Network analysis of affect, emotion regulation, psychological capital, and resilience among Chinese males during the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Previous studies have confirmed that both affect and emotion regulation strategies are closely associated with psychological capital (PsyCap) and resilience. These factors are assumed to buffer the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, especially among males. However, these interactions have not been closely examined to date. To fill this gap, this paper explores the dimension-level relationships of these psychological constructs among Chinese males during the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and identified critical bridge dimensions using network analysis. Methods: A total of 1,490 Chinese males aged 21-51 years completed self-report scales assessing emotion regulation strategies, affect, PsyCap, and psychological resilience. Two regularized partial correlation networks, namely the affect and emotion regulation-PsyCap network and the affect and emotion regulation-psychological resilience network, were then constructed to examine links between the dimensions of these constructs. The bridge expected influence (BEI) index was also calculated for each node to identify important bridge nodes. Results: Positive affect, negative affect, cognitive reappraisal, and expressive suppression showed distinct and complex links to various dimensions of PsyCap or psychological resilience. In both networks, positive affect, cognitive reappraisal, and negative affect were identified as critical bridge nodes, with the first two having positive BEI values and the third having a negative value. Conclusion: The findings elucidate the specific role of the dimensions of emotion regulation or affect in relation to PsyCap and psychological resilience, which facilitates further understanding of the mechanisms underlying these interrelationships. These findings also provide implications for developing effective intervention strategies to increase PsyCap and psychological resilience.

Factors associated with perception of the current silhouette and body image dissatisfaction in adults with obesity / Fatores associados à percepção da silhueta atual e à insatisfação da imagem corporal em adultos com obesidade

ABSTRACT Objective To verify the factors associated with the perception of current silhouette and body image dissatisfaction in adults with obesity. Methods Cross-sectional study derived from the baseline of a randomized clinical trial. The perception of current silhouette and dissatisfaction with body image, defined by the difference between the perception of current and ideal silhouette, were obtained from a scale that ranged from one (smallest silhouette) to nine (largest silhouette). The independent variables investigated as associated factors (crude and adjusted linear regression) were: sex, age, skin color, body mass index (kg/m2), percentage of body fat, level of physical activity, and food intake. Results Sixty-nine obese individuals (body mass index ≥30kg/m2) were studied, 42 of whom were female and with the following mean values: 34.7 (±7.2) years; 33.5 (±2.8) kg/m2, and current silhouette of 6.6 (±0.9). All were dissatisfied with their excess body weight. The categories associated with a perception that matched the current silhouettes were male sex, white skin color, and higher body mass index values when compared to female sex, non-white, and lower body mass index values, respectively. Regarding body image dissatisfaction, white people had lower scores than those with other skin colors. Conclusion Being male, having white skin color, and having a higher body mass index were risk factors for the perception of larger body silhouettes, while only non-white skin color was associated with dissatisfaction with body image.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar os fatores associados à percepção da silhueta atual e à insatisfação com a imagem corporal em adultos com obesidade. Métodos Estudo transversal derivado da linha de base de um ensaio clínico randomizado. A percepção de silhueta atual e a insatisfação com a imagem corporal, definida pela diferença entre a percepção da silhueta atual e da ideal, foram obtidas a partir de uma escala variando de um (menor silhueta) a nove pontos (maior silhueta). As variáveis independentes investigadas como fatores associados (regressão linear bruta e ajustada) foram: sexo, idade, cor da pele, índice de massa corporal (kg/m2), percentual de gordura corporal, nível de atividade física e ingestão alimentar. Resultados Foram investigados 69 obesos (índice de massa corporal ≥30kg/m2), sendo 42 do sexo feminino e com os seguintes valores médios: 34,7 (±7,2) anos; 33,5 (±2,8) kg/m2 e silhueta atual de 6,6 (±0,9). Todos estavam insatisfeitos pelo excesso de peso corporal. As categorias que se associaram à percepção da silhueta atual foram o sexo masculino, a cor de pele branca e maiores valores de índice de massa corporal quando comparados os dados referentes ao sexo feminino, a pessoas de cor da pele não branca e a menores valores de índice de massa corporal, respectivamente. Quanto à insatisfação com a imagem corporal, pessoas consideradas brancas tiveram escores mais baixos que aquelas com outras cores de pele. Conclusão Ser do sexo masculino, ter cor da pele branca e ter maior índice de massa corporal foram fatores de risco para a percepção de silhuetas corporais maiores, enquanto apenas a cor da pele não branca esteve associada à insatisfação com a imagem corporal.

Do autoconhecimento ao autoconceito: revisão sobre construtos e instrumentos para crianças e adolescentes / Del auto conocimiento al auto concepto: revisión sobre constructos e instrumentos para niños y adolescentes / From self-knowledge to self-concept: review on constructs and instruments for children and adolescents

RESUMO. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o que há na literatura sobre o autoconhecimento e encontrar instrumentos disponíveis para avaliar tal construto voltado para o público de crianças e adolescentes, embasados na Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental. Como método, foi desenvolvida uma revisão de literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, PsycINFO, Lilacs e Scielo. Durante a escolha dos descritores notou-se uma justaposição entre os conceitos autoconhecimento e autoconceito. A partir disso, ambos os conceitos foram tratados como sinônimos, adotando o termo autoconceito para se referir aos dois conceitos. A busca resultou em 11 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de seleção. Sobre os estudos, os anos de publicação variaram de 2008 a 2018, com objetivos variados, englobando desde problemas envolvidos com a saúde até sintomas e transtornos psíquicos na infância e/ou adolescência. O autoconceito mostrou se relacionar ao maior bem-estar e qualidade de vida. Além disso, foram encontrados sete instrumentos que avaliam o autoconceito na infância e/ou adolescência, sendo dois com adaptação para a população brasileira. Concluiu-se que ainda há poucos estudos na literatura sobre esse assunto, como também uma lacuna de instrumentos para avaliá-lo na população brasileira infanto-juvenil. Dessa forma, este estudo confirmou que o autoconhecimento é construto complexo e multidimensional e que há a necessidade de mais estudos na área.

