RESUMEN
Plantations actively participate in the global carbon cycle and play a significant role in mitigating global climate change. However, the influence of forest management strategies, especially planting density management, on the biomass carbon storage and production value of plantations for ensuring carbon sink benefits is still unclear. In this study, we estimated the carbon sequestration and economic value of Pinus massoniana plantations with various stand densities and rotation ages using a growth model method. The results revealed that with increasing stand age, low-density plantations at 2000 trees·ha-1 (358.80 m3·ha-1), as well as high-density plantations at 4500 trees·ha-1 (359.10 m3·ha-1), exhibited nearly identical standing volumes, which indicated that reduced inter-tree competition intensity favors the growth of larger trees during later stages of development. Furthermore, an increase in planting density led to a decrease in the average carbon sequestration rate, carbon sink, and number of trees during the rapid growth period, indicating that broader spacing between trees is favorable for biomass carbon accumulation. Further, extending the rotation period from 15 to 20 years or 25 years and reducing the optimal planting density from 3000 to 2000 trees·ha-1 increased the overall benefits of combined timber and carbon sink income by 2.14 and 3.13 times, respectively. The results highlighted that optimizing the planting density positively impacts the timber productivity and carbon sink storage of Pinus massoniana plantations and boosts the expected profits of forest managers. Thus, future afforestation initiatives must consider stand age and planting density management to shift from a scale-speed pattern to a quality-benefit design.
Asunto(s)
Biomasa , Secuestro de Carbono , Pinus , Pinus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pinus/metabolismo , China , Bosques , Carbono/metabolismo , Agricultura Forestal/métodos , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Cambio Climático , Árboles/crecimiento & desarrollo , Árboles/metabolismoRESUMEN
Forests play a key role in the mitigation of global warming and provide many other vital ecosystem goods and services. However, as forest continues to vanish at an alarming rate from the surface of the planet, the world desperately needs knowledge on what contributes to forest preservation and restoration. Migration, a hallmark of globalization, is widely recognized as a main driver of forest recovery and poverty alleviation. Here, we show that remittance from migrants reinforces forest recovery that would otherwise be unlikely with mere migration, realizing the additionality of payments for ecosystem services for China's largest reforestation policy, the Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program (CCFP). Guided by the framework that integrates telecoupling and coupled natural and human systems, we investigate forest-livelihood dynamics under the CCFP through the lens of rural out-migration and remittance using both satellite remote sensing imagery and household survey data in two representative sites of rural China. Results show that payments from the CCFP significantly increases the probability of sending remittance by out-migrants to their origin households. We observe substantial forest regeneration and greening surrounding households receiving remittance but forest decline and browning in proximity to households with migrants but not receiving remittance, as measured by forest coverage and the Enhanced Vegetation Index derived from space-borne remotely sensed data. The primary mechanism is that remittance reduces the reliance of households on natural capital from forests, particularly fuelwood, allowing forests near the households to recover. The shares of the estimated ecological and economic additionality induced by remittance are 2.0% (1.4%â¼3.8%) and 9.7% (5.0%â¼15.2%), respectively, to the baseline of the reforested areas enrolled in CCFP and the payments received by the participating households. Remittance-facilitated forest regeneration amounts to 12.7% (6.0%â¼18.0%) of the total new forest gained during the 2003-2013 in China. Our results demonstrate that remittance constitutes a telecoupling mechanism between rural areas and cities over long distances, influencing the local social-ecological gains that the forest policy intended to stimulate. Thus, supporting remittance-sending migrants in cities can be an effective global warming mitigation strategy.
Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Bosques , Migrantes , China , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Migrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Agricultura Forestal/métodos , EcosistemaAsunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Agricultura Forestal , Ciencias Sociales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/tendencias , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Agricultura Forestal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Agricultura Forestal/métodos , Agricultura Forestal/tendencias , Bosques , Ciencias Sociales/métodos , Ciencias Sociales/tendencias , Calentamiento Global/legislación & jurisprudencia , Calentamiento Global/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Deforestation in the tropics remains a significant global challenge linked to carbon emissions and biodiversity loss. Agriculture, forestry, wildfires, and urbanization have been repeatedly identified as main drivers of tropical deforestation. Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind these direct causes is crucial to navigate the multiple tradeoffs between competing forest uses, such as food and biomass production (SDG 2), climate action (SDG 13), and life on land (SDG 15). This paper develops and implements a global-scale empirical approach to quantify two key factors affecting land use decisions at tropical forest frontiers: agricultural commodity prices and national governance. It relies on data covering the period 2004-2015 from multiple public sources, aggregated to countries and agro-ecological zones. Our analysis confirms the persistent influence of commodity prices on agricultural land expansion, especially in forest-abundant regions. Economic and environmental governance quality co-determines processes of expansion and contraction of agricultural land in the tropics, yet at much smaller magnitudes than other drivers. We derive land supply elasticities for direct use in standard economic impact assessment models and demonstrate that our results make a difference in a Computable General Equilibrium framework.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Clima Tropical , Agricultura/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Bosques , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Comercio/economía , Biodiversidad , UrbanizaciónRESUMEN
After agriculture, wood harvest is the human activity that has most reduced the storage of carbon in vegetation and soils1,2. Although felled wood releases carbon to the atmosphere in various steps, the fact that growing trees absorb carbon has led to different carbon-accounting approaches for wood use, producing widely varying estimates of carbon costs. Many approaches give the impression of low, zero or even negative greenhouse gas emissions from wood harvests because, in different ways, they offset carbon losses from new harvests with carbon sequestration from growth of broad forest areas3,4. Attributing this sequestration to new harvests is inappropriate because this other forest growth would occur regardless of new harvests and typically results from agricultural abandonment, recovery from previous harvests and climate change itself. Nevertheless some papers count gross emissions annually, which assigns no value to the capacity of newly harvested forests to regrow and approach the carbon stocks of unharvested forests. Here we present results of a new model that uses time discounting to estimate the present and future carbon costs of global wood harvests under different scenarios. We find that forest harvests between 2010 and 2050 will probably have annualized carbon costs of 3.5-4.2 Gt CO2e yr-1, which approach common estimates of annual emissions from land-use change due to agricultural expansion. Our study suggests an underappreciated option to address climate change by reducing these costs.
Asunto(s)
Secuestro de Carbono , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Agricultura Forestal , Bosques , Árboles , Madera , Carbono/metabolismo , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/tendencias , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Agricultura Forestal/métodos , Agricultura Forestal/tendencias , Árboles/crecimiento & desarrollo , Árboles/metabolismo , Madera/economía , Madera/metabolismo , Desarrollo Sostenible/tendencias , Cambio Climático , Agricultura/tendenciasAsunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Ciencia Ambiental , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Agricultura Forestal/métodos , Investigación , Madera/economía , Animales , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/tendencias , Ciencia Ambiental/métodos , Ciencia Ambiental/tendencias , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Agricultura Forestal/tendencias , Bosques , Industria Manufacturera/economía , Oregon , Desarrollo Sostenible/economía , Desarrollo Sostenible/tendenciasAsunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Unión Europea/economía , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Agricultura Forestal/organización & administración , África , Sequías/prevención & control , Calentamiento Global/prevención & control , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
This article presents the current status of the development of bioeconomy in the Czech Republic. Although the country has no unified strategy on bioeconomy, there are ambitious governmental innovation strategies and focused strategies for each region. Traditionally, the country has had a strong research performance in chemistry and biology, which together with developed agriculture, forestry and food industries, provides a good foundation for the development of locally based circular systems. Moreover, the government supports research on tools and applications of new plant breeding technologies, including genome editing, and there is a strong initiative from the research community calling to update EU regulatory policy in this area.
Asunto(s)
Biotecnología/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Agricultura/economía , República Checa , Desarrollo Económico , Unión Europea , Industria de Alimentos/economía , Agricultura Forestal/economíaRESUMEN
In the field of forestry, one of the most economically important ecosystem service is the provision of timber. The need to calculate the economic effects of forest management in the short, medium, and long term is increasing. Forest operations or timber harvesting, which comprises felling, processing, and transport of trees or timber, are responsible for a large part of the costs and environmental impacts associated to forest management or enterprises. From a decision maker's perspective, it is essential to estimate working productivity and production costs under given operating conditions before any operation is conducted. This work addresses the lack of a valid collection of models that allows estimating time, productivities, and costs of labor and machinery for the most important forest operations in forest stands under Central European conditions. To create such models, we used data from forest enterprises, manual time studies, and the literature. This work presents a decision support tool that estimates the wood harvesting productivities of 12 different kinds of forest operations under Central European conditions. It includes forest operations using chainsaws, harvesters, skidders, forwarders, chippers, cable and tower yarders, and helicopters. In addition, the tool covers three models for wood volume estimation. The tool is written in Java and available open-source under the Apache License. This work shows how the tool can be used by describing its graphical user interface (GUI) and its application programming interface (API) that facilitates bulk processing of scientific data. Carefully selected default values allow estimations without knowing all input variables in detail. Each model is accompanied by an in-depth documentation where the forest operation, input variables, formulas, and statistical background are given. We conclude that HeProMo is a very useful tool for applications in forest practice, research, and teaching.
Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Predicción/métodos , Agricultura Forestal/métodos , Técnicas de Apoyo para la Decisión , Ecosistema , Eficiencia , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Bosques , Modelos Teóricos , Árboles , MaderaRESUMEN
Forests provide a series of ecosystem services that are crucial to our society. In the European Union (EU), forests account for approximately 38% of the total land surface1. These forests are important carbon sinks, and their conservation efforts are vital for the EU's vision of achieving climate neutrality by 20502. However, the increasing demand for forest services and products, driven by the bioeconomy, poses challenges for sustainable forest management. Here we use fine-scale satellite data to observe an increase in the harvested forest area (49 per cent) and an increase in biomass loss (69 per cent) over Europe for the period of 2016-2018 relative to 2011-2015, with large losses occurring on the Iberian Peninsula and in the Nordic and Baltic countries. Satellite imagery further reveals that the average patch size of harvested area increased by 34 per cent across Europe, with potential effects on biodiversity, soil erosion and water regulation. The increase in the rate of forest harvest is the result of the recent expansion of wood markets, as suggested by econometric indicators on forestry, wood-based bioenergy and international trade. If such a high rate of forest harvest continues, the post-2020 EU vision of forest-based climate mitigation may be hampered, and the additional carbon losses from forests would require extra emission reductions in other sectors in order to reach climate neutrality by 20503.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura Forestal/estadística & datos numéricos , Agricultura Forestal/tendencias , Bosques , Biodiversidad , Biomasa , Secuestro de Carbono , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Política Ambiental/economía , Política Ambiental/legislación & jurisprudencia , Europa (Continente) , Unión Europea/economía , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Agricultura Forestal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Calentamiento Global/prevención & control , Historia del Siglo XXI , Imágenes Satelitales , Madera/economíaAsunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Combustibles Fósiles/economía , Calentamiento Global/economía , Calentamiento Global/prevención & control , Bosque Lluvioso , Impuestos , Clima Tropical , Agricultura/ética , Animales , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Agricultura Forestal/ética , Objetivos , Cooperación Internacional/legislación & jurisprudencia , Política , Suelo/química , Impuestos/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
Human-driven species annihilations loom as a major crisis. However the recovery of deer and wolf populations in many parts of the northern hemisphere has resulted in conflicts and controversies rather than in relief. Both species interact in complex ways with their environment, each other, and humans. We review these interactions in the context of the ecological and human costs and benefits associated with these species. We integrate scattered information to widen our perspective on the nature and perception of these costs and benefits and how they link to each other and ongoing controversies regarding how we manage deer and wolf populations. After revisiting the ecological roles deer and wolves play in contemporary ecosystems, we explore how they interact, directly and indirectly, with human groups including farmers, foresters, shepherds, and hunters. Interactions with deer and wolves generate various axes of tension, posing both ecological and sociological challenges. Resolving these tensions and conflicts requires that we address key questions using integrative approaches: what are the ecological consequences of deer and wolf recovery? How do they influence each other? What are the social and socio-ecological consequences of large deer populations and wolf presence? Finally, what key obstacles must be overcome to allow deer, wolves and people to coexist? Reviewing contemporary ecological and sociological results suggests insights and ways to improve our understanding and resolve long-standing challenges to coexistence. We should begin by agreeing to enhance aggregate benefits while minimizing the collective costs we incur by interacting with deer and wolves. We should also view these species, and ourselves, as parts of integrated ecosystems subject to long-term dynamics. If co-existence is our goal, we need deer and wolves to persevere in ways that are compatible with human interests. Our human interests, however, should be inclusive and fairly value all the costs and benefits deer and wolves entail including their intrinsic value. Shifts in human attitudes and cultural learning that are already occurring will reshape our ecological interactions with deer and wolves.
