RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is a complex disorder. Carriers develop hamartomatous tumors, with an increased risk for developing malignant tumors in multiple organs. Surveillance to facilitate the early detection and treatment of malignancies is extremely important. CASE REPORT: A 31-year-old male presented with a 10 cm left lobe thyroid gland mass. After fine needle aspiration a left hemithyroidectomy was performed, which demonstrated a minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC, stage pT3a) and microscopic classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in the background of about 50 separate adenomatous nodules (0.2-5 mm). Immunostaining showed loss of PTEN protein in the minimally invasive FTC and in all of the nodules tested, with uninvolved parenchyma serving as an internal control. Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) Hereditary Cancer Panel, testing for 62 genes, was performed and showed germline mutations in PTEN and RecQ like helicase 4 (RECQL4) genes. Completion thyroidectomy subsequently performed demonstrated about 60 follicular cell-derived adenomatous nodules (0.3-10 mm). Genetic counseling and evaluation documented Cowden syndrome (CS) in the family. Thus, PHTS was confirmed. CONCLUSION: This report documents synchronous FTC and PTC in a background of multiple follicular adenomatous nodules with a novel RECQL4 mutation in an adult patient with PHTS. As such, documented the loss of PTEN protein in a thyroid gland affected by multiple adenomatous nodules aided in diagnosing PHTS.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma Folicular/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Mutación de Línea Germinal , Síndrome de Hamartoma Múltiple/genética , RecQ Helicasas/genética , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/genética , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/enzimología , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/patología , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/cirugía , Adulto , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Biopsia con Aguja Fina , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Carcinoma Papilar/cirugía , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Síndrome de Hamartoma Múltiple/enzimología , Síndrome de Hamartoma Múltiple/patología , Síndrome de Hamartoma Múltiple/cirugía , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN/análisis , Fenotipo , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/cirugía , TiroidectomíaRESUMEN
Fumarate is an oncometabolite. However, the mechanism underlying fumarate-exerted tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, utilizing human type2 papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC2) as a model, we show that fumarate accumulates in cells deficient in fumarate hydratase (FH) and inhibits PTEN to activate PI3K/AKT signaling. Mechanistically, fumarate directly reacts with PTEN at cysteine 211 (C211) to form S-(2-succino)-cysteine. Succinated C211 occludes tethering of PTEN with the cellular membrane, thereby diminishing its inhibitory effect on the PI3K/AKT pathway. Functionally, re-expressing wild-type FH or PTEN C211S phenocopies an AKT inhibitor in suppressing tumor growth and sensitizing PRCC2 to sunitinib. Analysis of clinical specimens indicates that PTEN C211 succination levels are positively correlated with AKT activation in PRCC2. Collectively, these findings elucidate a non-metabolic, oncogenic role of fumarate in PRCC2 via direct post-translational modification of PTEN and further reveal potential stratification strategies for patients with FH loss by combinatorial AKTi and sunitinib therapy.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Papilar , Carcinoma de Células Renales , Fumaratos , Neoplasias Renales , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN , Carcinogénesis , Carcinoma Papilar/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renales/enzimología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renales/metabolismo , Cisteína/metabolismo , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Fumarato Hidratasa/genética , Fumarato Hidratasa/metabolismo , Fumaratos/farmacología , Humanos , Neoplasias Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renales/enzimología , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Neoplasias Renales/metabolismo , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/genética , Sunitinib/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Evidence regarding intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) as a type of precancerous lesion of cholangiocarcinoma is limited. Moreover, a reproducible in vivo model is lacking, and IPNB pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we use a doxycycline-inducible tetracycline (Tet)-on mice model to control fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) expression, which regulates branching and tubule formation. FGF10-induced IPNB mimics the multifocal and divergent human IPNB phenotypes via the FGF10-FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2)-RAS-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. A paracrine/autocrine growth factor is sufficient to initiate and maintain IPNB originating from the peribiliary glands, including biliary stem/progenitor cells. With KrasG12D, p53, or p16 mutations or both, Fgf10-induced IPNB shows stepwise carcinogenesis, causing associated invasive carcinoma. Fgf10-induced papillary changes and progression are suppressed by the inhibition of the FGF10-FGFR2-RAS-ERK signaling pathway, demonstrating that the signal is a therapeutic target for IPNB and associated carcinoma.