Association between the number of teeth and incident pre-diabetes among middle-aged adults with periodontal disease: a retrospective cohort analysis of Japanese claims data.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between the number of teeth and the new onset of pre-diabetes. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan, which holds information from both the yearly health check-up programme known as the 'Specific Health Checkup' and health insurance claims data. PARTICIPANTS: 1 098 371 normoglycaemic subjects who participated in the Specific Health Checkup programme every year from fiscal year (FY) 2015 to FY 2018 and had dental insurance claims data with a diagnosis of periodontal disease during FY 2016. OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of pre-diabetes or diabetes observed at the Specific Health Checkup during FY 2018. RESULTS: Among the participants, 1 77 908 subjects developed pre-diabetes, and 579 developed diabetes at the check-up during the subsequent follow-up year. Compared with the subjects with 26-28 teeth, those with 20-25, 15-19 or 1-14 teeth were associated with an increased likelihood of developing pre-diabetes or diabetes onset with adjusted ORs of 1.03 (95% CI: 1.02 to 1.05), 1.06 (1.03 to 1.09) and 1.07 (1.04 to 1.11), respectively. No clear modifications were observed for age, sex, body mass index or current smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Having fewer teeth was associated with a higher incidence of pre-diabetes. Due to the limitations of this study, however, causality remains undetermined.

Trends in dentate status and preventive dental visits of the adult population in Denmark over 30 years (1987-2017).

This study analyzed the trend in self-reported dentate status over 30 years (1987-2017) among Danish adults, the self-reported frequencies of preventive dental visits undertaken annually during the period 1987-2013, and the self-reported use of the 2016 recall scheme for preventive dental check-ups. The impact of social determinants (education, employment, civil status, and ethnic background) on these dental outcome variables in 2017 was explored. Questionnaire data were obtained from the Danish Health and Morbidity Surveys conducted from 1987-2017, and they were analyzed by tri-variate frequency distributions and multivariate analyses. The prevalence of complete tooth loss was 17.7% in 1987 but 3.4% in 2017. The frequency of adults having 20 or more teeth grew markedly from 1987 (65.9%) to 2017 (85.1%). Educational inequality in dentate status persisted over the period. The frequency of preventive dental visits at least annually increased from 1987 to 2013, although visits were less frequent for young people. In 2017, preventive dental check-ups were reported in intervals: less than 12 months (56.4%), 12-18 months (18.9%), 19-24 months (4.8%), and more than 24 months (5.2%). In 2017, dentate status and preventive dental check-ups varied profoundly by social determinants. In conclusion, social policies should be implemented to tackle the persistent inequities in dentate status and public health policies should target Universal Health Coverage.

Relationship Among Denture Status, Remaining Teeth Number, and Malnutrition in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship among the denture status, number of remaining teeth, and malnutrition in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Seventy-three patients (43 men/30 women) who required hemodialysis were included in the study. Weight and height, Kt/V, urea reduction ratio, midweek interdialytic weight gain, ultrafiltration volume, and erythropoietin dosage were determined for all patients. Laboratory measurements and predialysis blood samples for biomarkers were collected within the monthly routine tests. Dental examination focused on the denture status and total number of remaining teeth. Denture status were classified into two groups as prosthesis group (patients have prosthesis) and no prosthesis group (patients do not have any kind of prosthesis). And also, patients were assigned to one of four categories based on the number of remaining natural teeth: (i) edentulous, (ii) 1-7 teeth, (iii) 8-19 teeth, and (iv) >20 teeth. The data were statistically analyzed (a = 0.05). Body mass index values were increased in the prosthesis patients. Serum albumin levels of the CKD patients were under the reference value (3.8 g/dL) both in prosthesis and no prosthesis groups. Patients who have eight and more teeth showed higher serum albumin levels, and patients who had 1-7 teeth showed lower serum albumin levels in prosthesis group. CKD patients' nutritional habits were affected by denture status (having prosthesis or not). The number of the remaining teeth in prosthesis group affected the serum albumin levels of CKD patients.