RESUMEN. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar qué hay en la literatura sobre el autoconocimiento y encontrar instrumentos disponibles para evaluar este constructo dirigido al público de niños y adolescentes, basado en la terapia cognitivo-conductual. Como método, se desarrolló una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO, Lilacs y Scielo. Durante la elección de los descriptores, hubo una yuxtaposición entre los conceptos de autoconocimiento y autoconcepto. A partir de esto, ambos conceptos fueron tratados como sinónimos, adoptando el término autoconcepto para referirse a ambos conceptos. La búsqueda arrojó 11 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Con respecto a los estudios, los años de publicación oscilaron entre 2008 y 2018, con objetivos variados, desde problemas de salud hasta síntomas y trastornos psíquicos en la infancia y / o adolescencia, se demostró que el autoconcepto se relaciona con un mayor bienestar y calidad de vida. Además, encontramos siete instrumentos que evalúan el autoconcepto en la infancia y / o adolescencia, dos con adaptación a la población brasileña. Resulta que todavía hay pocos estudios en la literatura sobre este tema, así como una brecha de instrumentos para evaluarlo en la población juvenil brasileña. Por lo tanto, este estudio confirmó que el autoconocimiento es una construcción compleja y multidimensional y la necesidad de realizar más estudios en el área.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to identify the material available in the literature about the self-knowledge and to find instruments to assess this construct aimed at the audience of children and adolescents, based on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. As a method, a literature review was performed in the PubMed, PsycINFO, Lilacs and Scielo databases. During the choice of descriptors, there was an overlap between the concepts self-knowledge and self-concept. From this, both concepts were treated as synonyms, adopting the term self-concept to refer to the two concepts. The search resulted in 11 articles that met the selection criteria. The studies were published from 2008 to 2018, with varied objectives, ranging from health problems to psychic symptoms and disorders in childhood and/or adolescence; self-concept was shown to be related to greater well-being and quality of life. In addition, seven instruments were found to assess self-concept in childhood and/or adolescence, two of which were adapted to the Brazilian population. In conclusion, there are still few studies in the literature on this subject, as well as a lack of instruments to assess it in the Brazilian population of children and adolescents. Thus, this study confirmed that self-knowledge is a complex and multidimensional construct and the need for further studies in the area.

COVID-19 en el adulto mayor: características clínicas e impacto sobre la salud mental / COVID-19 in the elderly: clinical features and impact on mental health

El propósito de esta revisión fue analizar la literatura existente con el fin de identificar los principales aspectos de la en- fermedad ocasionada por el SARS-CoV-2, así como su impacto en la salud mental del adulto mayor y su relación con la mortalidad en esta población en riesgo. Se revisó la información a partir de artículos de revistas electrónicas a través de las bases de datos Pubmed, Medline, Scopus y Google Scholar para el período julio 2020 a junio 2021. Entre los aspectos relevantes se encontró da- tos alarmantes, los pacientes con comorbilidades en este grupo de edad tenían 6 veces más probabilidad de ser hospitalizados y 12 veces más probabilidad de morir que una persona sin comorbili - dades. La salud mental es un importante factor en esta pandemia, se ha demostrado deterioro en estado general y enfermedades mentales debido a la ansiedad y aislamiento social secundario a la pandemia en este grupo...(AU)

Demographic, Behavioural and Anthropometric Correlates of Food Liking: A Cross-sectional Analysis of Young Adults.

The degree to which foods are liked or disliked is associated with dietary intake and health behaviours. However, most food liking research has focused on single foods and nutrients and few studies have examined associations with demographics and health behaviours. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between food liking and socio-demographics, health behaviours, diet quality and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of young Australian adults. Data from 1728 undergraduate students (21.8 (standard deviation [SD] 6.0) years; 76% female) were used. Food liking scores and a diet quality index (Dietary Guideline Index, DGI) were estimated from a Food Liking Questionnaire and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), respectively. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to assess the association between food liking and correlates. Young adults with higher liking for encouraged core foods were older, female, did their own food shopping, consumed less packaged foods and had better diet quality. Higher liking for discretionary foods and beverages was associated with less healthy behaviours, such as smoking, higher BMI and lower diet quality. These results suggest that food liking measures may offer an appropriate methodology for understanding influences on young adults' food choices, adding to the body of literature investigating the potential for food liking scores to assess diet-disease relationships.

The Examination of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Perceived Adulthood in Emerging Adults.

Emerging adults differ in terms of the extent to which they perceive themselves as adults. We examined how the ability to perform activities related to independent living (i.e., instrumental activities of daily living [IADLs]) was associated with perceived adulthood. Data were collected from 236 emerging adults in college. Results suggested that IADL scores were positively related to perceived adulthood and achieved criteria of adulthood even after controlling for race, year in school, age, and sex. Results are discussed in terms of the development and importance of IADLs during emerging adulthood.

