Comprehensive care for childhood obesity in Brazilian municipalities.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the potential and limits of care for childhood obesity from the perspective of comprehensiveness, in the context of Primary Health Care, in Brazilian municipalities. METHODS: A qualitative approach was adopted, with an electronic form of a dissertative nature being applied in 11 municipalities in the five Brazilian regions, derived from the four axes of comprehensiveness defined by Ayres (needs, purposes, articulations, and interactions). RESULTS: Among the strengths for comprehensive care, the following were observed: the provision of services at different levels of care; the relevance of intersectoral programs in the development of actions aimed at the multidimensionality of childhood obesity; the implementation of strategies for systematizing care and tools that encourage the expansion of dialogue and humanization; and intersectoral coordination to create appropriate responses to the expanded needs of children and their families. Limitations include: the centralization of actions in nutrition professionals and in the care sphere; the failure to prioritize childhood obesity in health agendas; and the lack of trained professionals to deal with the complexity of obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that child obesity care practices, in order to be transformative, need to be understood in the context of comprehensiveness. And this includes (re)thinking public policies, professional practices, and the organization of work processes so that they are, in fact, more inclusive, participatory, dialogical, humanized, supportive, fair, and, therefore, effective.

The implementation and impacts of the Comprehensive Care Standard in Australian acute care hospitals: a survey study.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive care (CC) is becoming a widely acknowledged standard for modern healthcare as it has the potential to improve health service delivery impacting both patient-centred care and clinical outcomes. In 2019, the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care mandated the implementation of the Comprehensive Care Standard (CCS). However, little is known about the implementation and impacts of the CCS in acute care hospitals. Our study aimed to explore care professionals' self-reported knowledge, experiences, and perceptions about the implementation and impacts of the CCS in Australian acute care hospitals. METHODS: An online survey using a cross-sectional design that included Australian doctors, nurses, and allied health professionals in acute care hospitals was distributed through our research team and organisation, healthcare organisations, and clinical networks using various methods, including websites, newsletters, emails, and social media platforms. The survey items covered self-reported knowledge of the CCS and confidence in performing CC, experiences in consumer involvement and CC plans, and perceptions of organisational support and impacts of CCS on patient care and health outcomes. Quantitative data were analysed using Rstudio, and qualitative data were analysed thematically using Nvivo. RESULTS: 864 responses were received and 649 were deemed valid responses. On average, care professionals self-reported a moderate level of knowledge of the CCS (median = 3/5) and a high level of confidence in performing CC (median = 4/5), but they self-reported receiving only a moderate level of organisational support (median = 3/5). Only 4% (n = 17) of respondents believed that all patients in their unit had CCS-compliant care plans, which was attributed to lack of knowledge, motivation, teamwork, and resources, documentation issues, system and process limitations, and environment-specific challenges. Most participants believed the CCS introduction improved many aspects of patient care and health outcomes, but also raised healthcare costs. CONCLUSION: Care professionals are confident in performing CC but need more organisational support. Further education and training, resources, multidisciplinary collaboration, and systems and processes that support CC are needed to improve the implementation of the CCS. Perceived increased costs may hinder the sustainability of the CCS. Future research is needed to examine the cost-effectiveness of the implementation of the CCS.

Establishing a Comprehensive Nursing Clinic Using the Case Management Model.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the practical effect of the case management model in a comprehensive nursing clinic. METHODS: Based on the case management model, the authors constructed a comprehensive nursing clinic providing wound care, ostomy care, peripherally inserted central catheter care, drainage tube care, nursing consultations, and home care. They evaluated the practical effect of the comprehensive nursing clinic according to workload, economic benefits, and satisfaction of the medical staff and patients. RESULTS: Since the inception of the comprehensive nursing clinic, the number of visits has increased by 63.57%, and the satisfaction of patients and medical staff has also improved. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive nursing clinic based on the case management model meets the medical needs of patients, has improved the satisfaction of patients and the medical staff, and enhances the professional sense of value and comprehensive quality of specialized nurses.