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Colangiocarcinoma/enzimología , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Factor 10 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Células Madre Neoplásicas/enzimología , Lesiones Precancerosas/enzimología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/genética , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/patología , Carcinoma Papilar/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Células Cultivadas , Colangiocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Colangiocarcinoma/genética , Colangiocarcinoma/patología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Factor 10 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Genes ras , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Desnudos , Ratones Transgénicos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Quinasas de Proteína Quinasa Activadas por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasas de Proteína Quinasa Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Mutación , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Fosforilación , Lesiones Precancerosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Lesiones Precancerosas/genética , Lesiones Precancerosas/patología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Receptor Tipo 2 de Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/genética , Receptor Tipo 2 de Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Thyroid cancer represents a heterogenous disease whose incidence has increased in the last decades. Although three main different subtypes have been described, molecular characterization is progressively being included in the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm of these patients. In fact, thyroid cancer is a landmark in the oncological approach to solid tumors as it harbors key genetic alterations driving tumor progression that have been demonstrated to be potential actionable targets. Within this promising and rapid changing scenario, current efforts are directed to improve tumor characterization for an accurate guidance in the therapeutic management. In this sense, it is strongly recommended to perform tissue genotyping to patients that are going to be considered for systemic therapy in order to select the adequate treatment, according to recent clinical trials data. Overall, the aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on the molecular biology of thyroid cancer focusing on the key role of tyrosine kinases. Additionally, from a clinical point of view, we provide a thorough perspective, current and future, in the treatment landscape of this tumor.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Proteínas de Neoplasias/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/terapia , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/enzimología , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/genética , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/terapia , Adenoma Oxifílico/enzimología , Adenoma Oxifílico/genética , Adenoma Oxifílico/terapia , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma Medular/enzimología , Carcinoma Medular/genética , Carcinoma Medular/terapia , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/terapia , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Terapia Combinada , Manejo de la Enfermedad , Predicción , Genes Relacionados con las Neoplasias , Humanos , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéutico , Inmunoconjugados/uso terapéutico , Inmunoterapia , Radioisótopos de Yodo/uso terapéutico , Estudios Multicéntricos como Asunto , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/genética , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/genética , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Antibodies against carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) are often part of immunohistochemical panels used to assist renal cell cancer (RCC) subtyping. This study was undertaken to determine, whether assessing CAIX expression levels could provide additional prognostic information. METHODS AND MATERIALS: More than 1,800 RCCs were analyzed in a tissue microarray (TMA) format for CAIX expression. All tumors had been reviewed and newly classified according to the WHO 2016 classification. RESULTS: Membranous CAIX expression revealed a "black and white" pattern that was strikingly dependent on the RCC subtype. In clear cell RCC, 89.2% of cancers showed strong positivity. The few clear cell RCC with lower CAIX expression levels were more likely to exhibit unfavorable tumor phenotype (p < 0.0001) and poor disease course (p = 0.0036). CAIX was completely absent in 99% of chromophobe RCC and in 100% of oncocytomas. In papillary RCC, 80.2% of cancers showed complete absence of CAIX staining. Papillary RCC with detectable CAIX expression had a less favorable tumor phenotype (p≤0.05) and worse disease outcome (p = 0.0176). These data are consistent with the concept, that "aberrant" CAIX staining - meaning absent or weak staining in a cancer expected to have a high level CAIX expression such as clear cell RCC or detectable CAIX expression in tumors that are typically CAIX negative such as papillary and chromophobe RCC - reflects biologic tumor dedifferentiation. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that CAIX is a highly useful diagnostic biomarker for RCC providing both diagnostic and prognostic information.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Anhidrasa Carbónica IX/metabolismo , Carcinoma Papilar/secundario , Carcinoma de Células Renales/secundario , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Anciano , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/cirugía , Carcinoma de Células Renales/enzimología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/cirugía , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Neoplasias Renales/enzimología , Neoplasias Renales/cirugía , Metástasis Linfática , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Invasividad Neoplásica , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/enzimología , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/cirugía , Pronóstico , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND Approximately 20% of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) will develop cancer recurrence, but no clinically available biomarker has been identified. Our study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) in PTCs. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively enrolled 108 PTC patients in this study, and explored the expression of GRK6 in resected tumor samples by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The clinical data were interpreted by chi-square test, univariate analysis, and multivariate analysis. To investigate the functional mechanisms of GRK6 in regulating PTC progression, we also performed overexpression and silencing experiments in TPC-1 cells, a cell line generated from PTC tissues. RESULTS RT-qPCR results showed a higher level of GRK6-mRNA in PTCs than in adjacent thyroid tissues. IHC revealed a distinct protein expression pattern of GRK6 among PTCs. Accordingly, we classified patients into low-GRK6 and high-GRK6 groups. The chi-square test showed that a higher GRK6 was associated with larger tumor size (P=0.045) and advanced TNM stage (P=0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival curve and log rank test demonstrated that higher GRK6 predicted poor disease-free survival (DFS) in PTC patients (P=0.002). Furthermore, Cox regression analysis confirmed that GRK6 was an independent prognostic factor for a higher recurrence risk of PTCs (P=0.047). MTT assay and Transwell assay demonstrated that GRK6 overexpression can significantly enhance tumor proliferation and invasion, which was consistent with clinical findings. CONCLUSIONS Our data show the oncogenic effects of GRK6 in promoting PTC progression.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Quinasas de Receptores Acoplados a Proteína-G/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Invasividad Neoplásica , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Pronóstico , Factores de Riesgo , Cáncer Papilar Tiroideo , Regulación hacia Arriba/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
KMT5A (known as PR-Set7/9, SETD8 and SET8), a member of the SET domain containing methyltransferase family specifically targeting H4K20 for methylation, has been implicated in multiple biological processes. In the present study, we identified that KMT5A was elevated in 50 pairs of papillary thyroid cancer tissue samples and in cell lines K1 and TPC-1 by qRT-PCR and western blotting, as well as by immunohistochemical staining. CCK-8 assay and flow cytometric analysis revealed that inhibition of KMT5A attenuated proliferation and induced apoptosis. Transwell assays revealed that cell migration and invasion were suppressed in KMT5A-knockdown cells. Moreover, the inhibition of KMT5A arrested the cell cycle in the G1/S phase of papillary thyroid cancer cells. The TCGA data revealed that elevated KMT5A expression was significantly correlated with extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis and advanced pathological stage of papillary thyroid cancer. Furthermore, we observed that inhibition of KMT5A suppressed the expression of SREBP1, SCD, FASN and ACC, key molecules involved in lipid metabolism and decreased the level of malondialdehyde in papillary thyroid cancer cells. In conclusion, KMT5A may be a novel oncogenic factor, specifically a regulator for lipid metabolism in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Papilar/patología , N-Metiltransferasa de Histona-Lisina/genética , N-Metiltransferasa de Histona-Lisina/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patología , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Supervivencia Celular , Femenino , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Metástasis Linfática , Masculino , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Cáncer Papilar Tiroideo , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/genética , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/metabolismoRESUMEN
Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy and a leading cause of death among endocrine organ-related cancers. Similar to other types of cancers, early diagnosis of thyroid cancer is important to increase the survival and treatment of this disease. Several immunohistochemical markers are used in the differential diagnosis of thyroid papillary carcinoma. Also, increasing evidence indicates that P-element induced wimpy testis like 2 (PIWIL2) is an RNA-binding protein involved in the induction and progression of numerous types of human malignancies such as lung, breast, colon, prostate and cervix cancers. However, the role of PIWIL2 was poorly investigated in thyroid cancers. Accordingly, aim of the present study was to elucidate the relationship between PIWIL2 and thyroid cancers. The expression level of PIWIL2 was determined by analyzing both protein and mRNA levels in papillary and micropapillary carcinoma tissues by using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR methods, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of HBME-1, galectin-3 and CK-19 was also performed. Similar to other immune markers of HBME-1, galectin-3 and CK-19, protein expression levels of PIWIL2 was significantly up-regulated in both papillary and micropapillary thyroid cancers (pâ¯<â¯0.01). Moreover, consistent with protein expression levels, mRNA expression levels of PIWIL2 was elevated in both papillary and micropapillary thyroid cancer tissues. Yet, mRNA expression changes were statistically insignificant. In conclusion, results of the current study suggest that PIWIL2 can be involved in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis and can be used as a novel predictive biomarker and/or therapeutic target.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Argonautas/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/genética , Adulto , Proteínas Argonautas/biosíntesis , Proteínas Argonautas/metabolismo , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Carcinoma Papilar/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/metabolismo , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Galectina 3/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Queratina-19/genética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Cáncer Papilar Tiroideo , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/metabolismoRESUMEN
Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), a serine/threonine kinase, has previously been shown to be over-expressed in various types of human malignant tumors and to play an important role in cancer development and progression. Although ROCK1 has gained growing prominence as an important protein kinase in cancer biology, its potential as a predictive biomarker and a therapeutic target in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains unknown. In the present study, ROCK1 expression was examined in 356 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded papillary thyroid carcinoma tissues using immunohistochemistry, and its clinical implications and prognostic significance were analyzed. Our results showed that ROCK1 expression was significantly increased in PTC compared with normal tissues, and was significantly associated with tumor size, lymphatic metastasis, distant organ metastasis, extrathyroid invasion, vascular invasion and tumor, node and metastasis (TNM) stage. Patients with strong ROCK1 expression had lower overall survival, disease-free survival, lymph node recurrence-free survival and distant recurrence-free survival rates than those with weak expression. Furthermore, overexpression of ROCK1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells was found to increase their invasiveness. Silencing ROCK1 by siRNA, however, caused an inhibition of cell invasion. Knockdown of ROCK1 decreased the volume and weight of the xenograft tumors, while overexpression of ROCK1 showed a proliferative tendency with significantly greater tumor volume and weight in vivo. Moreover, the upregulation of ROCK1 increased the expression of MMP-9, and levels of MMP-9 positively correlated with the ROCK1 levels in PTC tissues, implicating that MMP-9 may be involved in the mechanism of ROCK1 in the development and progression of PTC. These data suggest that ROCK1 might be a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for the treatment of PTC.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Quinasas Asociadas a rho/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Femenino , Xenoinjertos , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Invasividad Neoplásica , Pronóstico , Cáncer Papilar Tiroideo , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Tumor stroma-secreted growth factors, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) influence tumor development from early stages to the metastasis phase. Previous studies have demonstrated downregulation of ROS-producing extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) in thyroid cancer cell lines although according to recent data, the expression of SOD3 at physiological levels stimulates normal and cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, to analyze the expression of SOD3 in tumor stroma, we characterized stromal cells from the thyroid. We report mutually exclusive desmoplasia and inflammation in papillary and follicular thyroid cancers and the presence of multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) in non-carcinogenic thyroids and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The phenotypic and differentiation characteristics of Thyroid MSCs and PTC MSCs were comparable with bone marrow MSCs. A molecular level analysis showed increased FIBROBLAST ACTIVATING PROTEIN, COLLAGEN 1 TYPE A1, TENASCIN, and SOD3 expression in PTC MSCs compared to Thyroid MSCs, suggesting the presence of MSCs with a fibrotic fingerprint in papillary thyroid cancer tumors and the autocrine-paracrine conversion of SOD3 expression, which was enhanced by cancer cells. Stromal SOD3 had a stimulatory effect on cancer cell growth and an inhibitory effect on cancer cell migration, thus indicating that SOD3 might be a novel player in thyroid tumor stroma.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Movimiento Celular , Espacio Extracelular/enzimología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/patología , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patología , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/enzimología , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/patología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Proliferación Celular , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/patología , Fibrosis , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Comunicación Paracrina , Fenotipo , Cáncer Papilar Tiroideo , Glándula Tiroides/patología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/genéticaRESUMEN
Multicellular three-dimensional (3D) spheroids represent an experimental model that is intermediate in its complexity between monolayer cultures and patients' tumor. In the present study, we characterize multicellular spheroids from papillary (PTC) and follicular (FTC) thyroid cancers and from the corresponding normal tissues. We show that these 3D structures well recapitulate the features of the original tissues, in either the differentiated and "stem-like" components. As a second step, we were aimed to test the effects of a small multikinase inhibitor, SP600125 (SP), previously shown to efficiently induce cell death in undifferentiated thyroid cancer monolayer cultures. We demonstrate the potent effect of SP on cell growth and survival in our 3D multicellular cultures. SP exerts its main effects through direct and highly significant inhibition of the ROCK pathway, known to be involved in the regulation of cell migration and ß-catenin turnover. Consistently, SP treatment resulted in a significant decrease in ß-catenin levels with respect to basal conditions in tumor but not in normal spheroids, indicating that the effect is promisingly selective on tumor cells.In conclusion, we provide the morphological and molecular characterization of thyroid normal and tumor spheroids. In this 3D model we tested in vitro the effects of the multikinase inhibitor SP and further characterized its mechanism of action in both normal and tumor spheroids, thus making it an ideal candidate for developing new drugs against thyroid cancer.