Programa lúdico para o âmbito corporativo: interesse e satisfação de funcionários / Program of playful interventions in the corporate field: interest and satisfaction of the enployees

Este estudo qualitativo objetivou avaliar o interesse e a satisfação de participantes de um programa lúdico para o âmbito corporativo e foi desenvolvido por meio de pesquisas bibliográfica e exploratória. A amostra contou com 25 funcionários de uma empresa, escolhida por conveniência, os quais participaram de um programa lúdico de longo prazo, visando refletir sobre problemas relacionados ao contexto do trabalho, de forma colaborativa, por meio de jogos. Os resultados da aplicação de escala do tipo Likert, analisados descritivamente pela Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, indicam alto interesse e satisfação dos participantes frente às intervenções lúdicas realizadas durante o programa oferecido. Com base nesses resultados, torna-se relevante a ampliação das discussões sobre esta temática, no sentido de incentivar novas práticas envolvendo o lúdico e empresas.

This qualitative study aimed to analyze the interest and satisfaction of the participants of a program interventions playfulin the corporate field, developed through bibliographical and exploratory researches. Twenty-five employees, of a chosen company, took part in a long-term program inteventions playful in order to reflect upon the problems related to the working environment in a collaborative way through games. The results of the application of a Likert scale which was descriptively analyzed by Content Analysis Technique and pointed out the high participant's interest and satisfaction concerning the playful activities that were present during the offered program. Based on these results, it is relevant to broaden the discussions about this issue so as to encourage new practices involving interventions playful in companies.

The Role of Current Family Relationships in Associations Between Childhood Abuse and Adult Psychological Functioning.

OBJECTIVES: Childhood abuse has long-term negative effects on adult psychological well-being. This study examined whether and how adults with a history of childhood abuse may experience poor psychological functioning partly due to aspects of current family relationships. METHOD: We estimated multilevel mediation models using 3 waves of longitudinal data from 3,487 participants in the study of Midlife Development in the United States. Outcomes measured included negative affect, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being. We included aspects of family relationships as mediators: perceived support, perceived strain, frequency of contact, and hours of providing instrumental and emotional support. RESULTS: Multilevel mediation models showed that childhood verbal and physical abuse negatively affected diverse aspects of family relationships in later adulthood (i.e., less perceived support, more perceived strain, less frequent contact, and fewer hours of providing instrumental support). We also found that less perceived support and more family strain significantly mediated the associations between childhood abuse and all 3 psychological functioning outcomes. DISCUSSION: Childhood abuse appears to hinder perceived availability of family support in adulthood, which may undermine the psychological functioning of adults with a history of childhood abuse. To improve their psychological health, interventions should focus on facilitating supportive and functional family relationships.

Validación del Cuestionario Epidemiológico en Sintomatología Mental ­CESIM- en población Argentina / Validação do questionário epidemiológico na sintomatologia mental -cesim- na população Argentina / Validation of the epidemiological questionnaire -cesim- in mental symptomatology in argentinian population

La planificación estratégica del sistema sanitario se basa en información epidemiológica. Estos datos se recaban principalmente de evaluaciones sobre las consultas que posee el sistema de salud y permiten estimar la población afectada. Las técnicas que se utilizan son principalmente la de organismos internacionales y estas no tienen consistencia ecológica ni están validadas en el país. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario Epidemiológico en Sintomatología Mental versión breve (CESIM) y brindar datos normativos para población adulta argentina. La investigación se enmarcó en un diseño instrumental. Participaron 1216 adultos de 18 a 90 años de edad, con una distribución proporcional en tres localidades argentinas: Gran Mendoza, La Plata y Avellaneda. A partir del estudio factorial del CESIM se obtuvo una estructura simple y clara del cuestionario compuesta por 37 ítems que se agruparon en 8 factores interpretables, los cuales explicaron el 46% de la varianza total del instrumento. El puntaje total del CESIM presentó una excelente consistencia interna. El estudio descriptivo de la sintomatología mental en las personas participantes indicó, en línea con investigaciones previas, que las mujeres y las personas con bajos niveles de instrucción presentaron mayores niveles de sintomatología mental. Los residentes de Mendoza presentaron los niveles más altos de sintomatología mental. Se concluye que el CESIM es un instrumento con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y validez ecológica para evaluar la sintomatología mental en adultos argentinos

O planejamento estratégico do sistema de saúde é baseado em informações epidemiológicas. Esses dados são coletados principalmente a partir de avaliações sobre as consultas que o sistema de saúde possui e permitem estimar a população afetada. As técnicas utilizadas são principalmente aquelas de organizações internacionais e estas não possuem consistência ecológica nem são validadas no país. Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar as propriedades psicométricas do Questionário Epidemiológico em Sintomatologia Mental versão curta (CESIM) e fornecer dados normativos para a população adulta argentina. A pesquisa foi enquadrada em um desenho instrumental. Participaram nela 1216 adultos com idades entre 18 e 90 anos de idade, com uma distribuição proporcional de três localidades argentinas: Gran Mendoza, La Plata e Avellaneda. Apartir do estudo fatorial de CESIM foi obtida uma estrutura simples e clara do questionário, composta de 37 itens que foram agrupados em 8 fatores interpretáveis que explicaram 46% da variância total do instrumento. A pontagem total do CESIM apresentou excelente consistência interna. O estudo descritivo da sintomatologia mental nos participantes indicou, em consonância com pesquisas anteriores, que mulheres e pessoas com baixa escolaridade apresentavam níveis mais elevados de sintomas mentais. Os moradores de Mendoza apresentaram os mais altos níveis de sintomas mentais. Conclui-se que o CESIM é um instrumento com adequadas propriedades psicométricas e validade ecológica para avaliar a sintomatologia mental em adultos argentinos.