Paths and inter-mediations between Brazilian Health Services and Youth Detention Centers. / Caminhos e intermediações entre serviços do Sistema de Saúde e da Socioeducação.

Socio-education is an educational and (re)socialization proposal for young people having troubles with the law, a law which also includes the right to health care guaranteed by the Unified Health System (SUS). This study aims to investigate the relationship between health services and socio-educational units in Paraná state, from the perspective of service workers and managers. The qualitative and exploratory research consisted of sixteen semi-structured interviews in five municipalities in the state, with subsequent categorization of the narratives based on hermeneutic analysis. As a result, there was considerable weakness in the coordination between the network's facilities to promote overall health care, specifically the mental health of young people. Security issues have a strong influence on the regulation of actions, even health actions, in socio-education. The current policy of comprehensive health care in socio-education, implemented in Brazil in 2014, is, however, an important counterpoint for the reordering and nudging policies in this area.

A socioeducação é proposta educacional e de (re)socialização do jovem em conflito com a lei, na qual se prevê, igualmente, o direito à atenção à saúde garantido pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O presente trabalho visa investigar como se dá a relação entre os serviços de saúde e as unidades socioeducativas no estado do Paraná a partir da perspectiva de trabalhadores e gestores dos serviços. A pesquisa qualitativa e de cunho exploratório consistiu na realização de dezesseis entrevistas semiestruturadas em cinco municípios do estado, com posterior categorização das narrativas a partir de análise hermenêutica. Como resultado evidenciou-se considerável fragilidade na articulação entre os equipamentos da rede para promoção da assistência à saúde em geral e, mais notoriamente, à saúde mental dos jovens. Os quesitos de segurança exercem forte influência na regulação das ações, até mesmo de saúde, na socioeducação. A política atual de atenção integral à saúde na socioeducação, implantada no Brasil em 2014, representa, contudo, um importante contraponto na reordenação e na indução das ações nesse âmbito.

[Community-Based Comprehensive Care System and Cancer Treatment Coordination System from the Viewpoint of Designated Cancer Hospitals].

In promoting the community-based comprehensive care system, designated cancer hospitals are required to provide decision- making support for treatment and care in the face of increasingly sophisticated and diverse treatments, to promote hospitalization and discharge support to shorten the length of hospital stay, and to implement multidisciplinary cooperation for coordination of treatment and care due to the increasing number of elderly and multi-morbidity cancer patients. However, it is difficult at present to link and integrate designated cancer hospitals, which are required to provide cancer treatment in each secondary medical care area, and community comprehensive care systems, which provide medical care and care to support daily life and autonomy and independence of patients and their families in the patients' living areas. In the future, through the promotion of networking and educational activities for healthcare professionals, as demonstrated in previous studies, it will be necessary to establish a system in which cancer treatment and community-based comprehensive care systems are linked to provide high-quality medical care and care to cancer patients.

Comprehensive Care for Adults with Down Syndrome in Primary Care Settings.

This review article aims to bridge the knowledge gap in providing comprehensive care to adults with Down syndrome (DS) in primary care settings. Despite the increasing prevalence of adults with DS, there is a significant lack of familiarity and comprehensive guidelines for their health care among primary care physicians. This often results in subpar health promotion, preventive screenings, and individualized care. This article attempts to provide guidance for healthcare providers on previsit preparation, clinic visit characteristics, testing and screening considerations, and decision making/guardianship for adults with DS. By emphasizing a patient-centered approach, this review aims to enhance the quality of care, reduce associated morbidity and mortality, and ultimately improve the health outcomes of adults with DS.