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma Folicular/tratamiento farmacológico , Antracenos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Carcinoma Papilar/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Glándula Tiroides/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/enzimología , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Fenotipo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Esferoides Celulares , Cáncer Papilar Tiroideo , Glándula Tiroides/enzimología , Glándula Tiroides/patología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patología , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , beta Catenina/metabolismo , Quinasas Asociadas a rho/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasas Asociadas a rho/metabolismoRESUMEN
High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma with subepithelial connective tissue invasion (T1HG) is an aggressive disease at high risk of progression after transurethral resection/Bacillus Calmette-Guerin standardized therapy. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer has identified T1HG bladder carcinoma that is single and ≤3 cm in the largest dimension at first diagnosis as a category in which the prognosis cannot be further stratified based on conventional criteria. This category may benefit from biomarker analysis as a valuable tool to determine the patient's outcome. To further the issue of biomarkers in predicting aggressiveness in single T1HG bladder carcinoma ≤3 cm in greatest dimension at first diagnosis, we have conducted a validation study of the biomarker risk score set previously reported by our group. The study set included immunohistochemical detection of galectin-3, CD44, E-cadherin (E-CAD), CD138, p16, survivin, HYAL-1, and topoisomerase-IIα in 92 randomly selected specimens at participating institutions. Topoisomerase-IIα expression was identified as a predictor of disease-free survival. p16, survivin, and E-CAD expression predicted progression-free survival, but p16 and E-CAD also predicted overall survival. The current study validates a panel of immunohistochemical markers with the potential of being implemented in practice and supports the use of biomarkers in predicting aggressiveness in patients with first diagnosis of single T1HG bladder carcinoma ≤3 cm in greatest dimension and therefore in identifying patients who need closer surveillance or earlier aggressive treatment.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Neoplasias/análisis , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Cadherinas/análisis , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Inhibidor p16 de la Quinasa Dependiente de Ciclina/análisis , ADN-Topoisomerasas de Tipo II/análisis , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/análisis , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/análisis , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/enzimología , Anciano , Antígenos CD , Carcinoma Papilar/mortalidad , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Carcinoma Papilar/terapia , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Clasificación del Tumor , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Survivin , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Carga Tumoral , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/mortalidad , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/terapiaRESUMEN
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and NGAL/MMP-9 complex have been evaluated as diagnostic markers of several cancers, but results for bladder cancer are scanty. We evaluated these proteins in urine and serum of 89 patients with histologically confirmed bladder cancer and 119 cancer-free controls from a case-control study. Urinary concentrations were standardized on creatinine level. The performance of these proteins as cancer biomarkers was evaluated through the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Urinary level of NGAL, MMP-9, and NGAL/MMP-9 complex was higher in current smokers, whereas no impact of dietary habits was observed. After adjusting for tobacco smoking, urinary concentration of MMP-9 was independently associated with cancer invasiveness, grading, and histological subtype, with elevated concentrations among T2-T4 and non-papillary bladder cancers. Conversely, NGAL and NGAL/MMP-9 complex were significantly higher in non-papillary than in papillary subtype. The pattern was less clear in serum, but correlation between urinary and serum concentration was poor, especially for Ta/is-T1 tumors. The ROC analysis confirmed that MMP-9 was the best marker (area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 0.68). Performances were much greater for muscle-invasive bladder cancers (AUC = 0.90), with elevated negative predictive values (97 %). The present study suggests that NGAL/MMP-9 pathway is associated with an aggressive phenotype of bladder cancer. The elevated negative predictive value of MMP-9 and NGAL/MMP-9 complex makes them candidate markers of exclusion test for bladder cancer. These proteins may be integrated in the surveillance of bladder cancer, thus diminishing patients' discomfort and improving compliance.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/orina , Carcinoma Papilar/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/diagnóstico , Lipocalina 2/orina , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/orina , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/orina , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/enzimología , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/orina , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Clasificación del Tumor , Invasividad Neoplásica , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Pronóstico , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/orina , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