Tipo de edentulismo parcial bimaxilar y su asociación con el nivel socioeconómico-cultural / Type of bimaxillary partial edentulism and its association with socioeconomic cultural level

Introducción: El edentulismo parcial es una condición final a la presencia de caries dental relacionado con diversos factores sociales, demográficos y culturales. Actualmente, existen escasos estudios que valoren el estado de edentulismo parcial y su asociación con el nivel socioeconómico-cultural. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia del tipo de edentulismo parcial bimaxilar según la Clase de Kennedy y su posible asociación con el nivel socioeconómico-cultural en los pacientes de la clínica de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos del año 2016. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 100 pacientes adultos edéntulos parciales seleccionados aleatoriamente que fueron evaluados mediante una encuesta y un examen clínico oral. La encuesta estuvo conformada por los datos sobre el nivel socioeconómico-cultural. El examen clínico se evaluó con un odontograma para determinar el tipo de edentulismo según la clasificación de Kennedy. Resultados: El tipo de edentulismo parcial más frecuente fue la Clase III de Kennedy en la arcada maxilar (50 por ciento) y en la mandibular (49 por ciento), los portadores pertenecían en gran medida al nivel socioeconómico-cultural medio (83 por ciento). No se evidenció una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el nivel socioeconómico-cultural y el tipo de edentulismo parcial según la Clase de Kennedy en ambas arcadas dentarias. Conclusiones: En la población estudiada existe una mayor frecuencia de edentulismo parcial bimaxilar Clase III de Kennedy y una preponderancia del nivel socioeconómico-cultural medio. Sin embargo, no existe asociación entre el tipo de edentulismo parcial según la Clase de Kennedy y el nivel socioeconómico-cultural(AU)

Introduction: Partial edentulism is a final condition to the presence of dental caries related to various social, demographic and cultural factors. Currently, there are few studies that assess the state of partial edentulism and its association with the socioeconomic cultural level. Objective: To determine the frequency of the type of bimaxillary partial edentulism according to Kennedy´s Class and its possible association with the socioeconomic cultural level in patients treated in the clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of San Marcos in 2016. Material and methods: A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected partial edentulous adult patients who were evaluated by means of a survey and an oral clinical examination. The survey was made up of the data that relate socioeconomic cultural level. The clinical examination was evaluated with an odontogram to determine the type of edentulism according to Kennedy´s classification. Results: The most frequent type of partial edentulism was Kennedy's Class III in the maxillary arch (50 percent) and in the mandible (49 percent), which was mainly present in patients that belonged to the average socioeconomic cultural level (83 percent). There was no statistically significant association between the socioeconomic cultural level and the type of partial edentulism according to Kennedy´s Class in both dental arches. Conclusions: In the studied population, there is a greater frequency of partial bimaxilar edentulism according to Kennedy's Class III and a preponderance of the socioeconomic cultural level. However, there is no association between the type of partial edentulism according to Kennedy´s Class and the socioeconomic cultural level(AU)

Self-reported oral status and habits related to oral care in adult Poles: A questionnaire study.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial plaque control plays a key role in the prevention of caries and periodontal diseases. Hygiene negligence in this respect may influence the state of gingiva, and - in the long term - the number of lost teeth. The recommended method of mechanical control of dental plaque is tooth brushing twice a day. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of tooth brushing, the use of various oral hygiene accessories, the number of preserved teeth, and the occurrence of gingival bleeding in adult Poles, based on a questionnaire study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The prepared questionnaire consisted of a general part, assessing the socioeconomic and general medical status of respondents, as well as of specific questions about behavioral actions related to oral hygiene. The study was conducted in 10 Polish cities in Mobile Medical Units as part of the "Health First" campaign in 2017. RESULTS: The study included 713 respondents: 447 females and 264 males at an average age of 51.1 ±17.6 years. During the previous 6 months, 448 females and 265 males had visited the dentist. The average number of teeth among the respondents aged 35-44 years was 27, and for subjects >65 years old -13. There were statistically significant differences in the frequency of tooth brushing depending on sex and place of residence. The respondents used manual soft and medium toothbrushes more often than electric brushes (p < 0.05). Inhabitants of larger cities, compared to rural residents, used dental floss and toothpicks more frequently (p < 0.05). In total, 271 (50%) of the respondents reported gingival bleeding during tooth brushing. There was a statistically significant association of gingival bleeding with genetic load, and with the use of a manual soft toothbrush and mouthwash. CONCLUSIONS: Pro-health behaviors of adult Poles in maintaining optimal oral hygiene are unsatisfactory and need improvement.