The strategic planning of the health system is based on epidemiological information. Data are mainly obtained from evaluations on consultations the health system has, and allow an estimation of the affected population. Techniques used mainly belong to international organisms and do not have ecological consistency and are not validated in the country. The objectives of this study were to analyze the short version of the Epidemiological Questionnaire on Mental Symptomatology (CESIM, for its Spanish acronym) and provide regulatory data for the adult population. Research presented an instrumental design. There were 1216 adults from 18 to 90 years old, with a proportional distribution in three Argentinian locations: Gran Mendoza, La Plata and Avellaneda. From the factorial analysis of CESIM, a simple and clear structure of the questionnaire was obtained, made up of 37 items grouped in 8 interpretable factors which explained 46% of the instrument total variance. CESIM total score presented excellent internal consistency. The descriptive study of mental symptomatology in the participants showed, in accordance with previous research, that women and people with low educational level presented higher levels of mental symptomatology. Mendoza residents presented the highest levels of mental symptomatology. We conclude that CESIM is an effective instrument to assess mental symptomatology in Argentinian adults since it presents appropriate psychometric properties and ecological validity.

Experiences of adult cancer patients receiving counseling from nurses: a qualitative systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Counseling is a brief psycho-educational intervention that is useful in facilitating personal growth and adaptive resolution of life stresses. With increased recognition on the psycho-emotional needs of patients with cancer, it is prudent to consider the possibility of expanding the role of nurses in the provision of counseling. OBJECTIVE: This qualitative systematic review aimed to establish the best available evidence on the experiences of adult cancer patients receiving counseling provided by nurses. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review included studies on adult cancer patients of at least 18 years of age who were diagnosed with oncological malignancies of any type and staging. The phenomena of interest were the experiences of adult cancer patients who received nurse counseling (patient education, psycho-education and/or supportive counseling) that was conducted face-to-face or via other communication modes. The review included studies done in institutional and community settings. Qualitative data including, but not limited to, designs of phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, action research, feminist research and mixed methods research were considered. SEARCH STRATEGY: A three-step search strategy was utilized to find both published and unpublished studies in the English language. Databases searched included CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, JSTOR, PsycINFO, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. Two reviewers independently appraised the 14 included studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research. The studies were of moderate to high quality, mostly, falling short in quality due to lack of statements locating the researchers and their influence on the research. Data were extracted from included papers using the standardized JBI data extraction tool. DATA SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently reviewed and pooled similar findings into categories. All three reviewers then collaborated in finalizing these derived categories to generate a meta-synthesis. RESULTS: Five synthesized findings were generated during the meta-synthesis: (1) Nurses provide tailored information and teaching to enhance patients' coping; (2) Nurses attend to patients' emotional needs; (3) Nurses assume the role of a significant person in the patients' journey; (4) Patients feel valued as a whole person and the ready availability of nursing interactions; and (5) Nursing role ambiguity and time constraints limit nurse counseling. CONCLUSION: Overall, cancer patients' experiences with nurse counseling are positive and beneficial to them. Despite some nursing role ambiguity and time constraints impeding nurse counseling, this review has established the diverse instrumental roles nurses have played in enhancing adaptive coping in patients across their illness trajectory. In particular, the nurses' presence and availability, a trusting nurse-patient relationship, use of psychotherapy techniques, a holistic approach, human touch and continuity of care were highlighted as key factors in enhancing healing. The role of the nurse navigator and the use of expressive writing warrant more attention when tending to patients' psycho-emotional distress.

O trabalho como atividade principal no desenvolvimento psíquico do indivíduo adulto / Labor as the leading activity in the psychic development of adult individual / El trabajo como actividad rectora en el desarrollo psíquico del individuo adulto

Este artigo visa analisar, por meio da revisão teórica de autores clássicos e contemporâneos da psicologia histórico-cultural, o trabalho como atividade principal na vida adulta, isto é, como a atividade que orienta as principais mudanças no psiquismo humano e na personalidade nessa idade. Para tanto, abstrai e generaliza elementos constantes nos estudos sobre periodização do desenvolvimento psíquico humano. Por um lado, identifica os conteúdos e processos psicológicos que, produzidos pelo trabalho, evidenciam sua relevância para o desenvolvimento do indivíduo adulto. Por outro, aborda os processos de alienação inerentes à sociedade capitalista, que alienam o trabalho como atividade principal. Assim, o trabalho se apresenta, dialeticamente, como atividade humanizadora e alienada. Entende-se que este estudo contribui para o avanço teórico-metodológico da psicologia histórico-cultural por abordar a questão do trabalho como atividade principal, uma discussão que se encontra ainda incipiente e pouco sistematizada. Além disso, supera o enfoque dos estudos sobre o desenvolvimento centrados na infância e reitera o rompimento com a perspectiva maturacionista de que a vida adulta é um período de estagnação do desenvolvimento. Pela análise do trabalho como atividade principal conclui-se que o desenvolvimento psicológico, produzido na vida adulta, se expressa, principalmente, por uma série de aquisições de habilidades e capacidades, pelo exercício da criatividade, por uma complexa reestruturação da esfera afetivo-motivacional da personalidade, pelo desenvolvimento da autoconsciência e pelo movimento dialético da consciência de classe, que tensiona a contradição entre o polo humanizador e o polo alienado/alienante do trabalho numa sociedade que limita e empobrece esse mesmo desenvolvimento.