MicroRNA-29a (miR-29a) has been reported to play important roles in tumor initiation, development, and metastasis in various cancers. However, the biological function and potential mechanisms of miR-29a in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remain unclear. In the present study, we discovered that miR-29a was frequently downregulated in PTC tissues, and its expression was significantly associated with tumor size, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis. Functional assays showed that overexpression of miR-29a markedly suppressed PTC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and promoted PTC apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. In vivo, miR-29a overexpression decreased tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-29a can directly bind to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of AKT3 in PTC cells. Overexpreesion of miR29a obviously decreased AKT3 expression, thereby suppressing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway activation. We also confirmed that AKT3 expression was increased in PTC tissue and was inversely correlated miR-29a expression in PTC tissues. In addition, downregulation of AKT3 by siRNA mimicked the effects of miR-29a overexpression, and upregulation of AKT3 partially reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-29a. These results suggested that miR-29a could act as a tumor suppressor in PTC by targeting AKT3 and that miR-29a may potentially serve as an anti-tumor agent in the treatment of PTC.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , MicroARNs/fisiología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/genética , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/genética , Regiones no Traducidas 3' , Animales , Apoptosis , Secuencia de Bases , Sitios de Unión , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/secundario , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Regulación hacia Abajo , Represión Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Metástasis Linfática , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Interferencia de ARN , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patología , Carga TumoralRESUMEN
The study of the activity of the constitutive form of nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) revealed that in the papillary thyroid carcinomas it corresponded to that detected in unchanged extratumoral tissue, while the enzyme activity in follicular carcinoma was half lesser. At the same time, the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (ÑNOS) was higher in the papillary and follicular carcinomas. Such changes in the enzyme activity were associated with an increase in its level in papillary carcinomas, and with minor changes in follicular carcinomas. In medullary carcinomas the parameters under study corresponded to those in unchanged tissue, and in the papillary carcinoma metastases without changes in enzyme activity of nitric oxide formation, the level of the latter was much higher. Elevated levels of nitric oxide and ÑNOS activity in papillary thyroid carcinomas did not depend significantly on the aggression characteristics of the latter, being however absent in tumors of T4 category on a background of reduced cNOS activity and less expressed in tumors surrounded by the tissue in the presence of a chronic thyroiditis. Furthermore, in the papillary carcinomas of papillary or follicular structure nitric oxide level did not differ from the normal range, being slightly higher in tumors of solid or heterogeneous structure with presence of solid areas, whereas in carcinomas of papillary-follicular structure it was twice, and in tissue of solidinsular structure three times higher. ÑNOS hyperactivity was observed in the carcinomas of different structure, except for tumors of solid structure, in the tumor of which enzyme activity was within the normal range, and in tumor of solid-insular structure where it was significantly higher (as well as cNOS activity) compared with tumors of other structure. Nitric oxide generating system is involved in the transformation of thyroid cells and progression of tumor growth, including through apoptosis regulation, as shown by the results of an analysis of data obtained both in the present study and previously. The nature of such involvement in papillary thyroid carcinomas with different histological structure is different. Key words: nitric oxide; constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase; thyroid carcinoma; apoptosis.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma Folicular/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo I/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Glándula Tiroides/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Apoptosis , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cáncer Papilar Tiroideo , Glándula Tiroides/patología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
We studied the expression and activation of the main effector protein kinase of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase cascade (PI3K) Akt in conventionally normal tissues, benign and highly differentiated (with and without metastases) human thyroid tumors. There was a difference in the Akt1 amount in tumor tissue compared with normal tissue in papillary carcinomas and tissue of multinodular goiter. Akt expression both in tumor and conventionally normal tissues of follicular adenoma was significantly lower than in follicular carcinoma. The lowest level of Akt expression was observed in tissues of multinodular goiter. Total activity of all three isoforms of Akt1/2/3 was lower in tumors compared to conventionally normal tissue. Thus, Akt activity (according to Thr308 phosphorylation) is not associated with proliferative processes in the tumor tissue of the thyroid. Apoptosis level detected in these tissues was not associated with the protein kinase activity either. Possible mechanisms of signaling cascade