Assessment of Oral Health Related Quality of Life Among the Institutionalised Elderly in Delhi, India.

PURPOSE: To assess the oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) among older people residing in old-age homes in Delhi, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Oral health related quality of life was measured by using the Hindi version of Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) which was tested for its reliability and validity. Sociodemographic data were collected and questions regarding the self-perception of general health, oral health and perceived need for dental treatment were put forward. Clinical assessment was also performed. RESULTS: The mean additive-GOHAI score of the study population was found to be 41.57 ± 6.07. Statistically significant associations were found between GOHAI and perceived measures. GOHAI scores decreased with a decrease in the number of teeth present and a decrease in the number of teeth having coronal and root caries. Those subjects who were in need of multi-unit prostheses or full prostheses had significantly poorer OHRQoL compared to those without any prosthetic need or need of single-unit prostheses. CONCLUSION: This study revealed the extent of dental problems in old-age home residents and may help to plan appropriate preventive measures.

The assessment of prosthetic needs of ESRD patients and the general population in Poland on the basis of the Eichner classification and teeth number: A brief, preliminary report.

BACKGROUND: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are considered as a group of high risk of oral cavity diseases. One of the determinants of alveolar bone loss and increased teeth mobility in ESRD patients might be the bone abnormalities associated with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare the general health condition, number and location of teeth in a group of ESRD patients with the group of peers from general population and revealing the risk factors of tooth loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The ESRD group included 63 patients, 23 females and 40 males, undergoing dialysis with a mean age of 62.4 ± 15.6. The general population sample consisted of 37 people, 20 females and 17 males, applying for general practitioner visit, with a mean age of 65.5 ± 11.1. All the participants were using just public health care insurance. The data analysis was based on anamnesis, history of CKD, selected biochemical parameters of blood tests and clinical examination. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in the prosthetic needs of patients undergoing dialysis and the general population. In both groups the situation is alarming. CONCLUSIONS: The new procedures are needed to develop complex health care for ESRD and general population patients, emphasizing prophylaxis of tooth-loss and prosthetic treatment in order to maintain good level of life quality.

Natural history of periodontitis: Disease progression and tooth loss over 40 years.

OBJECTIVES: To assess long-term attachment and periodontitis-related tooth loss (PTL) in untreated periodontal disease over 40 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data originated from the natural history of periodontitis study in Sri Lankan tea labourers first examined in 1970. In 2010, 75 subjects (15.6%) of the original cohort were re-examined. RESULTS: PTL over 40 years varied between 0 and 28 teeth (mean 13.1). Four subjects presented with no PTL, while 12 were edentulous. Logistic regression revealed attachment loss as a statistically significant covariate for PTL (p < .004). Markov chain analysis showed that smoking and calculus were associated with disease initiation and that calculus, plaque, and gingivitis were associated with loss of attachment and progression to advanced disease. Mean attachment loss <1.81 mm at the age of 30 yielded highest sensitivity and specificity (0.71) to allocate subjects into a cohort with a dentition of at least 20 teeth at 60 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the importance of treating early periodontitis along with smoking cessation, in those under 30 years of age. They further show that calculus removal, plaque control, and the control of gingivitis are essential in preventing disease progression, further loss of attachment and ultimately tooth loss.