This paper aims to analyze, through the theoretical revision of classic and contemporary authors of Historical-Cultural Psychology, labor as the leading activity of adult life, that is to say, as the activity which guides the main changes in human psyche and personality at this age. For this purpose, abstracts and generalizes elements from the studies about periodization of human psychic development. On the one hand, it identifies the psychological contents and processes that, being produced by labor, highlight this activity relevance for adult individual formation. On the other hand, it approaches the alienation processes inherent to capitalist society, which alienates labor as a leading activity. Thus, labor shows up, dialectically, as a humanizing and alienating activity. We understand that this study brings contributions for methodological theoretical advance of Cultural-Historical Psychology because it addresses the issue of labor as a leading activity, that is a still incipient and little systemized discussion. Moreover, it overcomes the focus of development studies that emphasize childhood and reiterates the rupture related to maturacionist perspective, according to which adult life is a period of development stagnation. By the analysis of labor under the concept of leading activity, we conclude that psychological development in adult life is mainly expressed by several acquirements of abilities and capabilities, by the exercise of creativity, by a complex restructuration of the affective-motivational sphere of personality, by the promotion of self-awareness and by the dialectical movement of class consciousness, that stresses the contradiction between the humanizing pole and the alienated/alienating pole of labor in a society that limits and impoverishes this same development.

Este artículo pretende analizar, por medio de la revisión teórica de autores clásicos y contemporáneos de la Psicología Histórico-Cultural, el trabajo como actividad rectora en la edad adulta, es decir, como la actividad que guía los principales cambios en la psique humana y la personalidad en esta edad. A tal fin, abstrae y generaliza elementos constantes en los estudios sobre la periodización del desarrollo psíquico humano. Por un lado, identifica los contenidos y los procesos psicológicos que, producidos por el trabajo, demuestran la importancia de esto para la formación del individuo adulto. En el otro lado, discute los procesos de alienación inherente a la sociedad capitalista, que alienan el trabajo como actividad rectora. Así, el trabajo aparece, dial écticamente, como actividad de humanización y de alienación. Se entiende que este estudio contribuye al avance teórico y metodológico de la Psicología Histórico-Cultural, puesto que aborda el tema del trabajo como actividad rectora, una discusión que todavía es incipiente y poco sistematizada. Además, transciende el enfoque de los estudios sobre el desarrollo que se concentran en la infancia y reitera la ruptura con la perspectiva maturacionista de que la edad adulta es un período de estancamiento del desarrollo. En el análisis del trabajo como actividad rectora se concluye que el desarrollo psicológico producido en la edad adulta se expresa a través, principalmente, de una serie de adquisiciones de habilidades y capacidades, del ejercicio de la creatividad, de una compleja reestructuración de la esfera afectivo-motivacional de la personalidad, del desarrollo de la autoconsciencia y del movimiento dialectico de la conciencia de clase, que hace más estricta la contradicción entre el polo de humanización y el polo alienado/de alienación del trabajo en una sociedad que restringe y empobrece este mismo desarrollo.

Avaliação de aspectos cognitivos em adultos: análise de manuais de instrumentos aprovados / Assessment of cognitive aspects in adults: Analysis of the manuals of approved tests / Evaluación de los aspectos cognitivos en adultos: análisis de lós manuales de los instrumentos aprobados

A avaliação psicológica é uma prática especializada do profissional psicólogo, contudo, para adequada realização, são necessários instrumentos que contemplem requisitos mínimos, tais como estudos psicométricos de validade e precisão dos instrumentos e referencial teórico robusto. Além disso, é preciso a aprovação do Sistema de Avaliação de Testes Psicológicos (SATEPSI) para sua utilização profissional. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise dos testes de avaliação cognitiva voltados para adultos disponíveis e aprovados pelo SATEPSI, a fim de apresentar dados sobre os aspectos cognitivos avaliados, suas propriedades psicométricas e a qualidade das informações contidas em seu manual. No total, 57 instrumentos que avaliam aspectos cognitivos em adultos foram incluídos, sendo inteligência e atenção os construtos mais estudados. A maior parte apresentava adequada relação entre estudos psicométricos e critérios de indicação do teste. Ressalta-se a importância de serem construídos mais instrumentos destinados à avaliação de processos cognitivos distintos, além de uma apresentação mais clara das características dos instrumentos nos manuais comercializados.(AU)

Psychological assessment is a specialized practice of professional psychologist. However, for its proper conduct, instruments dealing with minimum requirements are necessary, such as complete psychometric studies of validity and accuracy of instruments and robust theoretical framework. In addition, approval of the Sistema de Avaliação de Testes Psicológicos (SATEPSI) for your professional use is required. The aim of this study was to conduct an analysis of cognitive assessment tests available on the market and approved by SATEPSI in order to present data on the cognitive aspects that these instruments assess, its psychometric properties and the quality of the information contained in your manual. A total of 57 instruments that assess cognitive aspects in adults were included, intelligence and attention the most studied constructs. Most had adequate relationship between psychometric studies and test indication criteria. It emphasizes the importance of being built more instruments for the assessment of different cognitive processes, as well as a clearer presentation characteristics of the instruments traded in the manuals.(AU)

