Effect of chemotherapy on prognosis in patients with primary pancreatic signet ring cell carcinoma: A large real-world study based on machine learning.

BACKGROUND: Primary pancreatic signet ring cell carcinoma (PSRCC), an extremely rare histologic variant of pancreatic cancer, has a poor prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of chemotherapy in PSRCC. METHODS: Patients with PSRCC between 2000 and 2019 were identified using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. The main outcomes in this study were cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS). The baseline characteristics of patients were compared using Pearson's Chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to generate the survival curves. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), univariate and multivariate Cox regression models, and Random Survival Forest model were used to analyze the prognostic variables for OS and CSS. The variance inflation factors (VIFs) were used to analyze whether there was an overfitting problem. RESULTS: A total of 588 patients were identified. Chemotherapy was an independent prognostic factor for OS and CSS, and significantly associated with OS (HR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.27-0.40, P <0.001) and CSS (HR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.26-0.39, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy showed beneficial effects on OS and CSS in patients with PSRCC and should be recommended in clinical practice.

Impact of pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical D2 dissection in locally advanced gastric cancers: Analysis of 1001 cases.

BACKGROUND: Advances in perioperative chemotherapy have improved outcomes in patients with gastric cancers (GC). This strategy leads to tumour downstaging and may result in a pathologic complete response (pCR). The study aimed to evaluate the predictors of pCR and determine the impact of pCR on long-term survival. METHODS: At the Department of Gastrointestinal and HPB Oncology at the Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, 1001 consecutive patients with locally advanced GCs undergoing radical resection following neoadjuvant chemotherapy from January 2005 to June 2022 were included. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 61 months, the median OS was 53 months with a 5-year OS of 46.8 %. Ninety-five patients (9.49 %) realized pCR. Non-signet and well-differentiated histology were associated with pCR. pCR was significantly associated with improved OS, 5-year OS 79.2 % vs 43.2 % (HR 0.30, p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, the realization of pCR and completion of adjuvant chemotherapy had superior OS. Whereas, signet-ring histology, linitis-like tumours, and high lymph node ratio had adverse outcomes. CONCLUSION: Tumour grade and signet-ring histology predict achievement of pCR in locally advanced GCs after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with pCR have significantly improved survival. Future neoadjuvant strategies should focus on enhancing pCR rates to improve overall outcomes.

Survival impact of gastrectomy and chemotherapy on gastric signet ring-cell carcinoma with different metastatic lesions: A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive understanding of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is limited. The aim of our study was to analyze metastatic patterns of gastric SRCC and evaluate impacts of gastrectomy and chemotherapy for metastatic gastric SRCC. METHODS: We obtained data of gastric cancer patients between 2010 and 2017 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Chi-square tests were used to compare data significance. Kaplan-Meier, Cox proportional hazards regression and Fine-Gray competing risk analysis were used to analyze the difference in the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Propensity-score matching was used to adjust numerical difference. RESULTS: Among 36,459 eligible gastric cancer patients, 6264 (17.2 %) were SRCC patients. Bone metastasis was more common in SRCC patients than in non-SRCC patients. The multivariate analysis showed that chemotherapy (HR = 0.30, 95 %CI = 0.27-0.33, p < 0.01) and gastrectomy (HR = 0.51, 95 %CI = 0.45-0.59, p < 0.01) were protective prognostic factors in certain stage Ⅳ SRCC patients. For the effect of gastrectomy, survival benefits could be found in patients with liver metastasis. The gastrectomy was not associated with improved OS in patients with lung or multiple metastases. In subgroup analysis, SRCC patients with metastasis who received gastrectomy and chemotherapy (HR = 0.17, p < 0.01; HR = 0.03, p < 0.01) had a better OS and CSS than those who had chemotherapy only (HR = 0.30, p < 0.01; HR = 0.18, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our study analyzed the unique metastatic patterns of gastric SRCC and recommended chemotherapy as the first choice in metastatic SRCC. For patients with liver metastasis, gastrectomy plus chemotherapy can be considered.

Impact of neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy followed by cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for appendiceal adenocarcinoma.