Midlife Cognitive Ability, Education, and Tooth Loss in Older Danes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the possible influence of cognitive ability and education at age 50 or 60 on number of teeth at age 70. SETTING: Community-dwelling population in Copenhagen, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: Men and women born in 1914 (N = 302). MEASUREMENTS: Cognitive ability was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale at age 50 or 60. A global cognitive ability measure was used as a continuous measure and according to tertile. Information on education was gathered using a questionnaire at age 50 or 60. A clinical oral examination took place at age 70, and oral health was measured according to number of teeth (<6 vs ≥6). Baseline covariates were smoking, alcohol, sex, and income. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses revealed that greater cognitive ability and educational attainment had a protective effect against risk of tooth loss. The associations were significant and persisted after adjusting for confounders and a two-way interaction between cognitive ability and education. CONCLUSION: Higher education level and cognitive ability measured at age 50 or 60 were associated with having more teeth at age 70. Whether these findings are due to the interaction of these factors with oral health, related socioeconomic factors, or other factors remains to be studied.

How functional disability relates to dentition in community-dwelling older adults in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between dentition status and functional disabilities among community-dwelling older individuals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 5012 individuals aged 65-74 were interviewed in 2013 during a nationwide community-based survey. This cross-sectional study used a questionnaire including information on dentition, locomotion impairment, difficulties in basic and instrumental activities of daily life, socio-demographic characteristics, behaviour and general health status. Poisson regression models assessed prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: About 31.3% of older people in Brazil reported having ≥21 preserved teeth, the condition for a functional dentition without prosthetic appliances. This proportion was significantly lower among individuals with locomotion impairment and difficulties in basic and instrumental activities of daily life. After adjusting for relevant covariates, functional dentition remained statistically associated with severe (PR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.15-0.63) and total (PR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.26-0.44) locomotion impairments, and difficulties in basic activities of daily life (PR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.53-0.93). CONCLUSION: Having a functional dentition was significantly less prevalent among those affected by functional disabilities, and this association is unlikely to be due to insufficient control for relevant covariates. The association between dentition and functional disability is bidirectional and involves a complex interplay of one upon the other, and of factors that influence both outcomes.

Prevalence of dental caries and influencing factors, time trends over a 30-year period in an adult population. Epidemiological studies between 1983 and 2013 in the county of Dalarna, Sweden.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dental caries in an adult population using four different cross-sectional studies over a 30-year period and to assess its possible associations with socio-economic and socio-behavioural factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four cross-sectional epidemiological studies were performed in the county of Dalarna, Sweden, in 1983, 2003, 2008 and 2013. Random samples of 1012-2244 individuals, aged 20-85 years, who answered a questionnaire about socio-economic and socio-behavioural factors, were radiographically and clinically examined. RESULTS: The proportion of individuals with at least one decayed surface (DS) was 58% in 1983 and significantly lower, 34% in 2008 (p < 0.05) and 33% in 2013; the mean number of DS was 2.0 in 1983 and 1.1 in 2013 in the age group 35-75 (p < 0.05). In the age group 85, the mean number of DS was 1.2 in 2008 and 2.4 in 2013. Adjusted for age and number of teeth, irregular dental visits, limited financial resources for dental care, smoking, education below university, male gender, daily medication and single living were positively and statistically associated with manifest caries. CONCLUSION: The declining trend in the prevalence of manifest caries seems to be broken. In the oldest age group mean number of DS was higher in 2013 compared with 2008, indicating a possible beginning of an increase. This needs special attention as this group increases in the population, retaining natural teeth high up in age. Manifest caries was found to be associated with socio-economic and socio-behavioural factors.

A multifactorial model of masticatory performance: the Suita study.

