had a greater weight loss (p<0.005), (2) demonstrated a larger drop in pulse pressure (p<0.005), (3) achieved a positive sodium equilibrium later (D5 vs D4) and (4) developed a greater sodium deficit (p<0.005). During the two 12h periods of D6, both Ior and Iiv exhibited greater natriuresis during the first 12h period (p<0.0001) whereas both IIor and IIiv did so during the second 12h period (p<0.0001). On D6 Ior excreted the greatest percentage of E (E%; 35.63%±3.12%, p<0.0001) compared to Iiv (17.06%±1.78%), IIor (16.03%±3.54%) and IIiv (15.39%±2.77%) whereas E% was not different between the other subgroups. These results indicate that the differential natriuresis between oral and intravenous sodium loading in previously sodium deprived subjects, is due to a mechanism in which the vagal nerves play a significant role as part of neural reflex or via a natriuretic hormone.

[Characteristics of the course of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease concurrent with duodenal insufficiency]. / Kharakteristika techeniia iazvennoi bolezni zheludka i dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki s soputstvuiushchei duodenal'noi nedostatochnost'iu.

AIM: To comprehensively study the course of gastric ulcer disease (GUD) and duodenal ulcer disease (DUD) concurrent with chronic duodenal insufficiency (CDI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ulcer disease (UD) was verified on the basis of the results of clinical and fibrogastroduodenoscopic examinations. The data of contrast duodenography and cavitary manometry were used to identify CDI. Gastroduodenal motor activity was investigated using the peripheral electrogastrograph EGG-4M. The results of pH measurements were employed to assess the state of gastric acid secretion and duodenal pH values. RESULTS: A comprehensive examination was made in 106 patients with UD concurrent with CDI (a study group) and 30 UD patients without CDI (a comparison group). Epigastric pain was noted in the patients with GUD in the study and comparison groups (91.5 and 84.6%, respectively), but the pain was mainly aching in the patients with concomitant CDI and more intense (77.8%) in those without this condition. In the study group, heartburn was more common in patients with GUD and DUD (75.3 and 71.4%, respectively) than in those with UD in the comparison group (28.5 and 37.5%, respectively). Helicobacter pylori tests were positive in 23.8% of the patients in the study group and in 57.2% in the comparison group. Electrogastrography indicated that the patients with GUD and CDI had bradygastria and hypokinesis on an empty stomach; the electrical activity was reduced after eating. In the comparison group, tachygastria and hyperkinesis were detected on an empty stomach; these postprandial indicators were elevated. H. pylori tests were positive in 34.7% of the patients with DUD and CDI and in 63.6% of those with DUD without CDI. The postprandial electrical activity increased in patients with DUD and decreased in the comparison group. The specific features of changes in gastric and duodenal pH values in GUD and DUD concurrent with CDI in comparison with the isolated course of UD. CONCLUSION: The immediate and long-term follow-ups show that GUD and DUD concurrent with CDI run a more persistent course; the time of ulcer healing increases and the periods of remission decrease.

[Mannheim peritonitis index as a surgical criterion for perforative duodenal ulcer]. / Mangeimskii indeks peritonita - kriterii vybora operativnogo vmeshatel'stva pri perforativnoi duodenal'noi yazve.

AIM: to define the correlation between Mannheim peritonitis index scores and outcomes of different radical and palliative interventions for perforative duodenal ulcer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Treatment of 386 patients with perforative duodenal ulcer is presented. Different surgical techniques were analyzed including stomach resection, various methods of vagotomy with/without drainage, ulcer suturing and ulcerative edges excision with suturing in patients with Mannheim index scores <21, 21-29 and over 29. Clavien-Dindo classification was used to analyze postoperative complications. RESULTS: In 64.3% of cases mortality was caused by peritonitis and peritonitis-associated complications. Surgical features resulted unfavorable outcome only in 35.7% of cases. Severe complications requiring re-operation were predominantly observed after stomach resection. CONCLUSION: Mannheim peritonitis index is sensitive method allowing prognosis the outcomes in patients with perforative duodenal ulcer. Radical interventions are advisable in Mannheim index scores <21, in other cases palliative surgery for example suturing or edges excision with suturing is preferred. If radical surgery is performed with strict indications (Mannheim index scores <21) volume and type of surgery do not significantly influence on mortality rate.

[CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION ASSOCIATED WITH PEPTIC DUODENAL ULCER AFTER ACUTE GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING].

Objective of the investigation was to examine clinical characteristics of peptic duodenal ulcer (DU) associated with arterial hypertension (АH) after acute gastrointestinal bleeding (AGB). The study included 25 patients with AH associated with DU, 45 patients with AH in AGB, 63 patients with AGB without AH, 48 patients with AH without AGB and 69 patients with DU without AH. If AH joins the existing DU, it increases the intensity of pain and dyspeptic syndromes. If DU joins AH, on the other hand, the clinical picture of ulcer disease was unclear. The largest concentration of Helicobacter pylori antibodies was found in patients with AH in AGB. Hypertensive crises were detected more often in combination of AH and DU.

[ULCER DAMAGE TO THE GASTROINTESTINAL PATH ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION AS A MANIFESTATION OF COMORBIDITY AMONG RAILWAY WORKERS].

Purpose of the study: The investigation of clinical and laboratory parameters that characterize the pathogenetic connections of association of ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and hypertension as work-related diseases among workers of locomotive brigades. Materials and methods: 192 railway workers were examined. The level of general clinical and biochemical parameters in the blood serum were investigated. Results: Due to the syntopy of duodenal ulcers and (or) the stomach and hypertension on the background of the negative impact of harmful factors of production the abnormalities in the vascular endothelium with signs of systemic inflammation are revealed. Conclusion: The identified parameters can be considered as an early predictor of formation of hypertension as well as a comorbid flow of duodenal ulcers and (or) of the stomach and hypertension, assessing it as work-related diseases.

[Peculiarities of the psychic state and quality of life in patients with duodenal ulcer in the context of chronomedicine].

Most clinicians consider duodenum ulcer as a psychosomatic disease. Objective: To show the interdependence of this condition and mental disorders and their relation to disturbances of melatonin production . Materials and Methods: 15 patients with seasonal DU and 15 healthy subjects of the control group were examined during 3 years using laboratory, endoscopic, and standard psychodiagnostic methods. Results. It was found that all patients with exacerbation of DU experienced enhanced anxiety, reduced background mood, and impaired quality of life based on general health and mental health scoring scales. The circadian rhythm of melatonin production was markedly distorted throughout the observation period but especially during exacerbations of the disease. Conclusions. The results indicate a high degree of correlation between DU and mental disorders caused by impaired production of melatonin. It suggests common etiological mechanisms of DU and psychosomatic symptom complex.

[The spa and resort-based health-promoting treatment of the vehicle drivers suffering from duodenal ulcer disease: the effectiveness and safety].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of the spa and resort-based health-promoting treatment of the vehicle drivers (VD) presenting with duodenal ulcer disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 67 men suffering from duodenal ulcer disease (DUD) were allocated to two groups. The patients of group 1 (n = 35) were given the courses of balneotherapy that included bromine-iodine mineral baths with a temperature of 36-37 degrees C (8-9 procedures 10-15 min long each every second day) in combination with 8-9 peloid applications to the epigastric region (temperature 38-40 degrees C for 10-15 min every second day). The patients of group 2 (n = 32) were given the similar courses of therapy that included nitric thermal mineral baths with a temperature of 36-37 degrees C (8-9 procedures 10-15 min long each every second day) in combination with 8-9 peloid applications to the epigastric region (38-40 degrees C for 10-15 min every second day). The effectiveness and safety of these balenotherapeutic procedures for the treatment of duodenal ulcer disease in the subjects of the study and control (n = 47) groups were evaluated based on the results of the routine clinical and endoscopic examination, psychological and psychophysiological tests, and the comparative analysis of medical aid appeal-ability and disability cases during twelve months. RESULTS: Dynamics of clinical and instrumental characteristics (subjective, objective, clinical, endoscopic, psychophysiological) suggested the improvement of the health status in 88.6% and 84.4% of the drivers with duodenum ulcer in the two study groups respectively. Some of the patients comprising group 1 showed significant negative dynamics of the operative reaction system while the patients of group 2 demonstrated the marked improvement of the professionally significant functions and properties (PSF&P). The comparative analysis of medical aid appealability, disability cases, frequency of relapses and complications revealed the favorable clinical course of duodenal ulcer disease in both groups of patients who received the spa and resort-based health-promoting treatment. CONCLUSION: The spa and resort-based health-promoting treatment in the form of nitric thermal and bromine-iodine mineral baths in combination with peloid applications proved to be highly effective and safe for the vehicle drivers with duodenal ulcer disease, its two modalities (bromine-iodine an nitric-thermal baths) being almost similarly beneficial for the patients (88.6% and 84.4% respectively). At the same time, the former modality resulted in the well apparent deterioration of the driving qualityin certain subjects which suggests the necessity of psychophysiological testing for the evaluation of the performance of the operative reaction system. It is concluded that the spa and resort-based health-promoting treatment of the vehicle drivers suffering from duodenal ulcer disease should be considered as an indispensable component of the rational medical-psychological monitoring system providing a basis for the effective health and workability management.

