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1.
Physiol Plant ; 176(5): e14514, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39256195

RESUMEN

Salinity stress represents a major threat to crop production by inhibiting seed germination, growth of seedlings, and final yield and, therefore, to the social and economic prosperity of developing countries. Recently, plant growth-promoting substances have been widely used as a chemical strategy for improving plant resilience towards abiotic stresses. This study aimed to determine whether melatonin (MT) and glycine betaine (GB) alone or in combination could alleviate the salinity-induced impacts on seed germination and growth of maize seedlings. Increasing NaCl concentration from 100 to 200 mM declined seed germination rate (4.6-37.7%), germination potential (24.5-46.7%), radical length (7.7-40.0%), plumule length (2.2-35.6%), seedling fresh (1.7-41.3%) and dry weight (23.0-56.1%) compared to control (CN) plants. However, MT and GB treatments lessened the adverse effects of 100 and 150 mM NaCl and enhanced germination comparable to control plants. In addition, results from the pot experiments show that 200 mM NaCl stress disrupted the osmotic balance and persuaded oxidative stress, presented by higher electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radicals, and malondialdehyde compared to control plants. However, compared to the NaCl treatment, NaCl+MT+GB treatment decreased the accumulation of malondialdehyde (24.2-42.1%), hydrogen peroxide (36.2-44.0%), and superoxide radicals (20.1-50.9%) by up-regulating the activity of superoxide dismutase (28.4-51.2%), catalase (82.2-111.5%), ascorbate peroxidase (40.3-59.2%), and peroxidase (62.2-117.9%), and by enhancing osmolytes accumulation, thereby reducing NaCl-induced oxidative damages. Based on these findings, the application of MT+GB is an efficient chemical strategy for improving seed germination and growth of seedlings by improving the physiological and biochemical attributes of maize under 200 mM NaCl stress.


Asunto(s)
Betaína , Germinación , Melatonina , Estrés Salino , Plantones , Semillas , Zea mays , Melatonina/farmacología , Zea mays/efectos de los fármacos , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , Zea mays/fisiología , Zea mays/metabolismo , Betaína/farmacología , Betaína/metabolismo , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/fisiología , Estrés Salino/efectos de los fármacos , Semillas/efectos de los fármacos , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/fisiología , Cloruro de Sodio/farmacología , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Salinidad , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos
2.
Physiol Plant ; 176(5): e14530, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39291407

RESUMEN

Salt stress is a prevalent environmental issue that disrupts the redox balance and metabolic processes in plants, leading to reduced crop growth and productivity. Currently, over 6.74 million hectares in India are salt-affected, and about 75% of this land lies in states that are the major cultivators of edible oilseed crops (rapeseed-mustard). Therefore, this study focused on the efficacy of glycine betaine (GB) supplementation in mitigating the detrimental effects of salt stress in Brassica juncea L. (Indian mustard) plants. Indian mustard plants were subjected to salt stress [0, 50, 100, and 150 mM sodium chloride] 20 days after sowing (DAS), while a foliar spray of 20 mM GB was applied to the foliage at 50 and 70 DAS. The data showed that salt stress substantially reduced growth, photosynthetic rate, membrane stability, and yield by significantly increasing lipid peroxidation, ion toxicity, cell death, electrolyte leakage, and reactive oxygen species accumulation that triggered oxidative stress. Supplementation with 20 mM GB provided tolerance to plants against salt-induced toxicity since it substantially increased growth, biomass, water content, nutrient uptake, and photosynthetic efficiency. Additionally, GB enhances the accumulation of osmolytes, enhances the antioxidant defence system, improves ionic balance, and enhances cell viability. Taken together, the obtained data provides deeper insights into the beneficial effect of the exogenous GB application that could have biotechnological uses to enhance crop stress tolerance in challenging environments.


Asunto(s)
Betaína , Homeostasis , Planta de la Mostaza , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Estrés Salino , Betaína/farmacología , Betaína/metabolismo , Planta de la Mostaza/efectos de los fármacos , Planta de la Mostaza/fisiología , Planta de la Mostaza/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Homeostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Salino/efectos de los fármacos , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Osmorregulación/efectos de los fármacos , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Cloruro de Sodio/farmacología
3.
J Agric Food Chem ; 72(38): 21041-21051, 2024 Sep 25.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39276097

RESUMEN

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a typical type of inflammatory bowl disease, which is accompanied by an increased risk of depression and anxiety-related psychological symptoms. Betaine is a naturally derived compound that can function as an anti-inflammatory drug and a neuromodulator. In-depth exploration of the potential role of betaine in treating UC-related depression and anxiety is crucial. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of betaine on UC-related depression and anxiety and clarify the underlying mechanisms. A dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice model was established by 4% DSS drinking ad libitum for 7 days. The colonic injury was measured using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff (AB-PAS) staining. Depression and anxiety-like behaviors were separately evaluated using a forced swimming test (FST), a tail suspension test (TST), a light-dark box test (LDBT), and an open field test (OFT). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect DNA damage and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Western blotting was applied to detect the protein levels of macrophage polarization in mice colons and the alteration of mitochondrial dysfunction and the cGAS-STING pathway in the hippocampus. Betaine strongly alleviated mucosal structural disorder and mucin secretion reduction and promoted M2-macrophage polarization in the colon of DSS-treated mice. In addition, betaine could mitigate depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in DSS-treated mice, reduce the DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibit the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Our study reveals the antidepression/anxiety effects of betaine and further demonstrates the potential mechanism by which betaine inhibits DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction to block the cGAS-STING pathway, thereby repairing neurogenesis in the hippocampus.