Previous studies have identified various factors related to masticatory performance. This study was aimed to investigate variations and impacts of factors related to masticatory performance among different occlusal support areas in general urban population in Japan. A total of 1875 Japanese subjects (mean age: 66·7 years) were included in the Suita study. Periodontal status was evaluated using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). The number of functional teeth and occlusal support areas (OSA) were recorded, and the latter divided into three categories of perfect, decreased and lost OSA based on the Eichner Index. Masticatory performance was determined by means of test gummy jelly. For denture wearers, masticatory performance was measured with the dentures in place. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that, when controlling for other variables, masticatory performance was significantly associated with sex, number of functional teeth, maximum bite force and periodontal status in perfect OSA. Masticatory performance was significantly associated with number of functional teeth, maximum bite force and periodontal status in decreased OSA. In lost OSA, masticatory performance was significantly associated with maximum bite force. Maximum bite force was a factor significantly influencing masticatory performance that was common to all OSA groups. After controlling for possible confounding factors, the number of functional teeth and periodontal status were common factors in the perfect and decreased OSA groups, and only sex was significant in the perfect OSA group. These findings may help in providing dietary guidance to elderly people with tooth loss or periodontal disease.

Shortened dental arch and body mass index in adults 45-65 years of age: results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2008.

OBJECTIVE: Many people have dental arches with unrestored edentulous areas posterior to natural teeth. One dental pattern is the shortened dental arch (SDA). As a result of the lack of teeth, individuals with an SDA may eat a restricted diet, including soft, highly processed foods. Such diets may increase the risk of being overweight or of obesity. We examined whether there was an association between SDA and body mass index (BMI) in adults 45-65 years of age. METHODS: The data for this study were US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2008 merged files. There were 5,773 eligible participants. The data were examined for frequencies, and the results were analysed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 69.3% participants with a shortened mandibular arch and a BMI of ≥25 compared with 71.8% of participants who had a complete mandibular dental arch and a BMI of ≥25 (P=0.7246). There were 70.6% of participants with a shortened maxillary arch and a BMI of ≥25 compared with 71.9% of participants who had a complete maxillary dental arch and a BMI of ≥25 (P=0.8859). The adjusted odds ratio for shortened mandibular dental arch was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.46-1.08) for a BMI of ≥25 as compared with individuals with a BMI<25. The adjusted odds ratio for shortened maxillary dental arch was 1.06 (95% CI: 0.63-1.78) as compared with individuals with a BMI<25. CONCLUSIONS: The research hypothesis that an SDA was related to higher BMI, and the corollary that restored or complete dentition had better odds of a lower BMI, were not supported.

Pre-diabetes and well-controlled diabetes are not associated with periodontal disease: the SHIP Trend Study.

AIM: To examine associations of pre-diabetes and well-controlled diabetes with periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend is a cross-sectional survey in North-Eastern Germany including 3086 participants (49.4% men; age 20-82 years). Clinical attachment loss (CAL) and periodontal probing depth (PPD) were assessed applying a random half-mouth protocol. The number of teeth was determined. Pre-diabetes comprised impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. Previously known diabetes was defined as well controlled if glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was <7.0%. Participants were categorized as follows: normal glucose tolerance (NGT), pre-diabetes, newly detected type 2 diabetes (T2DM), known T2DM with HbA1c<7.0% and known T2DM with HbA1c≥7.0%. RESULTS: Pre-diabetes was neither associated with mean CAL and PPD in multivariable adjusted linear regression models nor with edentulism (OR = 1.09 (95%-CI: 0.69-1.71)) and number of teeth (OR = 0.96 (95%-CI: 0.75-1.22), lowest quartile versus higher quartiles) in logistic regression models. Associations with mean CAL and edentulism were stronger in poorly controlled previously known diabetes than in well-controlled previously known diabetes (for edentulism: OR = 2.19 (95%-CI: 1.18-4.05), and OR = 1.40 (95%-CI: 0.82-2.38), respectively, for comparison with NGT). CONCLUSIONS: Periodontitis and edentulism were associated with poorly controlled T2DM, but not with pre-diabetes and well-controlled diabetes.

