Zygomycotic infective endocarditis in pregnancy.

Under the circumstances of cardiovascular adaptations and immunomodulation, an uncommon but disastrous complication of infective endocarditis (IE) can occur in pregnancy. Almost all the cases reported earlier were caused by bacteria. We report a fatal case of zygomycotic valvular and mural endocarditis in a young non-diabetic primigravida with a positive hepatitis B serology.

[INFECTIOUS ENDOCARDITIS IN PREGNANT WOMEN].

A case of primary infectious endocarditis with the lesion of mitral valve in a pregnant woman is reported The diseases was caused by meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Special attention is given to inefficiency of beta-lactame antibiotics against this infection and beneficial effect of daptomycin therapy. This observation confirms literature data about high frequency of thromboembolic complications of S aureus-induced infectious endocarditis due to the production of various coagulases and von Willebrand factor-binding protein by these microorganisms. An increase of coagulation caused by S. aureus is mediated through activation of prothrombin, factor XIII, and fibrin-binding fibronectin. It requires prescription of direct thrombin inhibitor pradax that proved to yield good results in the treatment of our patient. It is concluded that infectious endocarditis in pregnant women is characterized by an atypical clinical picture due to impaired immunity associated with rapid progression of the process after delivery, high frequency of thromboembolic and DIC syndromes.

Can infectious endocarditis during pregnancy be cured with only drug treatment?

During pregnancy, infective endocarditis (IE) is quite rare but has a high mortality rate in terms of the mother and the fetus. In this article, a 24-year-old patient with a history of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) who was hospitalized due to IE and treated successfully is presented. On echocardiography, severe mitral valve prolapse, severe mitral regurgitation, and vegetation on the posterior leaflet of mitral valve were observed. Streptococcus mitis was subsequently isolated from four sets of blood cultures. The patient was diagnosed with IE. After 6 weeks of antibiotic therapy, the patient was cured completely without surgical treatment. At 40-weeks of pregnancy, the patient gave birth via a normal vaginal delivery. There were no problems with the 3,800-gram baby born. In current guidelines, there is very limited advice on treatment options for patients who develop IE during pregnancy. Therefore, evaluation of patient-based treatment options would be appropriate. In addition, IE prophylaxis for MVP is not recommended in current guidelines. However, in MVP patients with mitral regurgitation, prior to procedures associated with a high risk of infective endocarditis, IE prophylaxis may be rational.

Pregnancy and postpartum infective endocarditis: a systematic review.

The objective of this review was to describe the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of infective endocarditis (IE) in pregnancy and the postpartum period. We conducted a systematic review of Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus from January 1, 1988, through October 31, 2012. Included studies reported on women who met the modified Duke criteria for the diagnosis of IE and were pregnant or postpartum. We included 72 studies that described 90 cases of peripartum IE, mostly affecting native valves (92%). Risk factors associated with IE included intravenous drug use (14%), congenital heart disease (12%), and rheumatic heart disease (12%). The most common pathogens were streptococcal (43%) and staphylococcal (26%) species. Septic pulmonary, central, and other systemic emboli were common complications. Of the 51 pregnancies, there were 41 (80%) deliveries with survival to discharge, 7 (14%) fetal deaths, 1 (2%) medical termination of pregnancy, and 2 (4%) with unknown status. Maternal mortality was 11%. Infective endocarditis is a rare, life-threatening infection in pregnancy. Risk factors are changing with a marked decrease in rheumatic heart disease and an increase in intravenous drug use. The cases reported in the literature were commonly due to streptococcal organisms, involved the right-sided valves, and were associated with intravenous drug use.

Endocarditis infecciosa de alto riesgo embolígeno durante el embarazo: ¿manejo conservador o quirúrgico? / High risk infective endocarditis embolism during pregnancy: Medical or surgical management?

Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 22 años de edad con embarazo de 14 semanas y endocarditis infecciosa de válvula mitral nativa con una vegetación de 15 mm con amplia movilidad, acompañada de insuficiencia valvular severa. Inicialmente, y pese al riesgo embolígeno, se dio tratamiento antibiótico durante 4 semanas. Por persistencia del tamaño de la vegetación se decide llevar a cirugía para reparación mitral y remoción de la lesión en la semana 18 de gestación, considerando que el balance entre el riesgo fetal y materno estaba a favor del procedimiento quirúrgico. Se usaron técnicas de protección fetal intraoperatoria y se colocó una prótesis biológica previo intento de reparación. La evolución postintervención fue satisfactoria, lográndose parto por cesárea a las 30 semanas.

A 22-year-old pregnant woman was seen at 14 weeks of pregnancy for infective endocarditis with a vegetation of 15 mm and wide mobility, which affected the native mitral valve accompanied by severe valvular insufficiency. Antibiotic treatment was given for 4 weeks despite the embolism risk. Due to persistence of vegetation size and after considering the fetal and maternal risk, the surgical procedure was favored. We decided to perform valvuloplasty and removal of lesion at 18 weeks of pregnancy. Fetal protection techniques were used and a bioprosthesis was placed before attempting a repair. The postoperative follow-up was satisfactory, achieving a successful birth by cesarean section at 30 weeks.

[High risk infective endocarditis embolism during pregnancy: Medical or surgical management?]. / Endocarditis infecciosa de alto riesgo embolígeno durante el embarazo: ¿manejo conservador o quirúrgico?

