RESUMEN
The study of childhood diet, including breastfeeding and weaning, has important implications for our understanding of infant mortality and fertility in past societies1. Stable isotope analyses of nitrogen from bone collagen and dentine samples of infants have provided information on the timing of weaning2; however, little is known about which foods were consumed by infants in prehistory. The earliest known clay vessels that were possibly used for feeding infants appear in Neolithic Europe, and become more common throughout the Bronze and Iron Ages. However, these vessels-which include a spout through which liquid could be poured-have also been suggested to be feeding vessels for the sick or infirm3,4. Here we report evidence for the foods that were contained in such vessels, based on analyses of the lipid 'fingerprints' and the compound-specific δ13C and Δ13C values of the major fatty acids of residues from three small, spouted vessels that were found in Bronze and Iron Age graves of infants in Bavaria. The results suggest that the vessels were used to feed infants with milk products derived from ruminants. This evidence of the foodstuffs that were used to either feed or wean prehistoric infants confirms the importance of milk from domesticated animals for these early communities, and provides information on the infant-feeding behaviours that were practised by prehistoric human groups.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Entierro , Cerámica , Leche/química , Rumiantes , Alcanos/análisis , Alcanos/química , Animales , Entierro/historia , Cementerios , Cerámica/historia , Niño , Grasas de la Dieta/análisis , Alemania , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Leche/historiaRESUMEN
Artificial feeding of infants, called hand-feeding, was unsafe well into the 19th century. This paper aims to identify technical innovations which made artificial feeding less dangerous. In rapid succession from 1844 to 1886, the vulcanization of rubber, production of rubber teats, cooling machines for large-scale ice production, techniques for milk pasteurization, evaporation and condensation, and packing in closed tins were invented or initiated. Remarkably, most of these inventions preceded the discovery of pathogenic bacteria. The producers of proprietary infant formula made immediate use of these innovations, whereas in the private household artificial feeding remained highly dangerous - mostly because of ignorance about bacteria and hygiene, and partly because the equipment for safe storage, transport, preparation and application of baby food was lacking.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Fórmulas Infantiles/historia , Invenciones/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Humanos , Lactante , Pasteurización/historia , Pasteurización/métodos , Refrigeración/historia , Refrigeración/métodos , Goma/química , Goma/historiaRESUMEN
This paper collects information on artificial infant feeding published before 1860, the year when commercial formula became available. We have extensive artifactual evidence of thousands of feeding vessels since the Bronze Age. Special museum collections can be found in London, Paris, Cologne, Fécamp, Toronto, New Mexico, and elsewhere. The literature on the use of animal milk for infant feeding begins with Soranus in the 2nd century CE. Literature evidence from the very first printed books in the 15th century proves that physicians, surgeons, midwives, and the laity were aware of the opportunities and risks of artificial infant feeding. Most 17th to 19th century books on infant care contained detailed recipes for one or several of the following infant foods: pap, a semisolid food made of flour or bread crumbs cooked in water with or without milk; gruel, a thin porridge resulting from boiling cereal in water or milk, and panada, a preparation of various cereals or bread cooked in broth. During the 18th century, the published opinion on artificial feeding evolved from health concerns to a moral ideology. This view ignored the social and economic pressures which forced many mothers to forego or shorten breast-feeding. Bottle-feeding has been common practice throughout history.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Alimentos Infantiles/historia , Fórmulas Infantiles/historia , Alimentación con Biberón/efectos adversos , Lactancia Materna/historia , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Alimentos Infantiles/efectos adversos , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Lactante/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Lactante/terapia , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante/historia , Recién Nacido , Estado Nutricional , Pinturas/historia , Obras de ReferenciaRESUMEN