La evaluación psicológica es una práctica especializada del profesional de la psicología, sin embargo, para el correcto desarrollo, son necesarios instrumentos que se ocupan de los requisitos mínimos, como los estudios psicométricos de validez y exactitud de los instrumentos y marco teórico robusto. Por otra parte, es necesario la aprobación de SATEPSI para su uso profesional. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un análisis de las pruebas de evaluación cognitivos disponibles en el mercado y aprobado por SATEPSI con el fin de presentar los datos sobre los aspectos cognitivos que estos instrumentos evalúan, sus propiedades psicométricas y la calidad de la información contenida en el manual . Se incluyeron un total de 57 instrumentos que evalúan aspectos cognitivos en adultos, la inteligencia y la atención de las construcciones más estudiados. La mayoría tenía relación adecuada entre los estudios psicométricos y criterios de indicación de pruebas. Se hace hincapié en la importancia de que se está construyendo más instrumentos para la evaluación de diferentes procesos cognitivos, así como unas claras características de presentación de los instrumentos negociados en los manuales.(AU)

Characteristics of Empathy in young people measured by the Spanish validation of the Basic Empathy Scale.

BACKGROUND: Empathy is a personality feature that can play a major role in predicting the emotional and social functioning of adolescents (Jolliffe & Farrington, 2006). Recent research confirms the existence of two fundamental dimensions embedded within this construct, Affective Empathy (experiencing a congruent emotional response with another person) and Cognitive Empathy (understanding rationally the emotions of another person). The Basic Empathy Scale (Jolliffe & Farrington, 2006) is an up-to-date instrument which has been reported to satisfactorily measure these two dimensions. METHOD: We used a sample of 752 adolescents (339 males, 413 females) aged 14-25 who completed the Spanish adaptation of BES. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Spanish adaptation of the scale had the same bi-factorial structure as the original (CFI = .93). This adaptation also showed both satisfactory reliability (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient > .92) and discriminant and convergent validity with regard to measurements of Narcissism, Psychoticism and Agreeableness. Females were found to have higher scores than males both in Affective and Cognitive Empathy. Both subscales show a direct significant correlation with age. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence suggested that this revised scale possessed good psychometric properties for evaluating empathy in Spanish young people.

[Adult pattern of alcohol use as perceived by adolescents]. / El patrón de consumo de alcohol en adultos desde la perspectiva de los adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the views of a sample of adolescents on the pattern of alcohol consumption shown by adults in their social environment. METHOD: A qualitative study was conducted using the method proposed by grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Data were collected through five discussion groups. Participants were selected by theoretical sampling in the initial and emerging phases of the study by applying criteria based on previous research. Heterogeneity-homogeneity criteria were used in the composition of the groups. The final sample consisted on 40 adolescents of both sexes between 15 and 20 years from four educational centres in Seville (Spain). RESULTS: According to the adolescents interviewed, alcohol use was normal among adults, geared towards fun, and was linked to social gatherings and to abusive and intensive consumption including drinking spirits. Data from recent studies partly contradict adolescents' perceptions, showing a pattern of consumption in adults associated mostly with the gastronomic and social component of drink and with moderate intake of beer and wine. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that adolescents may have a distorted view of the reality of adult patterns of alcohol use. As an explanation, we hypothesize that, faced with conflicting information, adolescents prioritize the information that best fits their view of what is socially acceptable and what meets their own hedonistic and social needs.

Habilidades sociais e fatores de risco e proteção na adultez emergente / Social skills and risk and protective factors in emerging adulthood / Habilidades sociales y factores de riesgo y de protección en la adultez emergente

Este estudo objetivou avaliar relações entre habilidades sociais e pensamentos negativos com fatores de proteção e de risco na adultez emergente. Participaram 521 adultos entre 18 e 30 anos (M = 22,68; DP = 3,21). Os participantes foram agrupados com base em seus escores de habilidades sociais e presença de pensamentos negativos frente a interações sociais. Foram desenvolvidas ANOVAS para comparação das médias entre os grupos. Comparações de grupos demonstraram diferenças significativas entre eles, em que o grupo socialmente competente apresentou medias superiores de fatores de proteção e inferiores nos fatores de risco em relação aos demais. Habilidades sociais podem ser consideradas fator de proteção, sua presença está associada a melhores índices de autoestima, autoeficácia e qualidade nos relacionamentos.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between social skills, negative thoughts and protective and risk factors. The study included 521 emerging adults aged between 18 and 30 years (M = 22.68 years, SD = 3.21). To evaluate the relationship between variables, the participants were grouped based on their scores of social skills and presence of negative thoughts regarding social interaction. ANOVAS were conducted to compare means among groups. Results pointed out that the most socially skilled group had a greater presence of protective factors and lower of risk factors in relation to other groups. Social skills may be considered as a protective factor because they are related to increased self-esteem, self-efficacy and quality in relationships, helping in the formation of supportive networks.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las relaciones entre las habilidades sociales y los pensamientos negativos con factores protectores y de riesgo en la adultez emergente. Participaron 521 adultos entre 18 y 30 años (M = 22.68, SD = 3.21). Los participantes fueron agruparon en base a sus puntuaciones de las habilidades sociales y la presencia de pensamientos negativos en las interacciones sociales. ANOVAs fueron desarrollados para comparar las medias entre los grupos. Comparaciones de grupo mostraron diferencias significativas entre ellos, el grupo socialmente competente tuve mayores promedios de los factores de protección y más bajos en los factores de riesgo en relación con los demás. Las habilidades sociales pueden considerarse como un factor protector, su presencia se asocia con mejores niveles de autoestima, la autoeficacia y calidad en las relaciones.