Diagnostic approach and monitoring of chronic kidney disease in the primary care pediatric population.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has severe consequences on the quality and expectancy of life and is considered a major health problem worldwide. This is, especially relevant in pediatric patients, as they have unique characteristics and a mortality rate 30 times higher (in advanced stages) than healthy people. This review aims to define the minimum components for the diagnostic approach and monitoring of CKD in the pediatric population from primary health care to promote comprehensive care and adequate risk management. For this purpose, we performed a systematic review of the literature with a panel of experts. Based on the evidence, to optimize the definition, diagnosis, and timely treatment of CKD in the pediatric population, we formulated 21 recommendations. These were approved by the research team and peer-reviewed by clinical experts. They will facilitate the definition of the diagnostic approach for CKD in the pediatric population in primary health-care settings, allowing for timely treatment intervention, comprehensive care, and monitoring of this disease.

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) tiene graves consecuencias en la calidad y la esperanza de vida, y se considera un importante problema de salud a nivel mundial. Esto es especialmente relevante en pacientes pediátricos, ya que presenta características únicas y una tasa de mortalidad en etapas avanzadas que es 30 veces mayor que en personas sanas. El objetivo de esta revisión fue definir los componentes mínimos para el abordaje diagnóstico y para el seguimiento de la ERC en la población pediátrica desde la atención primaria en salud, con el fin de promover la atención integral y una adecuada gestión del riesgo. Para esto, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura con panel de discusión de expertos. Basándonos en la evidencia, y con el objetivo de optimizar la definición, diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno de la ERC en la población pediátrica, se formularon 21 recomendaciones. Estas fueron aprobadas por el equipo desarrollador y los pares expertos clínicos evaluadores, y permitirán definir de manera oportuna el abordaje diagnóstico de la ERC en la población pediátrica desde la atención primaria en salud, facilitando la intervención temprana, una atención integral y el seguimiento de esta patología.

Enhancing the delivery of comprehensive care for people living with HIV in Canada: insights from citizen panels and a national stakeholder dialogue.

BACKGROUND: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are living longer with health-related disability associated with ageing, including complex conditions. However, health systems in Canada have not adapted to meet these comprehensive care needs. METHODS: We convened three citizen panels and a national stakeholder dialogue. The panels were informed by a plain-language citizen brief that outlined data and evidence about the challenge/problem, elements of an approach for addressing it and implementation considerations. The national dialogue was informed by a more detailed version of the same brief that included a thematic analysis of the findings from the panels. RESULTS: The 31 citizen panel participants emphasized the need for more prevention, testing and social supports, increased public education to address stigma and access to more timely data to inform system changes. The 21 system leaders emphasized the need to enhance person-centred care and for implementing learning and improvement across provinces, territories and Indigenous communities. Citizens and system leaders highlighted that policy actions need to acknowledge that HIV remains unique among conditions faced by Canadians. CONCLUSIONS: Action will require a national learning collaborative to support spread and scale of successful prevention, care and support initiatives. Such a collaborative should be grounded in a rapid-learning and improvement approach that is anchored on the needs, perspectives and aspirations of people living with HIV; driven by timely data and evidence; supported by appropriate decision supports and aligned governance, financial and delivery arrangements; and enabled with a culture of and competencies for rapid learning and improvement.

How CPC+ supported patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons for alternative payment models.

BACKGROUND: A growing literature documents how primary care practices adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic. We examine a topic that has received less attention-how participants in an advanced alternative payment model perceive the model influenced their ability to meet patients' care needs during the pandemic. METHODS: Analysis of closed- and open-ended questions from a 2021 survey of 2496 practices participating in the Comprehensive Primary Care Plus (CPC+) model (92% response rate) and a 2021 survey of 993 randomly selected primary care physicians from these practices (55% response rate). Both surveys asked whether respondents agreed or disagreed that they or their practice was "better positioned to meet patients' care needs during the coronavirus pandemic" because of participation in CPC+. Both also included an open-ended question about CPC+'s effects. RESULTS: Half of practices and one-third of physicians agreed or strongly agreed that participating in CPC+ better positioned them to meet patients' care needs during the pandemic. One in 10 practices and 2 in 10 physicians, disagreed or strongly disagreed, while 4 in 10 practices and slightly more than half of physicians neither agreed nor disagreed (or, for physicians, didn't know). The most commonly identified CPC+ activities that facilitated meeting patient care needs related to practices' work on care management (e.g., risk stratification), access (e.g., telehealth), payment outside of fee-for-service (FFS), and staffing (e.g., supporting care managers). CONCLUSIONS: Most CPC+ practices and physicians were positive or neutral about participating in CPC+ in the context of COVID-19, indicating more benefit than risk to payment alternatives to FFS.