Although breastfeeding initiation rates have recently been at an all-time high, duration continues to be considerably low. Given the health benefits associated with extended breastfeeding, this discrepancy is cause for concern. This research examined the messages conveyed about infant feeding in a popular parenting magazine, Parents magazine, from 1930 through 2007. Findings indicated that the messages about infant feeding shifted in accordance with changing ideologies about the means of infant feeding-from bottle-feeding to breastfeeding. However, even with changing attitudes toward infant feeding, writers used scientific evidence and the advice of "experts" to justify the dominant form of feeding. The absence of practical advice regarding breastfeeding challenges, especially from "real" women set up false expectations about the breastfeeding experience, painting it as "natural" and best for the baby. The dependency on experts and lack of practical advice in popular media, like Parents magazine, may help explain a societal trend that downplays breastfeeding obstacles, giving insight into the vast discrepancy between breastfeeding initiation and duration.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Lactancia Materna , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia/historia , Promoción de la Salud/historia , Periodismo Médico/historia , Responsabilidad Parental/historia , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto/historia , Lactancia Materna/psicología , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Lactante , Cuidado del Lactante/historia , MadresRESUMEN
In the early twentieth century, mothers began to turn towards scientific infant-feeding formulae as an alternative to breastfeeding their babies. This is strange because the benefits of breastfeeding were widely recognised. The extraordinary rise of the formula feed therefore demands a special explanation, one that includes an appreciation of key changes in public health, the emergence of paediatrics as a profession, commercial interests and advances in the sciences of bacteriology and nutrition. All these factors conspired to propel the formula feed to the fore.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Lactancia Materna , Fórmulas Infantiles/historia , Ciencias de la Nutrición del Niño/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Lactante , Bienestar del Lactante/historia , Recién Nacido , Nueva Zelanda , Pediatría/historia , Salud Pública/historia , Reino Unido , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Alimentación con Biberón/instrumentación , Alimentación con Biberón/métodos , Alimentación con Biberón/estadística & datos numéricos , Alimentación con Biberón/tendencias , Lactancia Materna/psicología , Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Leche Humana , Mujeres Trabajadoras/legislación & jurisprudencia , Alimentación con Biberón/efectos adversos , Alimentación con Biberón/clasificación , Alimentación con Biberón/economía , Alimentación con Biberón/etnología , Alimentación con Biberón/psicología , Alimentación con Biberón/normas , Lactancia Materna/etnología , Preescolar , Contraindicaciones , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante/historia , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante/normas , Leche Humana/química , Leche Humana/citología , Mujeres/historia , Mujeres/psicología , Mujeres Trabajadoras/historiaRESUMEN
In today's environment, breast-feeding represents both a medical gold standard for infant feeding and a moral gold standard for mothering. The morally charged character of this discourse makes the notion of choice in infant feeding particularly problematic and fraught with difficulty. From an historical content analysis of selected editions from 1946 to 1998 of Dr. Spock's famous child-care manual, this paper explicates the process through which the breast versus bottle discourse has shifted over the last half-century, and how these shifts have shaped the context of choice within which mothers must make their infant-feeding decisions.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Lactancia Materna , Ciencias de la Nutrición del Niño/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Lactante , Cuidado del Lactante/historia , Recién Nacido , Conducta MaternaAsunto(s)
Promoción de la Salud/historia , Fórmulas Infantiles/historia , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante/historia , Enfermería Pediátrica/historia , Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Protección a la Infancia/historia , Preescolar , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Lactante , Mortalidad Infantil/historia , Pobreza/historia , Salud Urbana/historiaRESUMEN
Mother's milk is the best food for the baby. The need to use foods other than mother's milk has always represented a challenging problem to be solved. The author warns that the high mortality during the first year of life during the early years of the XXth century (20%) peaked at an amazing 80% in children artificially fed at orphanages. In the considered years, the usage of baby's bottle spread among babies that could not be fed by mothers or wet-nurses. The idea of rubber teat 1845 and of automatic devices for the production of glass bottle - 1903 - contributed to the diffusion of the baby's bottle. First baby's bottles were variously shaped. However, the finding of severe gastroenteritis caused by a long rubber tube attached to the rubber teat (the so-called death-bottle), together with the necessity of a careful cleaning and the diffusion of Soxhket's system (sterilization of many bottles in the same container) will lead to the choice of large mouthed cylindrical bottles, very similar to the plastic bottles used nowadays.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Métodos de Alimentación/historia , Métodos de Alimentación/instrumentación , Cuidado del Lactante/historia , Equipo Infantil/historia , Preescolar , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Lactante , Recién NacidoRESUMEN