[STUDY OF THE VARIABILITY OF THE CARDIAC RHYTHM IN RAILROAD EMPLOYEES, WHO SUFFER BY STOMACH ULCER AND DUODENUM, ASSOCIATED AND NONASSOCIATED WITH THE INFECTION HELICOBACTER PYLORI].

AIM OF INVESTIGATION: To estimate the Heart rate variability (HRV), by the method of daily kholterovskogo monitoring in the workers of rail transport (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 93 persons working in the East Siberian Railway. The main group (CG) consisted of 27 patients with gastric ulcer (GU) and duodenal ulcer (DU) contamination without Helicobacter infection. The first group of clinical comparison (GCS 1) included 36 patients with gastric ulcer and duodenal with contamination of infection H. pylori. The second group of clinical comparison (GCS 2) consisted of 30 employees VT held preventive medical examination, without contamination of Helicobacter infection is not suffering from gastric ulcer and duodenum. RESULTS: With the analysis of spectral and time characteristics HRV in Haug is revealed the explicit displacement of vegetative homeostasis with the prevalence of the sympathetic component of regulation, which is restored against the background of treatment. Meanwhile in GKS1 the indices of vegetative regulation had parasympathetic directivity, they were more close to the standard and did not change after conducting of the eradikatsionnoy therapy. CONCLUSION: The greatest unbalance of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is observed in patients, workers (RT), who suffer SU and UD in the absence of the contamination of H. pylori. The use of a method of study VCR in the conditions of the absence of H. pylori infection can make it possible to form the group of risk of development SU and UD in workers RT.

[Peculiarities of the strategy for the treatment of elderly patients with duodenal ulcer and concomitant metabolic syndrome].

The study showed that ulcer disease in patients with metabolic syndrome is characterized by painless clinical course, bowel disorders in the form of constipation, enhanced appetite, unmotivated requirement for hypoglycemic therapy predisposition to complications along with activation of the inflammatory process in duodenal mucosa, high H. pylori count. The data obtained were used to develop the age-specific strategy for the treatment of elderly patients with duodenal ulcer and concomitant metabolic syndrome.

[Laparoscopic resection of stomach in case of stomach ulcer].

Laparoscopic resection of stomach was done in 84 patients with complicated peptic ulcer of stomach and duodenum. There were 1.2% post-operative complications in case of laparoscopic resection of stomach in comparison with open resection, which had 33.3% complications. There were not deaths in case of laparoscopic resection of stomach. This indication was about 4% in patients after open resection. It was determined that functionalefficiency afterlaparoscopic resection was in 1.6-1.8 times higher than afteropen resectionof stomach.

[The method of duodenal bulb plasty in case of complicated chronic ulcer of back wall of the duodenal bulb].

