Relationship between Sleep Bruxism Determined by Non-Instrumental and Instrumental Approaches and Psychometric Variables.

Sleep bruxism (SB) can be determined with different diagnostic procedures. The relationship between psychometric variables and SB varies depending on the diagnostic method. The aim of the study was to compare the association between SB and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL; measured by the Oral Health Impact Profile, OHIP), anxiety (measured by the State-Trait anxiety inventory, STAI), and stress (single scale variable) depending on the diagnostic method in the same sample. N = 45 participants were examined by non-instrumental (possible/probable SB) and instrumental methods (definite SB). The OHIP differed significantly between possible SB (median = 4) and non-SB (median = 0) with W = 115, p = 0.01, and probable SB (median = 6) and non-SB (median = 0) with W = 101, p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the OHIP score between definite SB and non-SB. For the other psychometric variables, the analyses revealed no significant differences between SB and non-SB in all diagnostic procedures. The results suggest that there is a difference between possible/probable and definite SB with respect to the association with OHRQoL. Certain aspects of possible/probable SB might be responsible for the poor OHRQoL, which are not measured in definite SB.

Associated factors and treatment options for sleep bruxism in children: an umbrella review.

Data on clinical management options for sleep bruxism in the primary dentition are inconclusive. This umbrella review aimed to synthesize the available evidence from systematic reviews (SRs) on the associated factors and treatment approaches for clinical management of sleep bruxism in children. A search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and OpenGrey databases up to March 2022. SRs published on sleep bruxism in children containing data on associated factors or treatment outcomes were included. The AMSTAR-2 tool was used to assess the methodological quality of SRs. The search identified 444 articles, of which six were included. Sleep conditions, respiratory changes, personality traits, and psychosocial factors were the associated factors commonly identified. Treatments included psychological and pharmacological therapies, occlusal devices, physical therapy, and surgical therapy. All SRs included presented a high risk of bias. Overlapping of the included studies was considered very high. The best evidence available to date for the management of sleep bruxism in children is based on associated factors, with sleep duration and conditions, respiratory changes, as well as personality traits and psychosocial factors being the most important factors commonly reported by studies. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to make recommendations for specific treatment options.

The effectiveness of stabilization appliance therapy among patients with myalgia.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of stabilization appliance therapy for masticatory muscle pain is debated. Therefore, there are currently no clear usage standards. We analyzed patient factors influencing its efficacy and characterized masticatory muscle pain subtypes to determine appropriate therapy candidates. METHODS: This case series study recruited patients diagnosed with local myalgia or myofascial pain and used variables related to temporomandibular disorders in the analysis. We used temporary appliance to screen patients for sleep bruxism for 2 weeks. Afterwards, we initiated therapy with stabilization appliances. Efficacy was evaluated via tenderness intensity during muscle palpation and the treatment satisfaction score after 2 months of treatment. RESULTS: We analyzed 62 (91%) patients. Tenderness upon muscle palpation was mitigated in 27 patients. Mitigated tenderness odds ratios were 0.035 for myofascial pain, 0.804 for 15-item Patient Health Questionnaire scores, and 1.915 for facet length. Thirty-nine patients expressed satisfaction; satisfaction odds ratios were 0.855 for 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire scores, 1.606 for facet length, and 4.023 for awake bruxism awareness. CONCLUSIONS: Stabilization appliance therapy is most effective for patients with awake bruxism awareness, local myalgia, long facets, and no psychosocial risk factors.

Relationship between Sleep Bruxism, Perceived Stress, and Coping Strategies.

Sleep bruxism (SB) is a common phenomenon defined as a masticatory muscle activity during sleep. Untreated severe SB can have significant dental and orofacial consequences. SB has often been linked with stress and maladaptive coping strategies. Therefore, in this study, a potential correlation between SB, perceived stress and coping strategies was evaluated. A total of 60 adults were enrolled into this study. Participants underwent a detailed intra- and extraoral exam focused on detecting bruxism symptoms. Additionally, the overnight Bruxism Index was recorded using the Bruxoff device. A total of 35 participants with symptoms of bruxism were assigned to the study group, whereas 25 asymptomatic participants were assigned to the control group. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was used for stress assessment and Brief-COPE for coping strategies. Results showed that the higher the PSS-10 score, the higher the Bruxism Index was in the study group. Positive coping strategies were chosen most frequently in the control group, while maladaptive ones were chosen in the study group. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between perceived stress and sleep bruxism. Moreover, the type of coping strategies used by participants may have an impact on sleep bruxism, but the relationship should be further investigated.