For most of the twentieth century infant feeding knowledge has been constructed by medical scientists and health professionals. However, for a short time around the 1970s, New Zealand women (re)claimed the power to author their own knowledge based upon experience. This coincided with a dramatic return to breastfeeding on a national scale. Using New Zealand women's narratives of their infant feeding experiences over the past 50 years, this article brings to the foreground the importance of women's subjective construction of knowledge, their positioning within it, and the suppression of rudimentary discourses when that power is removed or relinquished in the process of remedicalization.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Lactancia Materna , Cuidado del Lactante/historia , Alimentos Infantiles/historia , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Filosofía Médica , Mujeres/historia , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Lactante , Conocimiento , Nueva Zelanda , Investigación Metodológica en Enfermería , Poder Psicológico , Mujeres/psicologíaRESUMEN
The early years of the 20th century were notable for improvements in general sanitation, dairying practices and milk handling. Most infants were breast-fed, often with some formula feeding as well. Availability of the home icebox permitted safe storage of milk and infant formula, and by the 1920s, feeding of orange juice and cod liver oil greatly decreased the incidence of scurvy and rickets. Use of evaporated milk for formula preparation decreased bacterial contamination and curd tension of infant formulas. From 1930 through the 1960s, breast-feeding declined and cow's milk and beikost were introduced into the diet at earlier and earlier ages. Although commercially prepared formulas, including iron-fortified formulas replaced home-prepared formulas, few infants were breast-fed or formula fed after 4-6 mo of age. Iron deficiency was prevalent. From 1970 through 1999, a resurgence of breast-feeding was associated with a prolongation of formula feeding and an increase in usage of iron-fortified formulas. By the end of the century, formula feeding of older infants had largely replaced feeding of fresh cow's milk and the prevalence of iron deficiency had greatly decreased.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Lactancia Materna , Alimentos Fortificados/historia , Alimentos Infantiles/historia , Alimentación con Biberón/tendencias , Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Grano Comestible/historia , Femenino , Manipulación de Alimentos/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Higiene/historia , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Hierro/historia , Hierro/uso terapéutico , Deficiencias de Hierro , Raquitismo/historia , Raquitismo/prevención & control , Escorbuto/historia , Escorbuto/prevención & controlAsunto(s)
Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Promoción de la Salud/historia , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Alimentación con Biberón/estadística & datos numéricos , Alimentación con Biberón/tendencias , Lactancia Materna/etnología , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Promoción de la Salud/tendencias , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Lactante , Alimentos Infantiles/historia , Recién NacidoRESUMEN
This article reviews the historical development of feeding the premature infant in the 20th century. It describes the early work determining the energy requirements of the preterm infant, the evolution of the use of human milk and its fortification for these infants, the development of special formulas for very-low-birth-weight infants and the various techniques/methods utilized including total parenteral nutrition.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación con Biberón/historia , Alimentos Infantiles/historia , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Nutrición Parenteral Total/historia , Lactancia Materna , Alimentos Formulados/historia , Alimentos Fortificados/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Recién NacidoRESUMEN
Alice Wright, who died in March 2000 at age 105 years, was one of Canadian nursing's pioneers in labor relations for nurses. The Registrar and Executive Director of the Registered Nurses Association of B.C. from 1943 to 1960, she was named an Honorary Member of the Canadian Nurses Association in 1962, just one of the honors for her pioneering labor relations work, her contributions to improvements in standards of nursing education, and her many professional contributions nationally and internationally.