AIM: Peritoneal dissemination of infiltrative appendiceal tumors is a rare and poorly understood phenomenon. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a well-recognized treatment option for selected patients. Neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy (NAC) has been shown to be associated with improved overall survival (OS) in colorectal peritoneal metastases but little is known of the impact of this from an appendiceal adenocarcinoma perspective. METHOD: A prospective database of 294 patients with advanced appendiceal primary tumors undergoing CRS ± HIPEC between June 2009 and December 2020 was reviewed. Baseline characteristics and long-term outcomes were compared between patients with adenocarcinoma who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy or upfront surgery. RESULTS: Eighty-six (29%) patients were histologically diagnosed with an appendiceal cancer. These included intestinal-type adenocarcinoma (11.6%), mucinous adenocarcinoma (43%), and goblet cell adenocarcinoma (GCA) or signet ring cell adenocarcinoma (SRCA) (45.4%). Twenty-five (29%) of these underwent NAC, of which eight (32%) exhibited some degree of radiological response. There was no statistical difference in OS at 3 years between the NAC and upfront surgery groups (47.3% vs. 75.8%, p = 0.372). Appendiceal histology subtypes, particularly GCA and SRCA (p = 0.039) and peritoneal carcinomatosis index >10 (p = 0.009), were factors independently associated with worse OS. CONCLUSION: Administration of NAC did not appear to prolong OS in the operative management of disseminated appendiceal adenocarcinomas. GCA and SRCA subtypes display a more aggressive biological phenotype.

Mechanism of anticancer effect of gambogic acid on gastric signet ring cell carcinoma.

Gambogic acid has demonstrated inhibitory effects on the growth of various cancer cell types, such as breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and osteosarcoma. This study aims to investigate the antiproliferative activity of Gambogic acid on SNU-16 cells derived from gastric signet ring cell carcinoma and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The cytotoxic effect of gambogic acid was evaluated in SNU-16 cells by treating them with different concentrations of the compound, and the XTT cell viability assay was employed to assess cell viability. ELISA was used to measure bax, BCL-2, caspase 3, PARP, and 8-oxo-dG levels. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining was applied to assess 8-oxo-dG and LC3ß levels in SNU-16 cells. It was observed that gambogic acid exerted a dose-dependent and statistically significant antiproliferative effect on SNU-16 cells. The IC50 value of gambogic acid in SNU-16 cells was found to be 655.1 nM for 24 h. Subsequent investigations conducted using the IC50 dose revealed a significant upregulation of apoptotic proteins including cleaved caspase 3, Bax, and cleaved PARP (p < 0.001), along with a downregulation of BCL-2 (p < 0.001), an anti-apoptotic protein. Moreover, the administration of this drug led to an upregulation of 8-oxo-dG (p < 0.001), a widely acknowledged biomarker indicating oxidative damage in DNA, as well as an increase in LC3ß levels (p < 0.05), a marker associated with autophagy. The antiproliferative effect of gambogic acid against gastric signet ring cell carcinoma is attributed to its ability to induce apoptosis and autophagy. This discovery highlights the promising potential of gambogic acid as a treatment option for gastric signet ring cell carcinoma.

Clinical benefits of FOLFOXIRI combined with bevacizumab for advanced-stage primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the appendix: A case report.

RATIONALE: Signet-ring cell carcinoma, which is an infrequent type of colorectal cancer. Abdominal pain is the primary presenting complaint of patients with acute appendicitis. It is difficult to diagnose patients with appendiceal carcinomas accompanying with symptoms of acute appendicitis. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 33-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital, with chief complaints of "bilateral pelvic space-occupying lesions for 1 month, aggravated abdominal distension, and she accompanied with diarrhea for 3 days." DIAGNOSIS: The patient was with primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the appendix, presented with acute appendicitis, as well as bilateral ovarian metastasis and peritoneal implantation metastasis. INTERVENTIONS: She was then treated with irinotecan, oxaliplatin, calcium folinate, 5-FU combined with bevacizumab, surgical treatment, and postoperative adjuvant treatment with oxaliplatin, capecitabine regimen to consolidate the efficacy. OUTCOMES: The patient is in good conditions, and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is in progress as well. CONCLUSION: The outcomes highlighted the importance of strict histopathologic assessment for appendiceal adenocarcinoma, and provided new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of advanced-stage signet ring cell carcinoma of the appendix.

[A Case of Primary Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder Showing Effectiveness of Chemotherapy with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin].