Policy strategies for capacity building and scale up of the workforce for comprehensive cancer care: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer in low- and middle-income countries experience worse outcomes as a result of the limited capacity of health systems to deliver comprehensive cancer care. The health workforce is a key component of health systems; however, deep gaps exist in the availability and accessibility of cancer care providers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a systematic review of the literature evaluating the strategies for capacity building of the cancer workforce. We studied how the policy strategies addressed the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality (AAAQ) of the workforce. We used a strategic planning framework (SWOT: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) to identify actionable areas of capacity building. We contextualized our findings based on the WHO 2030 Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health, evaluating how they can ultimately be framed in a labour market approach and inform strategies to improve the capacity of the workforce (PROSPERO: CRD42020109377). RESULTS: The systematic review of the literature yielded 9617 records, and we selected 45 eligible papers for data extraction. The workforce interventions identified were delivered mostly in the African and American Regions, and in two-thirds of cases, in high-income countries. Many strategies have been shown to increase the number of competent oncology providers. Optimization of the existing workforce through role delegation and digital health interventions was reported as a short- to mid-term solution to optimize cancer care, through quality-oriented, efficiency-improving, and acceptability-enforcing workforce strategies. The increased workload alone was potentially detrimental. The literature on retaining the workforce and reducing brain drain or attrition in underserved areas was commonly limited. CONCLUSIONS: Workforce capacity building is not only a quantitative problem but can also be addressed through quality-oriented, organizational, and managerial solutions of human resources. The delivery of comprehensive, acceptable, and impact-oriented cancer care requires an available, accessible, and competent workforce for comprehensive cancer care. Efficiency-improving strategies may be instrumental for capacity building in resource-constrained settings.

Pragmatic implementation of comprehensive dementia care management: The Cedars-Sinai C.A.R.E.S. Program preliminary data.

BACKGROUND: The United States faces a growing challenge with over 6.5 million people living with dementia (PLwD). PLwD and their caregivers struggle with cognitive, functional, behavioral, and psychosocial issues. As dementia care shifts to home settings, caregivers receive inadequate support but bear increasing responsibilities, leading to higher healthcare costs. In response, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) introduced the Guiding an Improving Dementia Experience (GUIDE) Model. The study explores the real-world implementation of the Cedars-Sinai C.A.R.E.S. Program, a pragmatic dementia care model, detailing its recruitment process and initial outcomes. METHODS: The Cedars-Sinai C.A.R.E.S. Program was integrated into the Epic electronic health record system and focused on proactive patient identification, engagement, interdisciplinary collaboration, care transitions, and ongoing care management. Eligible patients with a dementia diagnosis were identified through electronic health record and invited to join the program. Nurse practitioners with specialized training in dementia care performed comprehensive assessments using the CEDARS-6 tool, leading to personalized care plans developed in consultation with primary care providers. Patients benefited from a multidisciplinary team and support from care navigators. RESULTS: Of the 781 eligible patients identified, 431 were enrolled in the C.A.R.E.S. PROGRAM: Enrollees were racially diverse, with lower caregiver strain and patient behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) severity compared to other programs dementia care programs. Healthcare utilization, including hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) admissions, and urgent care visits showed a downward trend over time. Completion of advanced directives and Physician Order of Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) increased after enrollment. CONCLUSION: The Cedars-Sinai C.A.R.E.S. Program offers a promising approach to dementia care. Its real-world implementation demonstrates the feasibility of enrolling a diverse population and achieving positive outcomes for PLwD and their caregivers, supporting the goals of national dementia care initiatives.