Asunto(s)
Ansiedad , Betaína , Colitis Ulcerosa , Depresión , Sulfato de Dextran , Animales , Sulfato de Dextran/efectos adversos , Ratones , Betaína/administración & dosificación , Betaína/farmacología , Ansiedad/tratamiento farmacológico , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Depresión/metabolismo , Masculino , Colitis Ulcerosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Colitis Ulcerosa/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Colitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/metabolismo , Colon/patología
4.
Poult Sci ; 103(10): 104075, 2024 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39094501

RESUMEN

Betaine has been shown to enhance growth performance and increase breast muscle yield in ducks and broilers through various mechanisms, including the modification of DNA methylation. However, the impact of in ovo betaine injection on muscle growth in newly hatched goslings remains unclear. In this study, fifty eggs were injected with saline or betaine at 7.5 mg/egg prior to incubation, and the subsequent effects on breast muscle growth in the newly hatched goslings were investigated. Betaine significantly increased (P < 0.05) the hatch weight, breast muscle weight, and breast muscle index, accompanied by an augmentation in muscle bundle cross-sectional area. Concurrently, betaine significantly upregulated (P < 0.05) the expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors, including myogenin (MyoG) and paired box 7 (Pax7) both mRNA and protein, while downregulating (P < 0.05) the mRNA and protein levels of myostatin (MSTN). Histological analysis revealed a higher abundance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Pax7 immune-positive cells in the breast muscle of the betaine group, consistent with elevated PCNA and Pax7 mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, significantly increased (P < 0.05) contents of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) were observed in the breast muscle of the betaine group, so was mRNA expression of IGF-1, IGF-2, and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). Betaine also significantly in8creased (P < 0.05) global DNA methylation of the breast muscle, accompanied by enhanced mRNA and protein levels of methionine cycle and DNA methylation-related enzymes, Interestingly, the promoter regions of IGF-1, IGF-2, and IGF-1R genes were significantly hypomethylated (P < 0.05). Moreover, in ovo betaine injection significantly upregulated (P < 0.05) the protein level of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in breast muscle and FXR binding to the promoter of IGF-2 gene. These findings suggest that in ovo betaine injection promotes breast muscle growth during embryonic development in goslings through the FXR-mediated IGF-2 pathway, ultimately improving hatch weight and breast muscle weight.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas Aviares , Betaína , Gansos , Factor II del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Animales , Betaína/administración & dosificación , Betaína/farmacología , Factor II del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Factor II del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Proteínas Aviares/metabolismo , Proteínas Aviares/genética , Gansos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/genética , Músculos Pectorales/efectos de los fármacos , Óvulo/efectos de los fármacos , Desarrollo de Músculos/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos
5.
Poult Sci ; 103(10): 104104, 2024 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39106703

RESUMEN

Climate change is increasingly manifesting in temperate regions. Laying hens are highly sensitive to heat stress and mitigation strategies should be implemented to reduce the negative effects. The goal of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of betaine in drinking water (0.55 g/L) and 4 h feed restriction during peak heat stress on laying performance, egg quality, blood gas parameters, body temperature (Tb), and oxidative stress in 2 different breeds of laying hens. Therefore, 448 ISA Brown hens (25 wk) and 448 Lohmann LSL classic laying hens (26 wk) were housed in 128 cages (7 hens/cage). Thermoneutral (TN) data was collected for 21 d before cyclic heat stress (HS) (21d; 32 ± 2°C; 6 h daily). During HS, hens were divided into 4 treatments: 1) feed restriction (FR), 2) betaine supplementation in drinking water (BET), 3) feed restriction and betaine supplementation in drinking water (FR-BET), or 4) control (CON). The effects were evaluated after 1 wk of HS (acute heat stress; AHS) and 3 wk of HS (chronic heat stress; CHS). Laying rate and egg mass (EM) diminished during CHS but decreased more in white than brown hens (2.78% and 1.94%; -1.57% and -0.81%, respectively; P = 0.004) and remained unaltered by BET or FR. During AHS, average daily feed intake (ADFI) increased compared to TN, but the increase was higher in white than brown hens (6.36% and 2.62%, respectively; P = 0.001). Egg shell quality deteriorated during AHS and CHS, but was most affected in white hens, FR or BET did not impact this. Blood pCO2, HCO3- and base excess significantly decreased during AHS and CHS, but pH and iCa were unaltered. Blood glucose increased in white hens during AHS compared to TN (P < 0.001), while plasma malondialdehyde increased in brown hens (P < 0.001). Results indicated that laying hens experienced HS, but breed differences were observed and white hens were generally most affected. FR affected feed conversion ratio negatively during CHS. However, FR and BET could not improve laying performance, egg quality, Tb, or blood parameters during HS.


Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Betaína , Pollos , Dieta , Animales , Pollos/fisiología , Betaína/administración & dosificación , Betaína/farmacología , Femenino , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Dieta/veterinaria , Respuesta al Choque Térmico , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Calor/efectos adversos , Trastornos de Estrés por Calor/veterinaria , Trastornos de Estrés por Calor/prevención & control , Privación de Alimentos/fisiología , Distribución Aleatoria
6.
Int J Pharm ; 663: 124553, 2024 Sep 30.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39103063

RESUMEN

In chronic wound treatment, the debridement of devitalized tissue and the eradication of the biofilm must balance aggressiveness with care to protect regenerating tissues. In this study, urea, a potent chaotropic molecule, was modulated through the formation of a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) with betaine to develop a new debriding material (BU) suitable for application into injured dermal tissues. To evaluate BU's debriding capacity, along with its antibiofilm effect and biocompatibility, pre-clinical to clinical methods were employed. In vitro determinations using artificial and clinical slough samples indicate that BU has a high debriding capacity. Additionally, BU's de-structuring effects lead to a strong antibiofilm capability, demonstrated by a reduced bacterial load compared to the antiseptic PHMB-Betaine or medical honey, evaluated in artificial slough and ex vivo human skin. Furthermore, BU's efficacy was evaluated in a murine model of diabetic wound, demonstrating significant effects on debriding and antibiofilm capacity, similar to those observed in PHMB-Betaine and medical honey-treated animals. Finally, BU was clinically evaluated in leg ulcers, showing superiority in reduction of bacterial load and wound area compared to honey, with no adverse effects. Thus, BU represents a simple and non-biocidal option that could contributes to chronic wound care.


Asunto(s)
Betaína , Biopelículas , Desbridamiento , Solventes , Cicatrización de Heridas , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Betaína/farmacología , Betaína/química , Humanos , Solventes/química , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Desbridamiento/métodos , Ratones , Masculino , Femenino , Urea , Miel , Piel/microbiología , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedad Crónica , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/química , Persona de Mediana Edad , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Anciano
7.
J Anim Sci ; 1022024 Jan 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39155798

RESUMEN

Betaine supplementation in dairy cattle has gained attention due to its potential benefits to production and health as a methyl donor, which can play a crucial role in the metabolism of dairy cows. The objective of the current meta-analysis was to quantify the effects of betaine supplementation on milk production, composition, ß-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). A systematic literature search was carried out, all relevant studies were retrieved, and the meta-analysis was carried out. The mean difference (MD) for dry matter intake (DMI) using the random-effects model was 0.499 kg/d (P < 0.0001). The subgroup analysis indicated that supplementing betaine in heat-stressed cows increased DMI by 0.584 kg/d (P < 0.001), while in cows not exposed to heat stress, DMI was increased by 0.381 kg/d (P = 0.007). The energy-corrected milk (ECM) increased by 1.36 kg/d (P < 0.0001). The milk fat yield was significantly increased in betaine-supplemented cows (MD = 0.040 kg/d, 95% CI = 0.015 to 0.065). The milk protein yield (kg/d) (MD = 0.014, P = 0.138) was increased (MD = 0.035, P = 0.0005) by betaine supplementation. The lactose yield (kg/d) was also significantly higher (MD = 0.055, P = 0.020) in betaine-supplemented cows. The standardized mean difference (SMD) for NEFA (SMD = - 0.447, 95% CI = - 1.029 to 0.135, P = 0.114) and BHBA (SMD = - 0.130, 95% CI = - 0.491 to 0.234). In conclusion, the findings from this meta-analysis suggest that betaine supplementation positively influences DMI, ECM, milk fat yield, milk lactose yield, and milk protein yield. Subgroup analysis further indicated that the positive effects on DMI are greater in heat-stressed cows compared to those not exposed to heat stress. The analysis did not find significant effects on the levels of NEFA or BHBA, suggesting that betaine supplementation may not directly influence these metabolic parameters.


The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the effects of dietary betaine supplementation on dairy cows' dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition, non-esterified fatty acids, and ß-hydroxybutyric acid. The results indicated that the supplementation of betaine increased dry matter intake (+0.584 kg/d/cow), energy-corrected milk (+1.36 kg/d), milk fat yield (+ 0.040 kg/d), milk protein yield (+ 0.014 kg/d), and lactose yield (+ 0.055 kg/d). ß-Hydroxybutyric acid and plasma non-esterified fatty acids were not influenced by betaine supplementation in dairy cattle.