Sleep bruxism: population based study in people with 18 years or more in the city of Rio Grande, Brazil. / Bruxismo do sono: estudo de base populacional em pessoas com 18 anos ou mais na cidade de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of sleep bruxism, as well as its principal signs and symptoms, in the city of Rio Grande. Evaluate the association of sleep bruxism with gender, age, education and psychological stress. METHOD: The study was cross-sectional type. A representative sample of the population (1280 people residing in the urban area of the city aged greater than or equal to 18 years old) were interviewed. The evaluation of sleep bruxism was by mean of questionnaire based on diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. RESULTS: The prevalence of sleep bruxism found in the population was 8,1% (confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI - 6,6 - 9,5). Among the signs and symptoms of dysfunction used for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism, tooth wear (70,3%) and pain in masticatory muscles (44,5%) were the most frequently reported by people who report teeth grinding during sleep. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of sleep bruxism between sexes. People older than 40 had a higher prevalence of sleep bruxism. The dysfunction was associated with a higher level of education (prevalence ratio - PR = 1.92; 95%CI 1,35 - 2,72) and psychological stress (PR 1,76; 95%CI 1,11 - 2,81). CONCLUSION: There was a significant prevalence of sleep bruxism in the general population, causing various damages to the Stomatognathic system. The psychological stress is a risk factor for this dysfunction.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência do bruxismo do sono, bem como seus principais sinais e sintomas, na cidade de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul. Avaliar a associação do bruxismo do sono com sexo, idade, escolaridade e estresse psicológico. MÉTODO: O estudo foi do tipo transversal. Uma amostra representativa da população (1.280 pessoas residentes na zona urbana da cidade com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos de idade) foi entrevistada. A avaliação do bruxismo do sono foi realizada por meio de questionário baseado nos critérios diagnósticos da Classificação Internacional de Distúrbios do Sono. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de bruxismo do sono encontrada na população foi de 8,1% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% - 6,6 - 9,5). Entre os sinais e sintomas da disfunção utilizados para o diagnóstico de bruxismo do sono, o desgaste dentário (70,3%) e a dor nos músculos mastigatórios (44,5%) foram os mais frequentemente relatados pelas pessoas que declararam ranger os dentes durante o sono. Não houve diferença significativa na prevalência de bruxismo do sono entre os sexos. A faixa etária com mais de 40 anos teve maior prevalência de bruxismo do sono. A disfunção foi associada a um maior nível de escolaridade (razão de prevalência - RP = 1,92; IC95% 1,35 - 2,72) e de estresse psicológico (RP = 1,76; IC95% 1,11 - 2,81). CONCLUSÃO: O bruxismo do sono tem uma importante prevalência na população em geral, causando diversos danos ao sistema estomatognático. O estresse psicológico é um fator de risco para essa disfunção.

Association between sleep bruxism and anxiety symptoms in adults: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the association between sleep bruxism (SB) and anxiety symptoms in adults. METHODS: A systematic review was performed and studies assessing SB by means of questionnaires, clinical examination and/or polysomnography (PSG), and validated questionnaires to assess anxiety, were included. Search strategies were developed for seven main electronic databases. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies, and confidence in cumulative evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria. RESULTS: Eight cross-sectional studies were included, of which five were judged with low and three with moderate risk of bias. No association with SB was observed in three studies that investigated generic levels of anxiety, while other two papers that evaluated generic anxiety levels through the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) found a positive association with probable and definite SB in both STAI-1 and STAI-2 subscales. Only one study evaluated dental anxiety in particular and an association with probable SB was observed regarding very anxious or extremely anxious scores. Two studies assessed specific symptoms of anxiety using the panic-agoraphobic spectra evaluation (PAS-SR) questionnaire. Significantly higher PAS-SR total scores were observed in both studies with regard to SB. No study with definitive assessment of SB was identified. CONCLUSION: Current literature is controversial regarding an association between SB and generic symptoms of anxiety in adults. It seems that some specific symptoms of the anxiety disorders spectrum might be associated with probable SB.