Prevalence and Clinical Effects of Certain Therapy Concepts among Partially Edentulous Serbian Elderly.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the prevalence of partially edentulous individuals in Serbia and to identify prosthodontic treatment used for their rehabilitation as well as to compare prosthodontic treatment concepts among Serbian elderly participants who answered closed-format questionnaires. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted at the Clinic for Dental Prosthetics, University of Belgrade, Military Medical Academy and the Department of Prosthodontics of Home Centre Belgrade; the study consisted of 120 participants. A questionnaire with closed-format questions regarding the influence of applied therapy concepts for participants with Kennedy Class I partial edentulism was created. Statistical software SPSS 11.5 was used for data analysis. Chi-square tests were performed, and p-values were calculated for each parameter. RESULTS: A total of 1081 people were examined; 730 participants were partially edentulous in at least one jaw. Five hundred forty-one participants wore Kennedy Class I maxillary or mandibular removable partial dentures (RPDs). Ninety percent of the patients were restored with RPDs; 60% of participants were unrestored, had shortened dental arches, and requested alternative therapeutic solutions. Significantly lower needs for new treatments were identified in participants with fixed dental prostheses (7.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Kennedy Class I was the most common type of partial edentulism among Serbian elderly, usually treated with RPDs. Elderly participants with the applied shortened dental arch and RPD therapy concepts requested alternative therapeutic solutions more often than those rehabilitated with fixed partial dentures.

Partially Edentulous Arches: A 5-Year Survey of Patients Treated at the Fluminense Federal University Removable Prosthodontics Clinics in Brazil.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the number and Kennedy Classification of the edentulous arches in patients treated at the Removable Partial Denture (RPD) Clinics of the Fluminense Federal University School of Dentistry (FO-UFF) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2005 to 2010. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional retrospective survey was conducted on patient record charts to identify gender, age, number, and location of the edentulous arches, and Kennedy Class type. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-six patients were analyzed for this study (96 [65.8%] women and 50 [34.2%] men). Two hundred and ninety-two arches were analyzed: 74 arches (25%) were found with intact dentitions, 18 (6.1%) were edentulous arches, and 200 (68.8%) were partially edentulous arches. Ninety-one patients (62.3%) needed oral rehabilitation with RPDs on one arch and 55 (37.7%) in both arches. One hundred and eight (53.2%) partially edentulous mandibles and 92 (46.8%) partially edentulous maxillae were found. Kennedy Class I was more frequent in the mandibular arch (58 patients; 29%) whereas Kennedy Class III was more frequent in the maxillary arch (40 patients; 20%). Patients aged between 51 and 60 years presented the highest percentage of partially edentulous arches (33.6%). CONCLUSION: Mandibular Kennedy Class I and maxillary Kennedy Class III presented the highest frequency in patients treated at the FO-UFF. These results are in agreement with previous studies that evaluated the different Kennedy classes in partially edentulous arches.

Prevalence and intensity of dentition defects and secondary deformations in the population of 15-40 age group.

Partial secondary adentia together with caries and parodont diseases is among the most widespread diseases of dentofacial system, correlated, in addition, to the number of lost teeth, with the age. Result in speech and chewing functions' disorders, change of face shape, esthetic and psychosocial inferiority, pathologies of digestive and other systems, formation of the chronic infection areas, changes of reactivity etc,. Improvement of the methods of prevention and treatment of the above diseases is one of the most significant problems in the dentistry. Effectiveness of dental assistance organization and planning is based on the epidemiological studies. In Georgia, epidemiological studies were conducted in the populations of various age groups in previous years though, according to our data, no studies of dentition defects and deformations were conducted in the recent decades. Goal of our research was study of prevalence and severity of dentition defects and deformations, regarding sizes of existing defects, their localization, causes and types of deformation in different age groups, for development of specialized dentistry assistance plans and prevention programs. We have studied 147 patients of ages between 15 and 40 years. We have developed special questionnaire. Researches showed that in the studied age group (15-40), 62% (96 patients), i.e. more than half of studied 147 patients had secondary adentia. Most of them had the defects in the buccal teeth area. 112 of studied 147 patients required orthopedic treatment but only 18 (16%) of them have visited the clinic for this purpose while 94 (83.9%) of them were unaware about need of prothetic assistance. Regarding significance of the mentioned problem, the obtained results show the need of timely orthopedic intervention for the purpose of prevention of further complications. As a result, a specialized dental assistance plan and prevention measures' program has been developed to prevent further complications.