Asunto(s)
Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico , Betaína , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados , Leche , Animales , Bovinos/fisiología , Leche/química , Betaína/farmacología , Betaína/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/sangre , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Femenino , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/sangre , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/farmacología , Dieta/veterinaria , Lactancia/efectos de los fármacos , Alimentación Animal/análisis
8.
Microb Pathog ; 195: 106894, 2024 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39214424

RESUMEN

Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a worldwide public health concern infecting approximately 400 million individuals and about 40,000 mortalities yearly. Despite this, no licensed or readily available antiviral medication is currently available specifically for DENV infection, and therapy is typically symptomatic. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the antiviral activity of Beta vulgaris L. phytoconstituents against DENV-2 targeting NS3 protein. The antiviral activity of phytochemicals was examined through virtual ligand-based screening, antiviral inhibition and dosage response assays, western blotting analysis and MD simulations. We conducted toxicological, and pharmacokinetic analysis to assess plant-based natural compound's efficacy, safety, and non-toxic doses. Molecular docking and MD simulation results revealed that the nonstructural protein-3 (NS3) might prove as a funamental target for Betanin and Glycine Betaine against Dengue virus. Betanin and Glycine betaine were initially studied for their non-toxic doses in HeLa, CHO, and Vero cells via MTT assay. HeLa cells were transiently transfected with cloned vector pcDNA3.1/Zeo(+)/DENV-2 NS3 along with non-toxic doses (80 µM-10 µM) of selected phytochemicals. The dose-response assay illustrated downregulated expression of DENV-2 NS3 gene after administration of Betanin (IC50 = 4.35 µM) and Glycine Betaine (IC50 = 4.49 µM). Dose response analysis of Betanin (80 µM-10 µM) depicted the significant inhibition of NS3 protein expression as well. These results suggested downregulated expression of DENV-2 NS3 at mRNA and protein level portraying the DENV replication inhibition. Based on our study findings, NS3 protease is depicted as distinctive DENV-2 inhibitor target. We will channel our study further into in vitro characterization employing the mechanistic study to understand the role of host factors in anti-flavi therapeutic.


Asunto(s)
Antivirales , Betaína , Virus del Dengue , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Virus del Dengue/efectos de los fármacos , Virus del Dengue/genética , Humanos , Antivirales/farmacología , Células HeLa , Animales , Chlorocebus aethiops , Células Vero , Betaína/farmacología , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/metabolismo , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/genética , Betacianinas/farmacología , Células CHO , Cricetulus , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Serina Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Serina Endopeptidasas/genética , Dengue/tratamiento farmacológico , Dengue/virología , Proteasas Virales
9.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces ; 16(35): 46690-46702, 2024 Sep 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39165173

RESUMEN

The development of nontoxic antifouling coatings in static marine environments is urgent. Herein, the successful synthesis of sulfobetaine borneol fluorinated polymers (PEASBF) by a free radical polymerization method is reported. The PEASBF coatings exhibit outstanding antifouling activity, which effectively resists the adhesion of Bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA adhesion rate: 0.5%), Pseudomonas sp. (Biofilm: 1.3 absorbance) and Navicula sp. (Diatom attachment rate: 33%). More importantly, the PEASBF coatings display outstanding fouling release properties, achieving a release rate of 98% for Navicula sp., and the absorbance of the Pseudomonas sp. biofilm is only 0.2 under 10 Pa shear stress. XPS and MD studies showed that the fluorinated/isobornyl groups induce more sulfobetaine groups to migrate toward polymer surfaces for intensify antifouling. Additionally, the chiral stereochemical structure of borneol enhances antifouling and fouling release ability of amphiphilic polymers. Therefore, the PEASBF has the potential for static marine antifouling applications.


Asunto(s)
Incrustaciones Biológicas , Canfanos , Polímeros , Incrustaciones Biológicas/prevención & control , Canfanos/química , Canfanos/farmacología , Polímeros/química , Polímeros/farmacología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Pseudomonas/efectos de los fármacos , Betaína/química , Betaína/análogos & derivados , Betaína/farmacología , Albúmina Sérica Bovina/química , Diatomeas/efectos de los fármacos , Diatomeas/química , Tensoactivos/química , Tensoactivos/farmacología , Tensoactivos/síntesis química , Halogenación , Propiedades de Superficie
10.
EMBO J ; 43(17): 3787-3806, 2024 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39009676

RESUMEN

Anthelmintics are drugs used for controlling pathogenic helminths in animals and plants. The natural compound betaine and the recently developed synthetic compound monepantel are both anthelmintics that target the acetylcholine receptor ACR-23 and its homologs in nematodes. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of ACR-23 in apo, betaine-bound, and betaine- and monepantel-bound states. We show that ACR-23 forms a homo-pentameric channel, similar to some other pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs). While betaine molecules are bound to the classical neurotransmitter sites in the inter-subunit interfaces in the extracellular domain, monepantel molecules are bound to allosteric sites formed in the inter-subunit interfaces in the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Although the pore remains closed in betaine-bound state, monepantel binding results in an open channel by wedging into the cleft between the transmembrane domains of two neighboring subunits, which causes dilation of the ion conduction pore. By combining structural analyses with site-directed mutagenesis, electrophysiology and in vivo locomotion assays, we provide insights into the mechanism of action of the anthelmintics monepantel and betaine.