A 55-year-old female presented to the hospital with a complaint of gross hematuria. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed. The specimens pathologically showed signet ring cells and no urothelial carcinoma components. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed bladder tumor, cervical metastasis, bilateral ovarian metastasis, and multiple lymph node metastasis. She was diagnosed with a primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with cT3bN2M1, and was treated with chemotherapy of gemcitabine and cisplatin combination (GC). After 2 cycles of GC, the value of CEA which was elevated to 106 ng/ml before treatment, became negative. CT scan showed that her disease had successfully responded to the chemotherapy, and remained efficacious till the end of 6 cycles. The patient subsequently received 1 cycle of gemcitabine and nedaplatin and 3 cycles of avelumab due to renal insufficiency. Yet, 14 months after diagnosis, cerebellar metastases appeared and the patient died of meningeal carcinomatosis.

Signet ring cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma involving the breast: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with signet ring cell components is extremely rare. Here, we present a case of DLBCL with signet ring cell components involving the breast, which can be easily confused with invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast or metastatic signet ring cell carcinoma of gastrointestinal origin. CASE PRESENTATION: A 66-year-old woman presented with a painless mass in her left breast. Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast revealed a 42 × 29 × 28 mm mass in the left breast. Histological examination revealed a diffuse or scattered arrangement of round cells mixed with signet ring-like cells. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for PAX-5, CD79a, CD20, Bcl-6, and MUM-1 but and negative for cytokeratin, ER, PR, E-cadherin, and P120. The Ki-67 proliferation index was approximately 70%. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) demonstrated non-rearrangement of Bcl-2, Bcl-6, and c-MYC genes. Immunohistochemistry and FISH examination confirmed the diagnosis of DLBCL. Subsequently, immunofluorescence showed both IgM and IgG deposits in the signet ring-like lymphocytes. After confirming the diagnosis, the patient received four courses of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone) chemotherapy in a specialist hospital and achieved partial remission; however, she unfortunately died of secondary pneumocystis pneumonia infection 3 months later. CONCLUSION: Malignant lymphoma with signet ring cell morphology is quite uncommon, and this variant can be a diagnostic pitfall. We emphasise that pathologists should consider lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of malignant breast tumours.

[Axillary Lymph Node Recurrence after Curative Surgery for Transverse Colon Cancer-A Case Report].

We report the rare case of an 89-year-old female with axillary lymph node recurrence after curative surgery for transverse colon cancer who had undergone right hemicolectomy with D3 lymphadenectomy with an uneventful postoperative course. Pathological examination confirmed the tumor's status as tub2>sig, T4aN3M0, and pStage Ⅲc, and signet-ring cell carcinoma was remarkably found in the metastatic lymph node. Genetic testing revealed wild-type RAS, a BRAF mutation, and a high MSI. After 9 months of follow-up without adjuvant chemotherapy, CEA increased sharply to 41.3 ng/mL by 9 months postoperatively, and CT showed nodules in the right axilla, adrenal gland, and retroperitoneum. PET-CT showed abnormal fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the same regions. A core needle biopsy of the axillary lymph node revealed signet-ring cell carcinoma, which was diagnosed as a recurrence of transverse colon cancer. Although we suggested chemotherapy due to the unresectable recurrence of colorectal cancer, she preferred to receive supportive care instead. Three months after the recurrence was diagnosed, CEA increased to 248.4 ng/mL, and CT showed enlargement of the axillary lesion and a new lesion in the hilum of the lung.

Diclofenac Sensitizes Signet Ring Cell Gastric Carcinoma Cells to Cisplatin by Activating Autophagy and Inhibition of Survival Signal Pathways.

Gastric cancer has one of the highest incidence rates of cancer worldwide while also contributing to increased drug resistance among patients in clinical practice. Herein, we have investigated the role of diclofenac (DCF) on sensitizing cisplatin resistance in signet ring cell gastric carcinoma cells (SRCGC). Non-toxic concentrations of DCF significantly augmented cisplatin-induced cell death in cisplatin-resistant SRCGC cells (KATO/DDP) but not in cisplatin-sensitive SRCGC cells (KATOIII). Consistently, concomitant treatment of DCF and cisplatin significantly enhanced autophagic cell death due to overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). At the molecular level, the induction of ROS has been associated with a reduction in antioxidant enzymes expression while inhibiting nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity. Moreover, the combination of DCF and cisplatin also inhibited the expression of survival proteins including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cIAP1 and cyclin D1 in KATO/DDP cells when compared with cisplatin alone. This was due, at least in part, to reduce MAPKs, Akt, NF-κB, AP-1 and STAT-3 activation. Taken together, our results suggested that DCF potentiated the anticancer effect of cisplatin in SRCGC via the regeneration of intracellular ROS, which in turn promoted cell death as an autophagy mechanism and potentially modulated the cell survival signal transduction pathway.