The effect of age, gender, and insertion site on marginal bone loss around endosseous implants: results from a 3-year trial with premium implant system.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to evaluate bone changes around endosseous implants in partially edentulous patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 632 two-stage implants were placed in 252 patients. The implants had straight emergence profile, ZirTi surface, 3.3 to 5 mm diameter, and 8.5 to 13 mm length. Bone levels were assessed on orthopantomography immediately after surgery and after 36 months and marginal bone loss (MBL) was calculated from their difference. RESULTS: Cumulative survival rate was 98.73%. Overall MBL was 0.8 mm ± 0.03 (mean ± SEM). Higher MBL was observed around implants in the maxilla than in the mandible (P < 0.007). A relation between implant diameter and MBL (P < 0.0001) was observed in male and, more limitedly, female patients. Older patients had higher MBL in the maxilla, but not in the mandible (P < 0.0001). MBL progressively increased with age in male patients, but reached a peak already in the 50-60 years age group in the female subset (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The overall MBL is consistent with the available literature. Site difference and patient age and gender appear to significantly affect MBL, representing important factors to be considered during implant placement.

Partial Edentulism based on Kennedy's classifcation: an epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of different Kennedy's classes of partial edentulism during 18 months period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were clinically examined for various Kennedy's classes of partial edentulism in the outpatient department (OPD), prosthodontics, GPRDCH, Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh). RESULTS: Of the total 1,420 OPD patients, Kennedy's class III was the most frequent classification encountered (62%) and followed by Kennedy's class I (18%), class II (11%), and class IV (9%) in decreasing order. CONCLUSION: The patients with various Kennedy's classes of partial edentulism can be offered various treatment modalities like removable cast partial dentures, fixed partial dentures, over dentures and implant supported dentures. This study can be crucial for screening the population for incidence of tooth loss as a factor of gender and age. Clinical significance: Tooth loss appears to have an important role in the loss of esthetics and mastication. Study of incidence of various classes of partial edentulism provides clinically useful information for dental training and continuing education.

Partial edentulism and unmet prosthetic needs amongst young adult Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment options for missing tooth/teeth which are mostly commonly caused dental caries, periodontitis and trauma include partial dentures, bridge and implant. In developing countries, missing tooth/teeth replacement constitutes a high unmet dental need. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of partial edentulism and prosthetic unmet dental needs among young adults in Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 244 medical students of college of medicine were recruited and studied using interviewer administered questionnaire which elicited information on sociodemographic, tooth loss and replacement. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 16.0 statistical software for windows. RESULTS: There were 98 males (40.2%) and 146 females (59.8%). A total of 35 participants out of the 244 studied participants had missing tooth/teeth giving a prevalence of 14.3%. The major reason of tooth loss was caries (48.6%). The upper left (16.7%) and right (16.7%) had the highest tooth mortality. Of the 35 participants with missing teeth, 4 (11.4%) of had replacement while 31 (88.6%) did not have any form of replacement. The teeth replaced were upper right, left anterior (75%) and upper right posterior (25%). Reasons for non-replacement were not being bothered--14 (45.2%), ignorance of replacement therapy-- 7 (22.6%), misinformation--1 (3.2%) and lack of money--2 (6.5%). Those that replaced 4/42 (9.5%) did so with removable partial dentures (100%). The majority that replaced were females 3/4 (75%). Half (50%) of those that replaced were satisfied and the reasons for non-satisfaction were pain from denture and unnatural feel of denture. CONCLUSION: Data from this study revealed low prevalence of tooth loss with high unmet tooth replacement needs among the participants. Tooth/teeth replacement options should be incorporated in postoperative instructions after extraction and dental awareness should be improved among medical students.