Asunto(s)
Aminoacetonitrilo , Antihelmínticos , Betaína , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans , Caenorhabditis elegans , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Animales , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Caenorhabditis elegans/efectos de los fármacos , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antihelmínticos/metabolismo , Antihelmínticos/química , Betaína/análogos & derivados , Betaína/metabolismo , Betaína/farmacología , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/química , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Aminoacetonitrilo/análogos & derivados , Aminoacetonitrilo/farmacología , Receptores Colinérgicos/metabolismo , Receptores Colinérgicos/química , Receptores Colinérgicos/genética , Conformación Proteica , Modelos Moleculares
11.
Biomater Adv ; 163: 213965, 2024 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39053386

RESUMEN

The unique amino acid composition of elastin peptide (EP) makes it an excellent resource to obtain antioxidant peptides. It exhibits high elastase inhibitory activity with the potential to resist skin aging and is currently used in a many cosmetic products. However, the inherent low permeability of the skin limits its ability to penetrate the skin. To address this issue, a deep eutectic solvent (SAB) with excellent bioactivity was synthesized from betaine and succinic acid and used as a permeation enhancer to improve the absorption and utilization of EP in this paper. The results showed that low SAB concentrations significantly increased the transdermal delivery of EP. The 3D epidermal skin model (EpiKutis®) demonstrated that SAB/EP induced the synthesis of hyaluronic acid (HA) and filaggrin (FLG), accelerated skin barrier repair, and reduced water loss. Additionally, the zebrafish embryonic model showed that SAB/EP could reduce melanin secretion, decrease melanin deposition, and have an ameliorative effect on skin photoaging. Cellular experiments proved that SAB/EP can stimulate human skin fibroblasts to secrete procollagen I and elastin, improving skin elasticity and anti-wrinkle. The combination of EP and DES is a new attempt that is expected to be used as a safe and effective anti-wrinkle cosmetic material.


Asunto(s)
Administración Cutánea , Betaína , Elastina , Proteínas Filagrina , Envejecimiento de la Piel , Piel , Elastina/metabolismo , Envejecimiento de la Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Animales , Betaína/farmacología , Betaína/administración & dosificación , Betaína/química , Betaína/análogos & derivados , Piel/metabolismo , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Pez Cebra , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Péptidos/farmacología , Péptidos/administración & dosificación , Péptidos/química
12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39029648

RESUMEN

Methamphetamine abuse has been associated with central nervous system damage, contributing to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment. With the escalating prevalence of METH abuse, there is a pressing need to explore effective therapeutic interventions. Thus, the objective of this research was to investigate whether betaine can protect against depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment induced by METH. Following intraperitoneal injections of METH in mice, varying doses of betaine were administered. Subsequently, the behavioral responses of mice and the impact of betaine intervention on METH-induced neural damage, synaptic plasticity, microglial activation, and NLRP3 inflammatory pathway activation were assessed. Administration 30 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of betaine ameliorated METH-induced depressive-like behaviors in the open field test, tail suspension test, forced swimming test, and sucrose preference test and cognitive impairment in the novel object recognition test and Barnes maze test. Moreover, betaine exerted protective effects against METH-induced neural damage and reversed the reduced synaptic plasticity, including the decline in dendritic spine density, as well as alterations in the expression of hippocampal PSD95 and Synapsin-1. Additionally, betaine treatment suppressed hippocampal microglial activation induced by METH. Likewise, it also inhibited the activation of the hippocampal NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and reduced IL-1ß and TNF-α release. These results collectively suggest that betaine's significant role in mitigating depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment resulting from METH abuse, presenting potential applications in the prevention and treatment of substance addiction.