PI3K/Akt inhibition in thyroid tumors are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma Folicular/genética , Adenoma/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Bocio Nodular/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/genética , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/genética , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/enzimología , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/patología , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/cirugía , Adenoma/enzimología , Adenoma/patología , Adenoma/cirugía , Apoptosis , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Carcinoma Papilar/cirugía , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Bocio Nodular/enzimología , Bocio Nodular/patología , Bocio Nodular/cirugía , Humanos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasa-1/genética , Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasa-1/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Glándula Tiroides/enzimología , Glándula Tiroides/patología , Glándula Tiroides/cirugía , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/cirugíaRESUMEN
Effective adverse event (AE) management is critical to maintaining patients on anticancer therapies. The DECISION trial was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 trial which investigated sorafenib for treatment of progressive, advanced, or metastatic radioactive iodine-refractory, differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Four hundred and seventeen adult patients were randomized (1:1) to receive oral sorafenib (400âmg, twice daily) or placebo, until progression, unacceptable toxicity, noncompliance, or withdrawal. Progression-free survival, the primary endpoint of DECISION, was reported previously. To elucidate the patterns and management of AEs in sorafenib-treated patients in the DECISION trial, this report describes detailed, by-treatment-cycle analyses of the incidence, prevalence, and severity of hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR), rash/desquamation, hypertension, diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, increased serum thyroid stimulating hormone, and hypocalcemia, as well as the interventions used to manage these AEs. By-cycle incidence of the above-selected AEs with sorafenib was generally highest in cycle 1 or 2 then decreased. AE prevalence generally increased over cycles 2-6 then stabilized or declined. Among these AEs, only weight loss tended to increase in severity (from grade 1 to 2) over time; severity of HFSR and rash/desquamation declined over time. AEs were mostly grade 1 or 2, and were generally managed with dose interruptions/reductions, and concomitant medications (e.g. antidiarrheals, antihypertensives, dermatologic preparations). Most dose interruptions/reductions occurred in early cycles. In conclusion, AEs with sorafenib in DECISION were typically grade 1 or 2, occurred early during the treatment course, and were manageable over time.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma Folicular/tratamiento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Carcinoma Papilar/tratamiento farmacológico , Diarrea/inducido químicamente , Erupciones por Medicamentos/etiología , Fatiga/inducido químicamente , Hipertensión/inducido químicamente , Hipocalcemia/inducido químicamente , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Compuestos de Fenilurea/efectos adversos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/efectos adversos , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/enzimología , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/radioterapia , Adenoma Oxifílico/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenoma Oxifílico/enzimología , Adenoma Oxifílico/radioterapia , Anciano , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/radioterapia , Diarrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Diarrea/epidemiología , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Erupciones por Medicamentos/tratamiento farmacológico , Erupciones por Medicamentos/epidemiología , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Disnea/inducido químicamente , Disnea/epidemiología , Fatiga/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Hipocalcemia/epidemiología , Incidencia , Radioisótopos de Yodo/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Primarias Secundarias/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias Primarias Secundarias/epidemiología , Niacinamida/efectos adversos , Niacinamida/uso terapéutico , Compuestos de Fenilurea/uso terapéutico , Prevalencia , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Radiofármacos/uso terapéutico , Sorafenib , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/radioterapia , Pérdida de Peso/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Warthin-Like tumor of the thyroid is a recently described rare variant of papillary thyroid cancer. The distinct histological feature of this variant is papillary architecture lining oncocytic epithelial cells with nuclear characteristics of papillary carcinoma, accompanied by prominent lymphocytic infiltration in the papillary stalks. Here, we present a case of occult Warthin-like papillary thyroid carcinoma, 0.5-cm in maximum dimension, underwent left thyroid lobectomy in a 65 years old Chinese woman. In this case, there was no extrathyroid extension, vascular invasion and lymphatic metastasis, as well as no complication of lymphocytic thyroiditis. Immunohistochemistry staining revealed that the tumor cells were positive for Leu-M1, HBME-1, 34ßE12, and MIB-1 labeling index was low. RET/PTC expression was absent in tumor cells. Furthermore, activated point mutations of BRAF V600E and V600K were concurrently detected by DNA sequencing. Further studies are needed to elucidate the prevalence and role of BRAF(V600K) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma, and long-term follow-up for the patient is needed to clarify the biological behavior of this variant with dual BRAF mutations.