Bruxismo do sono: estudo de base populacional em pessoas com 18 anos ou mais na cidade de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul / Sleep bruxism: population based study in people with 18 years or more in the city of Rio Grande, Brazil

RESUMO: Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência do bruxismo do sono, bem como seus principais sinais e sintomas, na cidade de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul. Avaliar a associação do bruxismo do sono com sexo, idade, escolaridade e estresse psicológico. Método: O estudo foi do tipo transversal. Uma amostra representativa da população (1.280 pessoas residentes na zona urbana da cidade com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos de idade) foi entrevistada. A avaliação do bruxismo do sono foi realizada por meio de questionário baseado nos critérios diagnósticos da Classificação Internacional de Distúrbios do Sono. Resultados: A prevalência de bruxismo do sono encontrada na população foi de 8,1% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% - 6,6 - 9,5). Entre os sinais e sintomas da disfunção utilizados para o diagnóstico de bruxismo do sono, o desgaste dentário (70,3%) e a dor nos músculos mastigatórios (44,5%) foram os mais frequentemente relatados pelas pessoas que declararam ranger os dentes durante o sono. Não houve diferença significativa na prevalência de bruxismo do sono entre os sexos. A faixa etária com mais de 40 anos teve maior prevalência de bruxismo do sono. A disfunção foi associada a um maior nível de escolaridade (razão de prevalência - RP = 1,92; IC95% 1,35 - 2,72) e de estresse psicológico (RP = 1,76; IC95% 1,11 - 2,81). Conclusão: O bruxismo do sono tem uma importante prevalência na população em geral, causando diversos danos ao sistema estomatognático. O estresse psicológico é um fator de risco para essa disfunção.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of sleep bruxism, as well as its principal signs and symptoms, in the city of Rio Grande. Evaluate the association of sleep bruxism with gender, age, education and psychological stress. Method: The study was cross-sectional type. A representative sample of the population (1280 people residing in the urban area of the city aged greater than or equal to 18 years old) were interviewed. The evaluation of sleep bruxism was by mean of questionnaire based on diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Results: The prevalence of sleep bruxism found in the population was 8,1% (confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI - 6,6 - 9,5). Among the signs and symptoms of dysfunction used for the diagnosis of sleep bruxism, tooth wear (70,3%) and pain in masticatory muscles (44,5%) were the most frequently reported by people who report teeth grinding during sleep. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of sleep bruxism between sexes. People older than 40 had a higher prevalence of sleep bruxism. The dysfunction was associated with a higher level of education (prevalence ratio - PR = 1.92; 95%CI 1,35 - 2,72) and psychological stress (PR 1,76; 95%CI 1,11 - 2,81). Conclusion: There was a significant prevalence of sleep bruxism in the general population, causing various damages to the Stomatognathic system. The psychological stress is a risk factor for this dysfunction.

Bruxism and oral health-related quality of life among male inmates in a penal institution, Mysore: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: One of the widespread problems of oral health is bruxism and is defined as a parafunctional habit with involuntary grinding and gnashing of the teeth occurring during sleep. However, bruxism is connected to anxiety and stress, but the published literature on bruxism among prison inmates is scanty. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of active sleep bruxism and its impact on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among inmates in Central Penal Institution, Mysore. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was cross sectional and conducted among eligible male inmates at Central Penal Institution, Mysore. The information on active sleep bruxism and OHRQoL was collected using a predesigned structured questionnaire by means of personal interview by a trained investigator. The active sleep bruxism was assessed using the criteria of American Academy of Sleep Medicine and OHRQoL through modified oral health impact profile (OHIP-14). The data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, t-test, analysis of variance, and linear regression model. RESULTS: A total of 212 male inmates aged between 18 and 80 years were considered for the study. The prevalence of active sleep bruxism among the study population was 31.6%. The mean OHIP-14 score was significantly higher (P < 0.001) among the inmates having active sleep bruxism (38.52 ± 12.8) suggesting a high oral health impact as compared to inmates without this disorder (31.67 ± 12). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of active sleep bruxism was higher among the inmates of penal institution as compared to the general population. The active sleep bruxism had a negative impact on OHRQoL.