Asunto(s)
Betaína , Disfunción Cognitiva , Depresión , Inflamasomas , Metanfetamina , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias , Animales , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismo , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/antagonistas & inhibidores , Disfunción Cognitiva/inducido químicamente , Disfunción Cognitiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Disfunción Cognitiva/metabolismo , Metanfetamina/toxicidad , Ratones , Masculino , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/metabolismo , Betaína/farmacología , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Depresión/inducido químicamente , Inflamasomas/metabolismo , Inflamasomas/efectos de los fármacos , Plasticidad Neuronal/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/farmacología
13.
Dent Mater ; 40(10): 1575-1583, 2024 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39068090

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to use a carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA) copolymer solution to surface treat 3D printed clear aligners at different fabrication stages, to impart antifouling properties, and assess the surface treatment at various fabrication stages' impact on physico-mechanical characteristics. METHODS: Surface treatments using a blend of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and CBMA, termed CCS, were performed at various stages of 3D printed clear aligner fabrication. Experimental groups, CB1, CB2, and CB3, were determined by the stage of surface treatment during post-processing. CB1, CB2, and CB3 received treatment before post-curing, after post-curing, and after post-processing, respectively. Untreated samples served as controls. Physical and mechanical properties were assessed through tensile testing, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The surface was further characterized through scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements. The cytotoxicity was assessed with 7-day elution and agar diffusion assays. Lastly, bacterial biofilm resistance was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Crystal violet assay was performed using Streptococcus mutans. RESULTS: Surface treatment during CB1 stage exerted the most significantly unfavorable influence on properties of the 3D printed aligner resin. CB2 samples showed the maximum preservation of translucency even after 7-day aging. CB2 and CB3 phases showed enhanced hydrophilicity of sample surfaces with reduced adhesion of multispecies biofilm and S. mutans. SIGNIFICANCE: Application of CCS surface treatment immediately after post-curing (CB2) can enhance the biofilm resistance of 3D printed clear aligners while maintaining high fidelity to optical translucency and constituent mechanical properties.


Asunto(s)
Biopelículas , Ensayo de Materiales , Metacrilatos , Impresión Tridimensional , Propiedades de Superficie , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Metacrilatos/química , Betaína/química , Betaína/farmacología , Betaína/análogos & derivados , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Streptococcus mutans/efectos de los fármacos , Polímeros/química , Resistencia a la Tracción , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier
14.
FASEB J ; 38(13): e23795, 2024 Jul 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38984928

RESUMEN

Cystathionine beta-synthase-deficient homocystinuria (HCU) is a life-threatening disorder of sulfur metabolism. HCU can be treated by using betaine to lower tissue and plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy). Here, we show that mice with severely elevated Hcy and potentially deficient in the folate species tetrahydrofolate (THF) exhibit a very limited response to betaine indicating that THF plays a critical role in treatment efficacy. Analysis of a mouse model of HCU revealed a 10-fold increase in hepatic levels of 5-methyl -THF and a 30-fold accumulation of formiminoglutamic acid, consistent with a paucity of THF. Neither of these metabolite accumulations were reversed or ameliorated by betaine treatment. Hepatic expression of the THF-generating enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) was significantly repressed in HCU mice and expression was not increased by betaine treatment but appears to be sensitive to cellular redox status. Expression of the DHFR reaction partner thymidylate synthase was also repressed and metabolomic analysis detected widespread alteration of hepatic histidine and glutamine metabolism. Many individuals with HCU exhibit endothelial dysfunction. DHFR plays a key role in nitric oxide (NO) generation due to its role in regenerating oxidized tetrahydrobiopterin, and we observed a significant decrease in plasma NOx (NO2 + NO3) levels in HCU mice. Additional impairment of NO generation may also come from the HCU-mediated induction of the 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid generating cytochrome CYP4A. Collectively, our data shows that HCU induces dysfunctional one-carbon metabolism with the potential to both impair betaine treatment and contribute to multiple aspects of pathogenesis in this disease.


Asunto(s)
Homocistinuria , Hígado , Oxidación-Reducción , Tetrahidrofolato Deshidrogenasa , Tetrahidrofolatos , Animales , Homocistinuria/metabolismo , Homocistinuria/tratamiento farmacológico , Homocistinuria/genética , Ratones , Tetrahidrofolatos/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Tetrahidrofolato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Tetrahidrofolato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Betaína/metabolismo , Betaína/farmacología , Homocisteína/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Cistationina betasintasa/metabolismo , Cistationina betasintasa/genética , Carbono/metabolismo , Masculino , Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Femenino
15.
Food Chem ; 456: 140037, 2024 Oct 30.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38870801

RESUMEN

Mycotoxins are representative contaminants causing food losses and food safety problems worldwide. Thymol can effectively inhibit pathogen infestation and aflatoxin accumulation during grain storage, but high volatility limits its application. Here, a thymol-betaine co-crystal system was synthesized through grinding-induced self-assembly. The THY-TMG co-crystal exhibited excellent thermal stability with melting point of 91.2 °C owing to abundant intermolecular interactions. Remarkably, after 15 days at 30 °C, the release rate of thymol from co-crystal was only 55%, far surpassing that of pure thymol. Notably, the co-crystal demonstrated the ability to bind H2O in the environment while controlling the release of thymol, essentially acting as a desiccant. Moreover, the co-crystals effectively inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus and the biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1. In practical terms, the THY-TMG co-crystal was successful in preventing AFB1 contamination and nutrients loss in peanuts, thereby prolonging their shelf-life under conditions of 28 °C and 70% RH.