Grupos de convivência para idosos: participantes, egressos e desinteressados / Socialization groups for the elderly: participants, drop-outs, and uninterested / Grupos de convivencia para ancianos: participar, salir y desinteresarse

Grupos de Convivência (GCs) para idosos são idealizados como locais de excelência na oferta de lazer ao idoso. Essa idealização pode limitar a busca por práticas de lazer mais condizentes com interesses e necessidades do envelhecente. Investigar os motivos da participação, da saída e do desinteresse por GCs é raro na literatura, mas socialmente relevante. Foram entrevistados 12 idosos participantes de GC, 12 egressos e 12 desinteressados sobre motivos da participação, saída, ou desinteresse por GCs. Além de motivos familiares e de saúde, foram evidentes as justificativas sobre relações com os profissionais e colegas e diferenças entre GCs, tanto quanto à programação, como à acessibilidade urbana ao local. Idosos desinteressados de GCs relataram grande ocupação do tempo livre com atividades prazerosas, de descanso e de desenvolvimento pessoal e social

Socialization groups (SGs) for the elderly are idealized places of excellence in leisure for the elderly. This idealization may limit the search for leisure practices more tuned to interests and needs of the aging individual. The literature seldom shows investigations on reasons for participation, giving up and nor being interested, yet this is a socially relevant topic. We interviewed 12 elders that attend a SG, 12 ex-participants, and 12 non-participants about their reasons for participating, leaving or not being interested in SGs. Besides family and health reasons, their motives included interpersonal relations with physical educators and colleagues and differences among SGs, the activities offered, and urban accessibility to get there. Elders not interested in SGs reported an extensive occupation of their free time with pleasurable activities, rest, and activities that promote personal and social development

Los Grupos de Convivencia (GC) para adultos mayores son idealizados como excelentes lugares de oferta de actividades de ocio para ancianos. Esta idealización puede limitar la búsqueda por prácticas de ocio más acordes con sus intereses y necesidades. Investigar las razones para participar, salir o desinteresarse en los GC es inusual, pero socialmente relevante. Se entrevistaron 12 ancianos participantes de GC, 12 que abandonaron y 12 desinteresados en participar, sobre sus motivos para ello. Además de razones familiares y de salud, se evidenciaron justificaciones sobre relaciones interpersonales, así como diferencias entre GC respecto a la programación y a la accesibilidad urbana al local. Los ancianos desinteresados en GC citaron gran ocupación del tiempo libre con actividades placenteras, de descanso y de desarrollo personal y social

Resiliencia en adultos: una revisión teórica / Resilience in adults: a theoretical review

El objetivo de este estudio es hacer una revisión teórica entre los años 2000 y 2011 sobre la resiliencia en adultos. Se trata de un estudio teórico. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos Scopus, PsycInfo, Psicodoc, Web of Science y Dialnet y en los sumarios ISOC (Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades). En total, se localizaron 412 artículos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión establecidos. Se concluye que en los estudios publicados entre los años 2000 y 2011 sobre resiliencia en personas adultas prevalecen las publicaciones con diseño transversal, en lengua inglesa, de tipo cuantitativo, con muestras estadounidenses y relacionando la resiliencia con los trastornos psicopatológicos. Se hace énfasis en la necesidad de incluir la resiliencia en programas educativos en salud, para mejorar las formas de afrontamiento en el contexto del riesgo y la adversidad.

The objective of this study is to make a theoretical review on resilience in adults between the year 2000 and 2011. A search of papers published in the databases Scopus, PsycInfo, Psicodoc, Web of Science and summaries Dialnet and ISOC (Social Sciences and Humanities) was performed. In total, 418 items were found that met the inclusion criteria. We conclude that in the studies published between 200 and 2011 on resilience in adults prevail cross-sectional studies, published in English, quantitative, and using samples from USA. Resilience is related psychological disorders. It is emphasized the need to include resilience in health education programs to improve ways of coping in the context of risk and adversity.

Use of Health Belief Model Variables To Examine Self-Reported Food Handling Behaviors in a Sample of U.S. Adults Attending a Tailgate Event.

Unsafe food handling behaviors are common among consumers, and, given the venue, individuals attending a tailgating event may be at risk for foodborne illness. The objective of this study was to measure the association between Health Belief Model variables and self-reported usual food handling behaviors in a convenience sample of men and women at a tailgate event. Participants (n = 128) completed validated subscales for self-reported food handling behaviors (i.e., cross-contamination, sanitation), perceived threat of foodborne illness (i.e., perceived severity, perceived susceptibility), and safe food handling cues to action (i.e., media cues, educational cues). Perceived severity of foodborne illness was associated with safer behaviors related to sanitation (r = 0.40; P < 0.001) and cross-contamination (r = 0.33; P = 0.001). Perceived severity of foodborne illness was also associated with exposure to safe food handling media cues (r = 0.20; P = 0.027) but not with safe food handling educational cues. A large proportion of participants reported that they never or seldom (i) read newspaper or magazine articles about foodborne illness (65.6%); (ii) read brochures about safe ways to handle food (61.7%); (iii) see store displays that explain ways to handle food (51.6%); or (iv) read the "safe handling instructions" on packages of raw meat and poultry (46.9%). Perceived severity of foodborne illness was positively related to both dimensions of safe food handling as well as with safe food handling media cues. Except for the weak correlation between media cues and perceived severity, the relationships between safe food handling cues and perceived threat, as well as between safe food handling cues and behaviors, were nonsignificant. This finding may be due, in part, to the participants' overall low exposure to safe food handling cues. The overall results of this study reinforce the postulate that perceived severity of foodborne illness may influence food handling behaviors.