Evaluation of the association of bruxism, psychosocial and sociodemographic factors in preschoolers.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate factors associated with sleep bruxism in five-year-old preschool children. A preschool-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 761 pairs of children and their parents/caregivers. Sleep bruxism was diagnosed using a questionnaire administered to the parents/caregivers, who also answered questionnaires addressing sociodemographic data and parent's/caregiver's sense of coherence. Clinical oral evaluations of the children to determine dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, malocclusion and tooth wear were performed by two researchers who had undergone a training exercise (interexaminer Kappa: 0.70 to 0.91; intraexaminer Kappa: 0.81 to 1.00). Descriptive analysis and logistic regression for complex samples were carried out (α = 5%). The prevalence of sleep bruxism among the preschool children was 26.9%. The multivariate analysis revealed that bruxism was associated with poor sleep quality (OR = 2.93; 95 CI: 1.52-5.65) and tooth wear (OR = 2.34; 95%CI: 1.39-3.96). In the present study, sleep bruxism among preschool children was associated with tooth wear and poor sleep quality of the child. In contrast, psychosocial aspects (sense of coherence) were not associated with sleep bruxism.

Association of possible sleep bruxism in children with different chronotype profiles and sleep characteristics.

Sleep bruxism (SB) in children has been associated with several sleep characteristics, which may alter their sleep pattern. This change affects the internal biological clock and consequently the chronotype profile. The aim of this study was to evaluate the existence of an association between possible SB in children with specific chronotype profiles and sleep characteristics. The study included 207 parents/guardians of children aged between 3 and 12 years who were waiting for their children's dental treatment at the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A questionnaire on the socio-demographic characteristics of parents and children as well as on the features of the children's sleep was applied. In addition, the CIRENS scale (Circadian Energy Scale) was completed by the parents to identify the children's chronotype. A chi-squared test was used to determine the association between possible SB, the chronotype, and sleep characteristics. A multiple logistic regression model was implemented to observe the influence of chronotype, age, and other independent variables on the possible SB. The logistic regression model demonstrated that nocturnal agitation (p = 0.009; OR = 3.42) and nightmares (p = 0.045; OR = 3.24) were associated with possible SB in children. Although no significant association (p = 0 .089) between the chronotype profile and possible SB was observed in the 3 to 5 years age group, a proportional difference was observed between the chronotype categories in this age group-12.5% of children with SB had a morning type, while 26.4% had an intermediate type and 47.8% an evening type compared to those without possible SB. Nocturnal agitation and nightmares were associated with possible SB. In addition, young children with an evening chronotype had a tendency toward possible SB.

Long-term variability of sleep bruxism and psychological stress in patients with jaw-muscle pain: Report of two longitudinal clinical cases.

Sleep bruxism (SB) and psychological stress are commonly considered as contributing factors in the aetiology of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain. However, the lack of longitudinal studies and fluctuating nature of SB, psychological stress and TMD pain have led to contradictory results regarding the association between the possible aetiological factors and TMD pain. In the present study we investigated the contribution of SB and psychological stress to TMD pain in a longitudinal study of 2 clinical TMD pain cases during a 6-week study protocol. Two female volunteers with clinically diagnosed myalgia based on the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) participated in the study. Questionnaires were used to record jaw-muscle pain and psychological stress experience, and an ambulatory polysomnography technique was used to record SB intensity. Visual analysis of the data revealed that the intensity of TMD pain was not hardwired, neither with psychological stress experience nor with increased SB activity. Within the limitations of single-patient clinical cases design, our study suggested that the presence of TMD pain cannot be explained by a simple linear model which takes psychological stress or SB into account. It also seems that psychological stress was a more important predictor factor for TMD pain than SB.