Glycan expression profile of signet ring cell gastric cancer cells and potential applicability of rBC2LCN-targeted lectin drug conjugate therapy.

BACKGROUND: Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC) is a distinct subtype of gastric cancer (GC); however, the specific characteristics of cancer cell surface glycans and glycosylation remain unclear. In this study, we investigated SRC-specific glycans using lectin microarray and evaluated the potential applicability of a glycan-targeting therapy. METHODS: SRC cell lines (NUGC-4 and KATO-III) and non-SRC (NSRC) cell lines (NCI-N87, SNU-1, and MKN-45) were subjected to lectin microarray analysis to identify the SRC-specific glycans. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemical lectin staining and evaluated the anti-tumor effects of lectin drug conjugates (LDCs) using high-affinity lectins for SRC. RESULTS: Among the 96 lectins tested, 11 high-affinity and 8 low-affinity lectins were identified for SRC. Glycan-binding motifs varied in the high-affinity lectins, but 5 (62.5%) low-affinity lectins bound the same glycan structure, α2-6-linked sialic acids. The ratio of signal intensity in SRC to NSRC (SRC/NSRC) was highest in the rBC2LCN lectin (1.930-fold), followed by the BPL lectin (1.786-fold). rBC2LCN lectin showed high affinity for both SRC cell lines and one of the three NSRC cell lines (NCI-N87). The therapeutic effects of the LDC, rBC2LCN-PE38 (rBC2LCN, and Pseudomonas exotoxin A), showed cytocidal effects in vitro and tumor regression in in vivo mouse xenograft models. CONCLUSION: We reported specific glycan profiles in SRC cells, showing reduced α2-6-linked sialic acids. Additionally, we found a targeted therapy using rBC2LCN lectin might be applicable as an alternative treatment option for patients with SRC.

Molecular profiling of signet-ring-cell carcinoma (SRCC) from the stomach and colon reveals potential new therapeutic targets.

Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is rare: about 10% of gastric cancer (GC) and 1% of colorectal cancer (CRC). SRCC is associated with poor prognosis, however the underlying molecular characteristics are unknown. SRCCs were analyzed using NGS, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was calculated based on somatic nonsynonymous missense mutations, and microsatellite instability (MSI) was evaluated by NGS of known MSI loci. A total of 8500 CRC and 1100 GC were screened. Seventy-six SRCC were identified from the CRC cohort (<1%) and 98 from the GC cohort (9%). The most frequently mutated genes in CRC-SRCC were TP53 (47%), ARID1A (26%), APC (25%); in GC-SRCC were TP53 (42%), ARID1A (27%), CDH1 (11%). When compared to non-SRCC histology (N = 3522), CRC-SRCC (N = 37) more frequently had mutations in BRCA1 (11% vs 1%, P < 0.001) and less frequently mutations in APC (19% vs 78%, P < 0.001), KRAS (22% vs 51%, P = 0.001) and TP53 (47% vs 73%, P = 0.001). Among the GC cohort, SRCC (N = 54) had a higher frequency of mutations in CDH1, BAP1, and ERBB2, compared to non-SRCC (N = 540). Our data suggest that SRCCs harbor a similar molecular profile, regardless of the tumor location. Tailored therapy may become available for these patients.

Alternative medicine: therapeutic effects on gastric original signet ring carcinoma via ascorbate and combination with sodium alpha lipoate.