It was proposed the method of organ-preserving surgical treatment of chronic ulcers of back wall of duodenal bulb complicated by decompensated stenosis and penetration in intrapancreatic part of common bile duct (RF patent number 2476164 from 27.02.2013). 12 patients were operated by using of this technique. One patient had post-operative pancreatitis. There were not lethal outcomes.

[The impact of antisecretory therapy on gastroduodenal ulcers healing after acute bleeding].

In this paper we compared the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 receptor antagonists on the morphogenesis of the marginal zone of gastric and duodenal ulcers in 56 patients withacute gastroduodenal bleeding. It is shown that the antisecretory drugs in the treatment of patients with acute ulcerative bleedingnot only affect on the secretory activity of the glands in gastroduodenal zone, but it also modulates inflammatory reparative process and the status of mucous and bicarbonate barrier. A greater anti-inflammatory effect of PPI in comparison with H2-receptor antagonists has been proved. Appointment of PPIs had more pronounced stimulation of angiogenesis and cell proliferation of the surface epithelium.

[Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric mucosa change and blood-lipid in people undergoing the physical examination in Changsha].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection and gastric mucosa change and blood-lipid in people undergoing the physical examination in Changsha. METHODS: A total of 2 264 people undergoing physical examination were divided into an H. pyloripositive group (n=1 068) and an H. pylori-negative group (n=1 196). Gastric mucosa change was diagnosed by gastroscopy, blood-lipid and blood sugar were detected, and the statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: The incidence rate of H.pylori infection was 47.2%. The incidence rate of gastric mucosal erosion, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric mucosal atrophy, gastric polyp, dyslipidemia, increase of triglyceride were (TG) and decrease of the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the H.pylori-positive group were all higher than those in the H.pylori-negative group (P<0.01 or P<0.05). In the H. pylori-positive group, the level of TG in people with gastric mucosal erosion, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer was higher than that in people with normal gastric mucosa or mild gastritis, and HDL-C was lower than that in people with normal gastric mucosa or mild gastritis. CONCLUSION: H. pylori infection can induce the gastric mucosa injury and dyslipidemia, which may result in the occurrence and development of coronary heart disease by increasing TG and decreasing HDL-C, thus increasing the risk of atherosclerosis.

Double oral esomeprazole after a 3-day intravenous esomeprazole infusion reduces recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding in high-risk patients: a randomised controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with high Rockall scores have increased risk of ulcer rebleeding after 3-day esomeprazole infusions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether double oral esomeprazole given after a 3-day esomeprazole infusion decreases ulcer rebleeding for patients with high Rockall scores. DESIGN: We prospectively enrolled 293 patients with peptic ulcer bleeding who had achieved endoscopic haemostasis. After a 3-day esomeprazole infusion, patients with Rockall scores ≥6 were randomised into the oral double-dose group (n=93) or the oral standard-dose group (n=94) to receive 11 days of oral esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily or once daily, respectively. The patients with Rockall scores <6 served as controls (n=89); they received 11 days of oral esomeprazole 40 mg once daily. Thereafter, all patients received oral esomeprazole 40 mg once daily for two more weeks until the end of the 28-day study period. The primary end point was peptic ulcer rebleeding. RESULTS: Among patients with Rockall scores ≥6, the oral double-dose group had a higher cumulative rebleeding-free proportion than the oral standard-dose group (p=0.02, log-rank test). The proportion of patients free from recurrent bleeding during the 4th-28th day in the oral double-dose group remained lower than that of the group with Rockall scores <6 (p=0.03, log-rank test). Among patients with Rockall scores ≥6, the rebleeding rate was lower in the oral double-dose group than in the oral standard-dose group (4th-28th day: 10.8% vs 28.7%, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Double oral esomeprazole at 40 mg twice daily after esomeprazole infusion reduced recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding in high-risk patients with Rockall scores ≥6. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01591083.

[Serotonergic regulation of the immune system].

The paper presents evidence on the important contribution of the peripheral serotonin system in the process of immunomodulation. The main components of the system - serotonin, receptors and serotonin transporter - are described. Possible mechanisms of serotonin regulation of activity of immune cells - lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells - are reviewed.