The risk factors related to bruxism in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review was performed to determine the risk factors related to bruxism in children. DESIGN: This systematic review was conducted with reporting in agreement to the PRISMA statement and according to guidelines from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We conducted a systematic search of seven online databases, with the last search updated on 1st October 2016. The seven databases were Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library database, Web of Science, CNKI, CBM, and WF. The included trial type were RCT, cohort studies, and case-control studies, and bruxism symptoms were assessed by questionnaires and examinations. Eighteen out of the 5637 initially identified studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: gender, age, gene, mixed position, anxiety, the nervous, secondhand smoke, high psychological reactions, responsibility, move a lot during sleep, sleeps with mouth open, snores loudly, restless sleep, sleep hours, sleep with light on, noise in room, headache, biting, cheeks tonus, perioral musculature participation, conduct problems, peer problems, emotional symptoms, mental health problems, birth weight, occupation of family head, maternal marital status, hyperactivity, family income seemed to have statistical significance from the present systematic review and meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors related to bruxism were as follows: Male, gene, mixed position, moves a lot, anxiety, the nervous, psychological reactions, responsibility, secondhand smoke, snore loudly, restless sleep, sleep with light on, noise in room, "sleep hours, ≤8h", headache, objects biting, conduct problems, peer problems, emotional symptoms and mental health problems.

Provável bruxismo do sono em escolares: prevalência, fatores associados e impacto na qualidade de vida / Probable sleep bruxism in schoolchildren: prevalence, associated factors and impact on the quality of life

Bruxismo do sono (BS) é uma atividade repetitiva da musculatura mandibular caracterizado por ranger ou apertar dos dentes durante o sono. Esse distúrbio do movimento pode ser influenciado por fatores psicossociais e ambientais. Dados sobre sua associação com a qualidade de vida em crianças são escassos. Diante disso, foi realizado um estudo transversal, de base populacional, com os objetivos de determinar a prevalência, identificar os fatores associados e avaliar a associação entre o provável bruxismo do sono (PBS) e a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (QVRSB) de escolares. Participaram do estudo 1.053 escolares, de 8 a 10 anos de idade, matriculados em escolas públicas e privadas de Teresina, PI, Brasil, e seus pais/responsáveis. O diagnóstico do PBS foi baseado no critério do consenso internacional (relato dos pais/responsáveis associado ao exame clínico). Os pais/responsáveis responderam um formulário sobre aspectos socioeconômicos e demográficos, condições gerais e de saúde e autorrelato de possível bruxismo do sono no responsável, e a versão brasileira curta do Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ). Os escolares responderam a versão brasileira do questionário Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8-10) e foram examinados clinicamente, na própria escola, por uma única examinadora treinada e calibrada (kappa >_0,80). Foram avaliadas as condições bucais: desgaste dentário, experiência de cárie dentária (índices ceo-d/CPO-D), má oclusão (Dental Aesthetic Index - DAI) e traumatismo dentário (Classificação de Andreasen), como possíveis variáveis confundidoras. Os dados foram analisados por meio de regressão de Poisson bivariada e multivariada com variância robusta (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que a prevalência do PBS nos escolares foi de 28%. Padrão respiratório bucal, uso de estímulos luminosos e sonoros ao dormir, responsável ter possível bruxismo do sono foram associados ao PBS nos escolares (p<0,001). Na percepção dos escolares, o PBS foi associado ao maior impacto negativo na QVRSB nos domínios limitação funcional (RR = 1,174; IC95% = 1,03 - 1,34) e bem-estar social (RR = 1,211; IC95% = 1,01 - 1,46) e escore total do CPQ8-10 (RR = 1,131; IC 95% = 1,01 - 1,27). Na percepção dos pais/responsáveis, o maior impacto negativo na QVRSB foi associado com presença do PBS no filho, nos três domínios do P-CPQ: sintomas orais (RR = 1,331; IC95% = 1,14 - 1,55), limitação funcional (RR = 1,916; IC95% = 1,66 - 2,21) e bem-estar (RR = 1,485; IC95% = 1,25 - 1,79), e no escore total do P-CPQ (RR = 1,513; IC 95% = 1,34 - 1,71). Conclui-se que a prevalência do PBS foi relevante. A ocorrência dessa desordem foi associada padrão respiratório bucal, uso de estímulos luminosos e sonoros ao dormir, responsável ter possível bruxismo do sono. O PBS nos escolares está associado com maior impacto negativo na QVRSB autorrelatada e na percepção dos pais/responsáveis