BACKGROUND: Gastric signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is an aggressive gastric adenocarcinoma with a poor prognosis when diagnosed at an advanced stage. As alternative medicine, two natural supplements (ascorbate (AA) and sodium alpha lipoate (LA)) have been shown to inhibit various cancers with mild side effects. METHODS: These two natural supplements and a series of combinations (AA&LA, AA+LA and LA + AA) were incubated with non-SRCC cells (GPM-1), patient-derived gastric origin SRCC (GPM-2), gastric-origin SRCCs (HSC-39 and KATO-3), human pancreatic (MIA PaCa-2) and ovarian (SKOV-3) cells for evaluating their therapeutic effects. Moreover, these treatments were applied in 3D-cultured organoids to reveal the feasibility of these approaches for in vivo study. RESULTS: Analyzing their antioxidant capabilities and dose-response curves, we observed that all four gastric cell lines, including three patient-derived cell lines were sensitive to ascorbate (~ 10 mM). The influence of ascorbate incubation time was studied, with a 16-h incubation found to be optimal for in vitro studies. Moreover, a simultaneous combination of AA and LA (AA&LA) did not significantly inhibit cell proliferation, while prior LA treatment increased the growth inhibition of AA therapy (LA + AA). Anti-cancer efficacy of AA was further confirmed in 3D-cultured SRCC (KATO-3) organoids. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the potential of AA and LA + AA in treating gastric origin SRCC, and demonstrates the influence of order in which the drugs are administered.

Deep learning-based AI model for signet-ring cell carcinoma diagnosis and chemotherapy response prediction in gastric cancer.

PURPOSE: We aimed to develop a noninvasive artificial intelligence (AI) model to diagnose signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) of gastric cancer (GC) and identify patients with SRCC who could benefit from postoperative chemotherapy based on preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). METHODS: A total of 855 GC patients with 855 single GCs were included, of which 249 patients were diagnosed as SRCC by histopathologic examinations. The AI model was generated with clinical, handcrafted radiomic, and deep learning features. Model diagnostic performance was measured by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity, while predictive performance was measured by Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: In the test cohort (n = 257), the AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of our AI model for diagnosing SRCC were 0.786 (95% CI: 0.721-0.845), 77.3%, and 69.2%, respectively. For the entire cohort, patients with AI-predicted high risk had a significantly shorter median OS compared with those with low risk (median overall survival [OS], 38.8 vs. 64.2 months, p = 0.009). Importantly, in pathologically confirmed advanced SRCC patients, AI-predicted high-risk status was indicative of a shorter overall survival (median overall survival [OS], 31.0 vs. 54.4 months, p = 0.036) and marked chemotherapy resistance, whereas AI-predicted low-risk status had substantial chemotherapy benefit (median OS [without vs. with chemotherapy], 26.0 vs. not reached, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: The CT-based AI model demonstrated good performance for diagnosing SRCC, stratifying patient prognosis, and predicting chemotherapy responses. Advanced SRCC patients with AI-predicted low-risk status may benefit substantially from adjuvant chemotherapy.

Exceptional Variant with Distant Cutaneous Metastasis as the First Clinical Sign in Gastric Signet-Ring Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Skin metastases from gastric cancer are rare and usually occur very late in the course of the disease. The most common metastatic sites liver, the peritoneal surfaces, and the non regional or distant lymph nodes. CASE REPORT: In this case we report the short-term survival of a 67-year-old man complined of multiple nodular lesions in various part of his skin. Histology showed a metastatic signet ring cell adenocarsinoma. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed and a crater- like ulcer, about 3 cm in diameter, was observed on the anterior part of the stomach corpus distal. A biopsy specimen was obtained, and histopathological findings were consistent with gastric signet-ring cell carcinoma. XELOX chemotherapy regimen was initiated for the patient. CONCLUSION: Skin metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma is a rare condition with a poor prognosis. It may be the first manifestation of a clinically silent visceral cancer or may represent a recurrence of an internal malignancy.

[A Case of Laparoscopic Abdominoperineal Resection and Perineal Reconstruction for Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma with Skin Invasion Derived from the Anal Gland].

A 56-year-old man was referred to our hospital with an awareness of anal tumor. The tumor extended from the anal verge to the back of left testicle. Colonoscopy showed no tumor in the rectum and the anal canal. Biopsy showed mucus- producing adenocarcinoma(sig), and we diagnosed anal canal adenocarcinoma with immunostaining. Laparoscopic abdominoperineal rectal resection and perineal reconstruction with the V-Y fasciocutaneous flap closure technique. The patient had no major postoperative complications, and was discharged on 23rd postoperative day. Pathological examination revealed that the tumor was pT3N0M0, pStage ⅡB. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy with CAPOX and has survived 12 months without recurrence. Immunostaining may be used to diagnose the signet-ring cell carcinoma without tumor of anal canal. In addition, reconstruction of the perineum for large anal tumors is useful.

Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals AKR1C1 and AKR1C3 Mediate Cisplatin Resistance in Signet Ring Cell Gastric Carcinoma via Autophagic Cell Death.

Signet ring cell gastric carcinoma (SRCGC) is a lethal malignancy that has developed drug resistance to cisplatin therapies. The aim of this study was to characterize the acquisition of the cisplatin-resistance SRCGC cell line (KATO/DDP cells) and to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying cisplatin resistance. Transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses were used to identify the candidate gene. This was confirmed by qPCR and Western blot. Aldoketoreductase1C1 and 1C3 (AKR1C1 and AKR1C3) were the most promising molecules in KATO/DDP cells. A specific inhibitor of AKR1C1 (5PBSA) and AKR1C3 (ASP9521) was used to enhance cisplatin-induced KATO/DPP cell death. Although cisplatin alone induced KATO/DDP apoptosis, a combination treatment of cisplatin and the AKR1C inhibitors had no influence on percent cell apoptosis. In conjunction with the autophagy inhibitor, 3MA, attenuated the effects of 5PBSA or ASP9521 to enhance cisplatin-induced cell death. These results indicated that AKR1C1 and 1C3 regulated cisplatin-induced KATO/DDP cell death via autophagy. Moreover, cisplatin in combination with AKR1C inhibitors and N-acetyl cysteine increased KATO/DDP cells' viability when compared with a combination treatment of cisplatin and the inhibitors. Taken together, our results suggested that AKR1C1 and 1C3 play a crucial role in cisplatin resistance of SRCGC by regulating redox-dependent autophagy.

Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy in occult early gastric cancer that was undetectable on upper endoscopy: a case report and review of similar cases.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy (PTTM), a rare manifestation of metastatic cancer with poor prognosis, is characterized by subacute/acute fatal pulmonary hypertension. The main cause of PTTM is gastric cancer, and cases of early gastric cancer confirmed using autopsy have been reported. Moreover, several cases of early gastric cancer that are undetectable on endoscopy or macroscopic postmortem examination have been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: A previously healthy 50-year-old man presented with progressive dyspnea and cough for 1 month. Echocardiography suggested pulmonary hypertension. Computed tomography revealed diffuse lymphadenopathy, whereas blood work revealed an elevation in several serum tumor marker levels. Despite normal upper endoscopic findings, a presumptive diagnosis of PTTM due to gastric cancer was made based on pathological findings of cervical lymph node biopsy, which indicated signet ring cell carcinoma. Imatinib and tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil plus oxaliplatin therapy were started on day 7. The patient's condition was initially stable. However, his symptoms suddenly progressed, and the patient died on day 8. Macroscopic postmortem examination revealed no abnormal gastric wall findings. Microscopically, PTTM was confirmed, and multiple serial sections of the stomach revealed early gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Despite normal endoscopic findings, micro-occult gastric cancer can lead to PTTM. Physicians should be aware of this disease presentation. Taking prompt action is needed when PTTM is suspected, even if the patient appears stable.

Optimal neoadjuvant strategy for signet ring cell carcinoma of the rectum-Is TNT the solution?

INTRODUCTION: The results of total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) for locally advanced rectal cancers (LARC) cannot be extrapolated to signet-ring cell cancers (SRCC) that have an extremely aggressive biology. METHODS: A retrospective study comparing long course chemoradiation (CTRT) against short course radiation (SCRT) and 12 weeks of chemotherapy for high-risk LARC. Primary endpoints were treatment failure and disease-free survival (DFS) RESULTS: CTRT was given to 74 (59.7%) and SCRT/Chemotherapy to 50 patients (40.3%). Additional chemotherapy was required in 54.1% and 28%, respectively. Except for nodal staging, no other MRI parameter down-staged. Treatment failures were seen in 33.9% and 25.8% had progression. The peritoneum was the commonest site of progression (59.4%). Of the patients that were surgically explored, 63.7% had R0 resections and pathological complete response was seen in 9.7%. At a median follow-up of 35 months, 56.5% had DFS events with a 3-year DFS of 39.5%. Recurrences were noted in 45.1% after curative resections and the 3-year OS/DFS of these patients were 67.2%/56.4%. On multivariate regression, the type of preoperative therapy did not influence treatment failures or DFS. CONCLUSIONS: SRCC is a very aggressive disease and none of the treatment strategies could show superiority over the other with very high peritoneal progression rates and relapses.