Childhood Psychosocial Adversity and Adult Neighborhood Disadvantage as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease: A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood adverse psychosocial factors (eg, parental divorce, long-term financial difficulties) and adult neighborhood disadvantage have both been linked to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, their combined effects on disease risk are not known. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants were 37 699 adults from the Finnish Public Sector study whose data were linked to a national neighborhood disadvantage grid with the use of residential addresses between the years 2000 and 2008 and who responded to a survey on childhood psychosocial adversities and adult CVD risk behaviors in 2008 to 2009. Survey data were also linked to national registers on hospitalization, mortality, and prescriptions to assess CVD risk factors in 2008 to 2009 and to ascertain incident CVD (coronary heart disease or cerebrovascular disease) between the survey and the end of December 2011 (mean follow-up, 2.94 years; SD=0.44 years). Combined exposure to high childhood adversity and high adult disadvantage was associated with CVD risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, heavy alcohol use, and physical inactivity) and with a 2.25-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.39-3.63) hazard of incident CVD compared with a low childhood adversity and low adult disadvantage. This hazard ratio was attenuated by 16.6% but remained statistically significant after adjustment for the CVD risk factors (1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-3.16). Exposure to high childhood adversity or high adult neighborhood disadvantage alone was not significantly associated with CVD in fully adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that individuals with both childhood psychosocial adversity and adult neighborhood disadvantage are at an increased risk of CVD. In contrast, those with only 1 of these exposures have little or no excess risk after controlling for conventional risk factors.

Elaboração de técnica para avaliar o pensamento contrafactual em adultos / Preparation of technique to evaluate the adults in counterfactual thinking / Preparación de técnica para evaluar los adultos en pensamiento contrafactual

O pensamento contrafactual equivale a modificações mentais para eventos passados, podendo produzir consequências benéficas ou aversivas. Esse tipo de pensamento está associado a processos cognitivos como resolução de problemas, tomada de decisão, capacidade de enfrentamento, entre outros, podendo auxiliar no entendimento de grupos específicos, tais como: depressivos, esquizofrênicos e vítimas de violência. No Brasil, estudos sobre esse tipo de pensamento são muito escassos, não havendo materiais disponíveis para facilitar sua evocação. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar e avaliar um instrumento para acessar o pensamento contrafactual de adultos. Participaram cinco alunos de pós-graduação, capacitados para avaliar o material e as alternativas de modificação da realidade. Após a primeira avaliação, apenas sete de um total de 24 alternativas atingiram índice de concordância satisfatório, sendo necessárias quatro avaliações até que se atingisse esse índice em todas as alternativas. Ao final, o material foi constituído de cinco histórias, seguidas de perguntas de modificações livres e alternativas de modificação de aspectos da mesma. Considerando a elevada concordância entre os juízes ao final das avaliações, julgou-se o material adequado para avaliar o pensamento contrafactual de adultos.

The counterfactual thinking are mental modifications to past events and may produce beneficial or aversive consequences. This kind of thinking is associated with cognitive processes such as problem solving, decision making, coping skills, among others, and can help to understand specific groups such as depressive, schizophrenic and victims of violence. In Brazil, studies on this type of thinking are very scarce, and there are no materials available for easy recall. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a material to access the counterfactual thinking in adults. Participated five graduated students, trained to evaluate the material and the alternatives of modifications to reality. The agreement between the judges was paired with the original proposal of the researchers. After the first evaluation, seven of 24 alternatives reached satisfactory level of agreement, requiring four evaluations performed up to this index in all alternatives. At the end, the material consisted of five stories, followed by questions of free modifications and alternatives of modification in the story. Considering the high concordance among the judges at the end of the evaluations, it was deemed the material adequate to assess counterfactual thinking in adults.

El pensamiento contrafactual son modificaciones mentales de acontecimientos pasados y pueden producir consecuencias benéficas o aversivos. Este tipo de pensamiento se asocia con procesos cognitivos como la resolución de problemas, toma de decisiones, habilidades de afrontamiento, entre otros, y puede ayudar en la comprensión de los grupos específicos, tales como la depresión, la esquizofrenia y las víctimas de la violência. En Brasil, los estudios sobre este tipo de pensamiento son muy escasos, y no hay materiales disponibles para una fácil recuperación. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar y evaluar un material a acceder los pensamientos contrafactuais de adultos. Participó cinco estudiantes de posgrado, capacitados para evaluar lo material y lãs alternativas de modificación de la realidad. El acuerdo entre los jueces fue emparejado con la propuesta original de los investigadores. Después de la primera evaluación, siete de 24 alternativas alcanzaron nivel satisfactorio de acuerdo. Necessitó de cuatro evaluaciones realizadas hasta este índice en todas las alternativas. Al final, el material consistió de cinco pisos, seguido de preguntas de modificaciones libres y alternativas de modificacion de aspectos de la historia. Teniendo en cuenta la alta concordancia entre los jueces, se consideró el material adecuado para evaluar a los pensamientos contrafactuais de adultos.