Sleep bruxism (SB) is a repetitive of the mandibular musculature characterized by grinding or clenching of teeth during sleep. This movement disorder can be influenced by psychosocial and environmental factors. Data regarding its association with quality of life in children are scarpe. A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted to determine prevalence, to identify associated factors, and to evaluate the assiciation between probable sleep bruxism (PSB) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of schoolchildren. A total of 1,053 schoolchildrem, 8 to 10 years of age, enrolled in public and private schools in Terezina, PI, Brazil, and theirparents/guardians participated in the study....

Evaluation of the association of bruxism, psychosocial and sociodemographic factors in preschoolers

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate factors associated with sleep bruxism in five-year-old preschool children. A preschool-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 761 pairs of children and their parents/caregivers. Sleep bruxism was diagnosed using a questionnaire administered to the parents/caregivers, who also answered questionnaires addressing sociodemographic data and parent's/caregiver's sense of coherence. Clinical oral evaluations of the children to determine dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, malocclusion and tooth wear were performed by two researchers who had undergone a training exercise (interexaminer Kappa: 0.70 to 0.91; intraexaminer Kappa: 0.81 to 1.00). Descriptive analysis and logistic regression for complex samples were carried out (α = 5%). The prevalence of sleep bruxism among the preschool children was 26.9%. The multivariate analysis revealed that bruxism was associated with poor sleep quality (OR = 2.93; 95 CI: 1.52-5.65) and tooth wear (OR = 2.34; 95%CI: 1.39-3.96). In the present study, sleep bruxism among preschool children was associated with tooth wear and poor sleep quality of the child. In contrast, psychosocial aspects (sense of coherence) were not associated with sleep bruxism.

Sleep Bruxism and Anxiety Impacts in Quality of Life Related to Oral Health of Brazilian Children and their Families.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the impact of parent reported sleep bruxism, trait anxiety and sociodemographic/socioeconomic features on quality of life related to oral health (OHRQoL) of children and their families. STUDY DESIGN: Healthy children aged 3-7 years, with (n=34) and without (n=32) bruxism were select for this study. Data was collected by applying the following instruments: The Early Childhood Oral Health Scale (B-ECOHIS) and Trait-anxiety Scale (TAS). The sociodemographic/socioeconomic characteristics were obtained by interviews with parents. Multiple logistic regression tests were performed to observe the influence of sociodemographic/socioeconomic characteristics, bruxism and trait-anxiety on the children's OHRQoL. RESULTS: No association between sleep bruxism and all evaluated sociodemographic/socioeconomic conditions, with exception of being the only child (p=0.029), were observed. Mean B-ECOHIS and TAS scores were different (p<0.05) between children with (3.41 ± 4.87; 45.09 ± 15.46, respectively) and without (0.63 ± 1.28; 29.53 ± 11.82, respectively) bruxism. Although an association between bruxism and OHRQoL (p=0.015) was observed, it was dropped (p=0.336; OR=1.77) in the logistic regression model. Trait anxiety was the variable responsible for the impact on the OHRQoL of children (p=0.012; OR=1.05). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated anxiety as the main factor that interfered in the OHRQoL of children with sleep bruxism.

Is there an association between verbal school bullying and possible sleep bruxism in adolescents?