Strengthening Comprehensive Primary Health Care through Ayushman Bharat: Role of Demand and Supply-side Interventions.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive primary health care (CPHC) is an effective way to respond to the challenges of changing epidemiology, growing population expectations, and universal health coverage. A set of demand and supply improvement strategies was developed to support primary health center provision and pilot tested in three model health and wellness centers (HWCs) in Punjab. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to assess the early effects of interventions on the inputs, processes, and outputs for optimal implementation of the AyushmanBharat-HWC (AB-HWC) program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional facility assessments were conducted using a standardized methodology at three time points to identify the changes in inputs and processes at subcenter-HWCs from 2019 to 2021. In addition, daily and month-wise service utilization data of model HWCs and nonmodel HWCs in the intervention block and control block in a district of Punjab from the AB-HWC portal were analyzed from May 2020 to April 2021. RESULTS: The difference-in-difference analysis indicated that the CPHC strengthening interventions in the model HWCs improved the mean number of people screened for noncommunicable diseases, mean newly diagnosed patients with hypertension and diabetes, mean hypertensive and diabetic patients on treatment, mean outpatient attendance, and mean number of wellness sessions by 265.71, 21.31, 29.48, 102.17, and 4.88 units per month, compared to control HWCs. CONCLUSION: The success of the initiatives can be attributed to an integrated approach encompassing multistakeholder planning of interventions, community involvement, empowerment of service providers, and consistent supportive supervision. The long-term success will be contingent on the quality of training, team dynamics, community participation, social accountability, and supervision support.

Aspectos que fragilizam o acesso das pessoas com hepatites virais aos serviços de saúde / Aspectos que debilitan el acceso de la persona com hepatitis virales a la atención em servicios de salud / Aspects that weaken access of people with viral hepatitis to healthcare services

Resumo Objetivo analisar os aspectos que fragilizam o acesso à atenção às hepatites virais. Método pesquisa avaliativa, desenvolvida no Estado de Mato Grosso, com os gestores da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde e os profissionais dos serviços de referência. Para a coleta de dados realizaram-se entrevistas, utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo, na vertente temática e, para a discussão as dimensões do modelo de análise de acesso universal aos serviços de saúde. Resultados a dimensão política apresenta pouca participação da gestão federal e estadual na proposição de diretrizes, coordenação e pactuação. Na dimensão econômico-social o baixo investimento na rede pública e a dificuldade de fixação de profissionais especialistas. Na dimensão organizacional a regulação do acesso, da assistência e a logística do tratamento sofrem com as barreiras geográficas, além do baixo uso do monitoramento e a avaliação. Na dimensão técnica a pouca formação profissional e a ausência de projeto compartilhado em rede. Na dimensão simbólica os fatores culturais, de crença, valores e subjetividade interferem no acesso. Conclusão e implicações para a prática os resultados colaboram para direcionar ações de enfrentamento, almejando alcançar as metas pactuadas para a Agenda 2030.

Resumen Objetivo analizar los aspectos que debilitan el acceso a la atención a las hepatitis virales. Método investigación evaluativa, desarrollada en el Estado de Mato Grosso, con los gestores del Departamento de Salud del Estado y los profesionales de los servicios de referencia. Para la recolección de datos fueron realizadas entrevistas, se utilizó el Análisis de Contenido, en el aspecto temático, y para discutir las dimensiones del modelo de análisis de acceso universal a los servicios de salud. Resultados la dimensión política presenta poca participación de la administración federal y estatal en la propuesta de lineamientos, coordinación y acuerdo. En la dimensión económico-social la baja inversión en la red pública y dificultad para fijar profesionales especializados. En la dimensión organizacional, la regulación de la logística de acceso, asistencia y tratamiento sufren con las barreras geográficas, además del bajo uso de monitoreo y evaluación. En la dimensión técnica poca formación y ausencia de proyecto compartido en red. En la dimensión simbólica los factores culturales, la creencia, los valores y la subjetividad interfieren en el acceso. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica los hallazgos colaboran para reflejar las acciones de afrontamiento destinadas a alcanzar los objetivos acordados para la Agenda 2030.