Asunto(s)
Adenolinfoma/genética , Adenoma Oxifílico/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Mutación Puntual , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/genética , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/genética , Adenolinfoma/enzimología , Adenolinfoma/patología , Adenolinfoma/cirugía , Adenoma Oxifílico/enzimología , Adenoma Oxifílico/patología , Adenoma Oxifílico/cirugía , Anciano , Secuencia de Bases , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Biopsia , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Carcinoma Papilar/cirugía , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/cirugía , Tiroidectomía , Carga TumoralRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activities and oxidative stress status, and the changes in their levels after total thyroidectomy in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with PTC and 27 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were obtained from the PTC patients before and 3 months after the operation. Preoperative and postoperative serum samples from PTC patients and healthy controls were analyzed for paraoxonase (PON), arylesterase (ARE) activities, and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) and -SH (total free sulfhydryl) levels. RESULTS: The preoperative PON, ARE and -SH levels of the patients with PTC were significantly lower compared to those of the control group (p = 0.033, p < 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively), while LOOH levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001). The levels of PON and ARE decreased significantly in patients with PTC after the operation (p = 0.038, p = 0.023, respectively), while LOOH and -SH levels remained unchanged (p = 0.117, p = 0.487, respectively). PON and ARE levels showed a positive correlation with -SH (r = 0.211, p = 0.065; r = 0.471, p < 0.001, respectively) and a negative correlation with LOOH (r = - 0.391, p < 0.001, r = - 0.486, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Serum PON1 activity is decreased in patients with PTC, and serum PON1 is positively correlated with -SH, a well-known antioxidant, and negatively correlated with LOOH, an oxidant. PON1 activity is significantly decreased after total thyroidectomy.
Asunto(s)
Arildialquilfosfatasa/sangre , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/enzimología , Adulto , Hidrolasas de Éster Carboxílico/sangre , Carcinoma Papilar/sangre , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Peroxidación de Lípido , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Estrés Oxidativo , Compuestos de Sulfhidrilo/sangre , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/sangre , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The preoperative characterization of thyroid nodules is a challenge for the clinicians. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the commonly used pre-operative technique for diagnosis of malignant thyroid tumor. However, many benign lesions, with indeterminate diagnosis following FNA, are referred to surgery. There is an urgent need to identify biomarkers that could be used with the FNA to distinguish benign thyroid nodules from malignant tumors. The purpose of the study is to examine the level of expression of the helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) in relation to neoplastic progression of thyroid carcinomas. METHODS: The presence of HLTF was investigated using quantitative and semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry in a series of 149 thyroid lesion specimens. Our first clinical series was composed of 80 patients, including 20 patients presenting thyroid adenoma, 40 patients presenting thyroid papillary carcinoma, 12 patients presenting thyroid follicular carcinoma and 8 patients presenting anaplastic carcinoma. These specimens were assessed quantitatively using computer assisted microscopy. Our initial results were validated on a second clinical series composed of 40 benign thyroid lesions and 29 malignant thyroid lesions using a semi-quantitative approach. Finally, the HLTF protein expression was investigated by Western blotting in four thyroid cancer cell lines. RESULTS: The decrease of HLTF staining was statistically significant during thyroid tumor progression in terms of both the percentage of mean optical density (MOD), which corresponds to the mean staining intensity (Kruskall-Wallis: p < 0.0005), and the labelling index (LI), which corresponds to the percentage of immunopositive cells (Kruskall-Wallis: p < 10-6). Adenomas presented very pronounced nuclear HLTF immunostaining, whereas papillary carcinomas exhibited HLTF only in the cytoplasm. The number of HLTF positive nuclei was clearly higher in the adenomas group (30%) than in the papillary carcinomas group (5%).The 115-kDa full size HLTF protein was immunodetected in four studied thyroid cancer cell lines. Moreover, three truncated HLTF forms (95-kDa, 80-kDa and 70-kDa) were also found in these tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals an association between HLTF expression level and thyroid neoplastic progression. Nuclear HLTF immunostaining could be used with FNA in an attempt to better distinguish benign thyroid nodules from malignant tumors.