The aim of this study was to determine the association between verbal school bullying and possible sleep bruxism (SB) in adolescents. A case-control study was carried out at the population level by recruiting 13- to 15-year-old participants among the attendants of schools of Itabira, Brazil. The case group was composed of 103 adolescents with possible SB (i.e. self- or parental-reported), while the control group included 206 adolescents without possible SB. All participants answered a questionnaire on the occurrence of their involvement in verbal school bullying episodes, based on the National School of Health Research (PeNSE) as well as an evaluation of their economic class according to the criteria of the Brazilian Association of Research Companies. Pearson's chi-square, McNemar test and conditional logistic regression were performed to assess the association between possible SB, verbal school bullying and economic class. There were 134 (43·3%) participants who reported involvement in verbal school bullying episodes as a victim, bully or both. The majority of them were males (90·3%). Adolescents with possible SB were more likely to have been involved in episodes of verbal school bullying (OR: 6·20; 95% CI: 3·67-10·48). Based on these findings, it can be suggested that possible SB in young teenagers is associated with a history of episodes of verbal school bullying.

Influence of maternal psychological traits on sleep bruxism in children.

BACKGROUND: Sleep bruxism (SB) is a sleep disorder with high incidence in toddlers and may perpetuate to adulthood. The multifactorial etiology of bruxism includes pathophysiologic and psychological factors. AIM: To investigate the relationship between depression, stressful events, and the presence of symptoms of anxiety and depression with SB in children of adolescent mothers. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study nested in a cohort evaluated a sample of 536 mothers and their children aged 24-36 months. Interviews were conducted with mothers. Maternal report of SB was collected. Mother's major depressive disorder was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Plus); Life Events Scale assessed the stressful events; Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory investigated the symptoms of depression and anxiety. Poisson regression analysis was applied to assess the association of maternal psychological disorders and stressful events with SB on children. RESULTS: Prevalence of SB was 25.93% (95% CI 22.2-29.7). After adjustments, maternal major depression disorder [PR 1.43 (95% CI 1.06-1.92)] and the presence of stressful events mainly environmental changes [PR 1.47 (95% CI 1.08-2.00)] showed significant association with bruxism in children. CONCLUSION: This study showed a positive association between mother's psychological traits and SB development in their toddlers.

Knowledge of parents/guardians about nocturnal bruxism in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Bruxism is a repetitive jaw-muscle activity characterized by the clenching or grinding of teeth and/or the bracing or thrusting of the mandible. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed parents/guardians' knowledge of nocturnal bruxism in children/adolescents. METHOD: A cross-sectional study using a validated questionnaire was carried out on 134 Brazilian guardians. Data were analyzed descriptively and through the chi-square test to assess the association if guardians reported bruxism and the causes and consequences of nocturnal bruxism. RESULTS: Mothers (68.7%) were the main contributors; 23.1% said their child had bruxism. Although most participants (73.9%) had no opinion, some believe bruxism is linked to emotional stress (13.4%), mysticism/religiosity (3.7%), health (3.7%) or dental problems (3.0%), and presence of parasites (2.2%). Among the parents/guardians of children without bruxism, 81.9% were unaware of some possible cause versus 18.1% of those with bruxism (p=0.011). There was no association between children with bruxism and the type of sleep (p=0.191) or sleep duration (p=0.377). The majority (90.3%) of guardians whose children have bruxism believe the condition affects their health (p=0.006). CONCLUSION: Guardians have a widespread ignorance about the causes and consequences of sleep bruxism.

Diagnosis of sleep bruxism can assist in the detection of cases of verbal school bullying and measure the life satisfaction of adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a period with changes and conflicts. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between sleep bruxism, verbal bullying at school, and life satisfaction among Brazilian adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of 1344 Brazilian adolescents was performed. Possible sleep bruxism was identified using the consensus criteria based on the reports of parents. The parents and the adolescents answered validated questionnaires. The data were statistically analyzed using the chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: A total of 205 adolescents presented possible sleep bruxism (15.3%). This parafunction was more prevalent among adolescents who were victims of verbal bullying at school (PR: 6.31; 95% CI: 4.78-8.32), victim/perpetrators (PR: 5.27; 95% CI: 3.82-7.27), and who belonged to families from a higher socioeconomic status (RP: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.23-1.86). Possible sleep bruxism was also associated with higher scores in the domains of self (PR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00-1.08), school (PR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02-1.09) and self-efficacy (PR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03-1.12), and lower scores in the non-violence domain (PR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Possible sleep bruxism can assist in the detection of adolescents involved in school bullying at school in the roles of victim and victim/perpetrator.