Abstract Objective to analyze the aspects that weaken the access to viral hepatitis care. Method evaluative research, developed in the State of Mato Grosso, with managers of the State Health Department and professionals from reference services. For data collection, interviews were conducted. Content analysis was used in a theme-based approach and, for the discussion, the dimensions of the analysis model of universal access to health services. Results The political dimension presents little participation of federal and state management in the proposition of guidelines, coordination, and pacts. In the economic-social dimension, the low investment in the public network and the difficulty in hiring specialist professionals were identified. In the organizational dimension, the regulation of access, assistance, and the logistics of treatment suffers from geographic barriers, besides the low use of monitoring and evaluation. In the technical dimension, the little professional training and the absence of a shared network project were noticed. In the symbolic dimension, cultural factors, beliefs, values, and subjectivity interfere with access. Conclusion and implications for the practice the results collaborate to direct confrontation actions, aiming to reach the goals agreed upon for the 2030 Agenda

Models of comprehensive care for older persons with chronic diseases: a systematic review with a focus on effectiveness.

INTRODUCTION: Ageing entails a variety of physiological changes that increase the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. The prevalence of these diseases leads to an increase in the use of health services. The care models implemented by health systems should provide comprehensive long-term healthcare. We conducted this systematic review to determine whether any model of care for older persons have proven to be effective. METHODS: A systematic review of literature was carried out to identify randomised clinical trials that have assessed how effective a care model for older patients with chronic diseases. A searches electronic databases such as MEDLINE, Turning Research Into Practice Database, Cochrane Library and Cochrane Central Register of controlled Trials was conducted from January 1966 to January 2021. Two independent reviewers assessed the eligibility of the studies. Interventions were identified and classified according to the taxonomies developed by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care and Cochrane Consumers and Communication groups. RESULTS: Of the 4952 bibliographic references that were screened, 577 were potentially eligible and the final sample included 25 studies that evaluated healthcare models in older people with chronic diseases. In the 25 care models, the most frequently implemented interventions were educational, and those based on the provision of healthcare. Only 22% of the outcomes of interventions were identified as being effective, whereas 21% were identified as being partially effective; thus, more than 50% of the outcomes were identified as being ineffective. CONCLUSIONS: It was not possible to determine a care model as effective. The interventions implemented in the models are variable. The most effective outcomes were focused on improving the patient-healthcare professional relationship in the early stages of the intervention. The interventions addressed in the studies were similar to public health interventions as their main objectives focused on promoting health. Most studies were of low methodological quality.

Results and evaluation of the expansion of a model of comprehensive care for Chagas disease within the National Health System: The Bolivian Chagas network.

BACKGROUND: Most people with chronic Chagas disease do not receive specific care and therefore are undiagnosed and do not receive accurate treatment. This manuscript discusses and evaluates a collaborative strategy to improve access to healthcare for patients with Chagas in Bolivia, a country with the highest prevalence of Chagas in the world. METHODS: With the aim of reinforcing the Chagas National Programme, the Bolivian Chagas Platform was born in 2009. The first stage of the project was to implement a vertical pilot program in order to introduce and consolidate a consensual protocol-based healthcare, working in seven centers (Chagas Platform Centers). From 2015 on the model was extended to 52 primary healthcare centers, through decentralized, horizontal scaling-up. To evaluate the strategy, we have used the WHO ExpandNet program. RESULTS: The strategy has significantly increased the number of patients cared for, with 181,397 people at risk of having T. cruzi infection tested and 57,871 (31·9%) new diagnostics performed. In those with treatment criteria, 79·2% completed the treatment. The program has also trained a significant number of health personnel through the specific Chagas guidelines (67% of healthcare workers in the intervention area). CONCLUSIONS: After being recognized by the Chagas National Programme as a healthcare model aligned with national laws and priorities, the Bolivian platform of Chagas as an innovation, includes attributes that they have made it possible to expand the strategy at the national level and could also be adapted in other countries.