Asunto(s)
Ciervos/fisiología , Interacción Humano-Animal , Lobos/fisiología , Agricultura/economía , Animales , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Humanos , América del Norte/epidemiología , Conducta Predatoria/fisiología , Seguridad/economía , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/economía , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/epidemiología , Enfermedad Debilitante Crónica/economía , Enfermedad Debilitante Crónica/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Work and related exposures may play a role in suicide and there has been evidence in the literature that some occupational factors may be associated with suicide. The identification of occupational risk factors of suicide mortality among employees affiliated to the French special agricultural social security scheme (MSA), an understudied population, appears important. The objective of this study was to identify the occupational factors associated with suicide mortality among French employees from the MSA working between 2007 and 2013. METHODS: The study population included all the employees affiliated to the MSA working between 1st January 2007 and 31st December 2013, i.e. 1,699,929 men and 1,201,017 women. The studied occupational factors included: economic activity, skill level, and work contract. Survival analyses (Cox models) stratified on gender were performed using age as time scale and region and year of contract as adjustment variables. RESULTS: Among men, the factors associated with an elevated suicide risk were: economic activities of forestry, agriculture and related activities, and manufacture of food products and beverages (e.g. meat, wine), low-skilled level and working in the regions of Brittany, Burgundy Franche-Comté, Pays de la Loire, Normandy, Grand Est and Centre-Val-de-Loire. No association was observed among women. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that economic activity and low-skilled level may be associated with suicide among men affiliated to the MSA and may contribute to the implementation of prevention interventions. Further studies are needed to confirm and better understand these associations.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Agricultura Forestal , Exposición Profesional/estadística & datos numéricos , Seguridad Social , Suicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Agricultura/organización & administración , Agricultura/estadística & datos numéricos , Agotamiento Profesional/epidemiología , Agotamiento Profesional/mortalidad , Empleo/clasificación , Empleo/organización & administración , Empleo/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Agricultura Forestal/organización & administración , Agricultura Forestal/estadística & datos numéricos , Francia/epidemiología , Humanos , Renta/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Servicios de Salud del Trabajador/organización & administración , Servicios de Salud del Trabajador/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Riesgo , Seguridad Social/organización & administración , Seguridad Social/estadística & datos numéricos , Carga de Trabajo/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
If current trends continue, the tropical forests of the Anthropocene will be much smaller, simpler, steeper and emptier than they are today. They will be more diminished in size and heavily fragmented (especially in lowland wet forests), have reduced structural and species complexity, be increasingly restricted to steeper, less accessible areas, and be missing many heavily hunted species. These changes, in turn, will greatly reduce the quality and quantity of ecosystem services that tropical forests can provide. Driving these changes will be continued clearance for farming and monoculture forest plantations, unsustainable selective logging, overhunting, and, increasingly, climate change. Concerted action by local and indigenous communities, environmental groups, governments, and corporations can reverse these trends and, if successful, provide future generations with a tropical forest estate that includes a network of primary forest reserves robustly defended from threats, recovering logged and secondary forests, and resilient community forests managed for the needs of local people. Realizing this better future for tropical forests and people will require formalisation of land tenure for local and indigenous communities, better-enforced environmental laws, the widescale roll-out of payments for ecosystem service schemes, and sustainable intensification of under-yielding farmland, as well as global-scale societal changes, including reduced consumerism, meat consumption, fossil fuel reliance, and population growth. But the time to act is now, while the opportunity remains to protect a semblance of intact, hyperdiverse tropical forests.
Asunto(s)
Cambio Climático , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Bosques , Clima Tropical , Biodiversidad , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Agricultura Forestal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Agricultura Forestal/métodosRESUMEN
The rate of wealth accumulation is discussed, and an expression for a momentary rate of capital return is presented. An expected value of the wealth accumulation rate is produced. The return rates depend on any yield function. Three different yield functions are applied, two of them published in the literature, and a third one parametrized using a comprehensive growth model. A common economic objective function, as well as a third known objective function, are applied and compared with the clarified wealth accumulation rate. While direct optimization of wealth appreciation rate always yields best results, procedures gained by maximizing the internal rate of return are only slightly inferior. With external discounting interest rate, the maximization of net present value yields arbitrary results, the financial consequences being at worst devastating.
Asunto(s)
Economía , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Bosques , Humanos , Pinus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Árboles/crecimiento & desarrolloAsunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/tendencias , Incendios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Agricultura Forestal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Bosque Lluvioso , Animales , Biodiversidad , Brasil , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Incendios/economía , Incendios/prevención & control , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Agricultura Forestal/tendencias , Clima TropicalRESUMEN
The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of state ownership in forest governance in Turkey. It seeks to explore how property rights are affected by the complex, dynamic interplay of policies, economic influences, and the law. The historical development of state ownership, including its legal aspects, has been investigated in order to better understand the roots of current issues. An institutional approach has been followed. It is hypothesized that as the state exercises its property rights, it has both positive and negative effects on forest governance. This analysis confirms that state ownership may exceed its implementation capacity under the pressure of economic development objectives and that in areas where economic development is a priority, the loss of forests is inevitable. There is a need for a more adaptive approach to making policies related to property rights. The concept of the overriding public interest could be vital in achieving purposeful governance.