Asunto(s)
Aspergillus flavus , Betaína , Timol , Timol/química , Timol/farmacología , Aspergillus flavus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aspergillus flavus/efectos de los fármacos , Aspergillus flavus/química , Betaína/química , Betaína/farmacología , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , Conservantes de Alimentos/química , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada/química , Arachis/química , Arachis/microbiología , Cristalización , Aflatoxinas/química , Aflatoxina B1/química
16.
Animal ; 18(6): 101185, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38843664

RESUMEN

Although anticoccidials effectively control coccidiosis, a needed reduction in the reliance on antimicrobials in animal production leads to the exploration of alternative compounds. The present study aimed to test five different dietary treatments to counteract the negative impact of coccidiosis on broiler chickens' health and performance. 1-day-old male Ross 308 broilers (n = 960) were randomly assigned to one of eight treatments, with six cages per treatment (20 birds/cage). To the diet of the broiler chickens of treatments (Trt) 1-5, a synbiotic was added from d0-10. From d10-28, birds of Trt1 and Trt2 were fed synbiotics, whereas birds of Trt3 were fed diets with glutamine, and birds of Trt4 and Trt5 were fed diets with a combination of ß-glucans and betaine. From d28-35 onwards, birds of Trt1 were fed a diet with a synbiotic, whereas birds of Trt2-4 received diets with glutamine, and birds of Trt5 were fed a non-supplemented diet. Birds of the positive control group (PC; Trt6) were fed a standard diet supplemented with an anticoccidial (Decoquinate). The challenged negative control (NCchall; Trt7) and non-challenged negative control (NC) Trt8 were fed a standard diet without anticoccidial or other dietary treatment. At 7 days (d) of age, all birds were inoculated with 1 023, 115, and 512 sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella, respectively, except for Trt8. Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were assessed for each feeding phase (d0-10, d10-28 and d28-35) and overall experimental period (d0-35). Oocyst shedding, Eimeria lesion scores, cecal length, and relative weight were assessed at d13, d22, d28 and d35. Additionally, oocyst shedding was determined at d9 and d17. Litter quality was evaluated at d27 and d34, and footpad lesions at d34. During the starter (d0-10) and finisher (d28-35) periods, performance did not differ between the treatments. During the grower period (d10-28), Trt6 (PC) and Trt8 (NC) chickens had the highest BWG of all treatments (P < 0.001). Dietary treatment had no effect on litter quality and severity of footpad lesions. In the PC group (Trt6), low oocyst excretion and lesion scores were found. When comparing Trt1-5 with NCchall (Trt7), none of the treatments significantly reduced oocyst output or lesion scores. In conclusion, in this experiment, none of the dietary treatments performed similar or better compared to the PC group (Trt6) regarding performance or reducing Eimeria oocyst shedding or lesion scores.


Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Pollos , Coccidiosis , Dieta , Eimeria , Oocistos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Eimeria/fisiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Simbióticos/administración & dosificación , Distribución Aleatoria , Betaína/administración & dosificación , Betaína/farmacología , Glutamina/farmacología , Glutamina/administración & dosificación , beta-Glucanos/farmacología , beta-Glucanos/administración & dosificación , beta-Glucanos/uso terapéutico
17.
Arch Biochem Biophys ; 758: 110076, 2024 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38942108

RESUMEN

Arsenic, an environmental pollutant and poisonous metalloid, has adverse effects on different body organs, including the kidneys. Betaine is a natural nutrient that has many beneficial health effects. This research was conducted to examine the impact of betaine on nephrotoxicity caused by inorganic arsenic (NaAsO2) in mice. Mice were separated into following groups: control, NaAsO2 (50 ppm), NaAsO2 (50 ppm) + betaine (500 mg/kg), and betaine (500 mg/kg). Mice were received NaAsO2 via drinking water for 8 consecutive weeks and betaine was given to the animals via gavage once daily in the 7th and 8th weeks of the study. Upon completion of the study, the mice were euthanized and samples of serum and kidney were obtained for further evaluations. Administration of NaAsO2 increased the levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in the serum. It enhanced the amounts of renal malondialdehyde and decreased the total thiol levels, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase). Furthermore, it enhanced the levels of renal inflammatory indicators (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide). Western blot results exhibited an increase in the protein expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and phosphorylated NF-κB in NaAsO2-treated mice. Histopathological results also confirmed kidney damage caused by NaAsO2. However, treatment with betaine improved NaAsO2-related kidney injuries in mice. The results of this work indicated that betaine can attenuate kidney damage caused by NaAsO2 by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.


Asunto(s)
Betaína , Inflamación , Riñón , Estrés Oxidativo , Animales , Betaína/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/patología , Riñón/metabolismo , Masculino , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/metabolismo , Arsénico/toxicidad , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/metabolismo
18.
Cell Mol Life Sci ; 81(1): 269, 2024 Jun 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38884791

RESUMEN

Betaine is an endogenous osmolyte that exhibits therapeutic potential by mitigating various neurological disorders. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for its neuroprotective effects remain puzzling.In this study, we describe a possible mechanism behind the positive impact of betaine in preserving neurons from excitotoxicity. Here we demonstrate that betaine at low concentration modulates the GABA uptake by GAT1 (slc6a1), the predominant GABA transporter in the central nervous system. This modulation occurs through the temporal inhibition of the transporter, wherein prolonged occupancy by betaine impedes the swift transition of the transporter to the inward conformation. Importantly, the modulatory effect of betaine on GAT1 is reversible, as the blocking of GAT1 disappears with increased extracellular GABA. Using electrophysiology, mass spectroscopy, radiolabelled cellular assay, and molecular dynamics simulation we demonstrate that betaine has a dual role in GAT1: at mM concentration acts as a slow substrate, and at µM as a temporal blocker of GABA, when it is below its K0.5. Given this unique modulatory characteristic and lack of any harmful side effects, betaine emerges as a promising neuromodulator of the inhibitory pathways improving GABA homeostasis via GAT1, thereby conferring neuroprotection against excitotoxicity.


Asunto(s)
Betaína , Proteínas Transportadoras de GABA en la Membrana Plasmática , Homeostasis , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico , Proteínas Transportadoras de GABA en la Membrana Plasmática/metabolismo , Betaína/farmacología , Betaína/metabolismo , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Animales , Homeostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Humanos , Ratas , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/metabolismo , Células HEK293
19.
Adv Mater ; 36(30): e2404297, 2024 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38734972

RESUMEN

Zwitterionic polymers have emerged as an important class of biomaterials to construct wound dressings and antifouling coatings over the past decade due to their excellent hydrophilicity. However, all the reported zwitterionic polymers as wound dressings are nondegradable because of noncleavable carbon─carbon bonding backbones, and must be removed periodically after treatment to avoid hypoxia in the wound, thus leading to potential secondary injury. In this work, a biodegradable polyzwitterion patch is fabricated for the first time by ring-opening polymerization of carboxybetaine dithiolane (CBDS), which is self-crosslinked via inter-amide hydrogen bonds and zwitterionic dipole-dipole interactions on the side chains. The unprecedented polyCBDS (PCBDS) patch demonstrates enough ductility owing to the intermolecular physical interactions to fully cover irregular wounds, also showing excellent biodegradability and antifouling performance resulted from the existence of disulfide bonds and carboxybetaine groups. Besides, the PCBDS degradation-induced released CBDS owns potent antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This PCBDS patch is used as a diabetic wound dressing, inhibiting bacterial adhesion on the external surface, and its degradation products can exactly kill bacteria and scavenge excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the wound site to regulate local microenvironment, including regulation of cytokine express and macrophage polarization, accelerating infected diabetic wound repair, and also avoiding the potential secondary injury.


Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Cicatrización de Heridas , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Ratones , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Vendajes , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Materiales Biocompatibles/farmacología , Polímeros/química , Polímeros/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Adhesión Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Betaína/química , Betaína/análogos & derivados , Betaína/farmacología , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Células RAW 264.7
20.
Adv Healthc Mater ; 13(20): e2400126, 2024 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38768441

RESUMEN

Blood-contact medical devices are indispensable for clinical interventions, yet their susceptibility to thrombosis and bacterial infections poses substantial risks to treatment efficacy and patient well-being. This study introduces a polysulfobetaine/alginate-CuII (SAC) zwitterionic hydrogel coating on polyurethane (PU) surfaces. This approach retains the superhydrophilic and antifouling nature of pSBMA while conferring the antibacterial effects of copper ions. Meanwhile, the copper alginate network intertwines with the polysulfobetaine (pSBMA) network, enhancing its mechanical properties and overcoming inherent weaknesses, thereby improving coating durability. Compared to the substrate, the SAC hydrogel coating significantly reduces thrombus adhesion mass by approximately 81.5% during extracorporeal blood circulation and effectively prevents bacterial biofilm formation even in a high-concentration bacterial milieu over 30 days. Moreover, the results from an isolated blood circulation model in New Zealand white rabbits affirm the impressive anticoagulant efficacy of the SAC hydrogel coating. The findings suggest that this hydrogel coating and its application method hold promise as a solution for blood-contact material surface modification to address thrombosis and bacterial biofilm formation simultaneously.


Asunto(s)
Biopelículas , Coagulación Sanguínea , Hidrogeles , Animales , Conejos , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Coagulación Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Hidrogeles/química , Hidrogeles/farmacología , Materiales Biocompatibles Revestidos/química , Materiales Biocompatibles Revestidos/farmacología , Trombosis/prevención & control , Alginatos/química , Alginatos/farmacología , Infecciones Bacterianas/prevención & control , Infecciones Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Poliuretanos/química , Poliuretanos/farmacología , Betaína/química , Betaína/análogos & derivados , Betaína/farmacología , Cobre/química , Cobre/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología
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