A 22-year-old pregnant woman was seen at 14 weeks of pregnancy for infective endocarditis with a vegetation of 15 mm and wide mobility, which affected the native mitral valve accompanied by severe valvular insufficiency. Antibiotic treatment was given for 4 weeks despite the embolism risk. Due to persistence of vegetation size and after considering the fetal and maternal risk, the surgical procedure was favored. We decided to perform valvuloplasty and removal of lesion at 18 weeks of pregnancy. Fetal protection techniques were used and a bioprosthesis was placed before attempting a repair. The postoperative follow-up was satisfactory, achieving a successful birth by cesarean section at 30 weeks.

Right ventricular endocarditis in a pregnant woman with a restrictive ventricular septal defect.

A 22-year-old woman with a restrictive unoperated perimembranous ventricular septal defect was diagnosed with staphylococcal endocarditis during her 14th week of pregnancy. Echocardiography revealed a long, thin, and mobile vegetation along the right ventricular free wall that increased to 8 cm in length, with systolic protrusion across the pulmonary valve. The vegetation subsequently embolized, resulting in a pulmonary abscess. She responded favorably to intravenous antibiotic therapy maintained for a total of 6 weeks, with resolution of the intracardiac mass and pulmonary abscess. The remaining peripartum and postpartum course was relatively unremarkable. Percutaneous closure of the ventricular septal defect was successfully performed postpartum.

Periodontal disease in pregnant patients with rheumatic valvular disease: clinical and microbiological study.

BACKGROUND: The periodontal disease during pregnancy of women with rheumatic valve disease imply infective endocarditis risks and higher rate of preterm birth and low birth weight. OBJECTIVE: To study the periodontal disease rate of women with rheumatic valve disease during pregnancy. METHODS: We studied 140 pregnant women who included 70 patients with rheumatic valve disease and 70 healthy women. The periodontal examination included: 1) periodontal clinical exam regard the follow variables: a) probing depth; b) gingival margin; c) clinical attachment level; d) bleeding on probing; e) plaque index and f) gingival index; and 2) microbiological test was performed in samples serum and gingival crevicular fluid and considered positive controls to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsithia e Aggregobacter actinomycetemcomitans. RESULTS: Age and parity were similar between groups; as single or combined the mitral valve disease was prevalent among the rheumatic valve lesion in 45 (32.1%) e 20 (28.5%) cases, respectively. Among the periodontal variables gingival margin (p=0.01) and plaque index (p=0.04) were different between groups. The periodontal disease was identified in 20 (14,3%) pregnant women, seven (10%) of them were patients with valve rheumatic disease and the remain 13 (18,6%) were healthy women, its percentual was not different between groups (p=0,147). Microbiological analyses of oral samples showed higher percentual of P. gingivalis in healthy pregnant women (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: The clinical and microbiological study during pregnancy showed comparable incidence of periodontal disease between women with rheumatic valve disease and healthy women.

Doença periodontal em portadoras de valvopatia durante a gravidez: estudo clínico e microbiológico / Periodontal disease in pregnant patients with rheumatic valvular disease: clinical and microbiological study / Enfermedad periodontal en portadoras de valvopatía durante la gravidez: estudio clínico y microbiológico

FUNDAMENTO: A doença periodontal representa risco à gestante portadora de valvopatia reumática, seja para contrair endocardite infecciosa, seja por propiciar complicações obstétricas. OBJETIVO: Estudar a frequência da doença periodontal em portadoras de valvopatia reumática durante a gravidez. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 140 gestantes, comparáveis quanto a idade e o nível socioeconômico, divididas em: 70 portadoras de doença valvar reumática e 70 mulheres saudáveis. Todas se submeteram a: 1) avaliação clínica odontológica que incluiu a análise dos seguintes parâmetros: 1.1) profundidade à sondagem, 1.2) distância da linha esmalte-cemento à margem gengival, 1.3) nível clínico de inserção, 1.4) índice de sangramento, 1.5) índice de placa bacteriana, e, 1.6) comprometimento de furca; e, 2) exame microbiológico nas amostras de saliva e do cone que considerou o controle positivo para as cepas das bactérias Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsithia e Aggregobacter actinomycetemcomitans. RESULTADOS: A lesão valvar mitral foi prevalente (65 casos = 92,8 por cento) dentre as gestantes cardiopatas. A comparação entre os grupos mostrou não haver diferenças entre idade e a paridade, e embora tenham sido verificadas diferenças entre as medidas da distância da linha esmalte-cemento à margem gengival (p = 0,01) e o índice de placa (p=0,04), a frequência da doença periodontal identificada em 20 (14,3 por cento) gestantes, não foi diferente entre os grupos (p = 0,147). O exame microbiológico mostrou uma proporção maior da bactéria P. gingivalis na saliva de gestantes saudáveis (p = 0,004). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo clínico e microbiológico periodontal durante a gravidez demonstrou igual frequência da doença periodontal em portadoras de valvopatia reumática quando comparada às mulheres saudáveis.

BACKGROUND: The periodontal disease during pregnancy of women with rheumatic valve disease imply infective endocarditis risks and higher rate of preterm birth and low birth weight. OBJECTIVE: To study the periodontal disease rate of women with rheumatic valve disease during pregnancy. METHODS: We studied 140 pregnant women who included 70 patients with rheumatic valve disease and 70 healthy women. The periodontal examination included: 1) periodontal clinical exam regard the follow variables: a) probing depth; b) gingival margin; c) clinical attachment level; d) bleeding on probing; e) plaque index and f) gingival index; and 2) microbiological test was performed in samples serum and gingival crevicular fluid and considered positive controls to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsithia e Aggregobacter actinomycetemcomitans. RESULTS: Age and parity were similar between groups; as single or combined the mitral valve disease was prevalent among the rheumatic valve lesion in 45 (32.1 percent) e 20 (28.5 percent) cases, respectively. Among the periodontal variables gingival margin (p=0.01) and plaque index (p=0.04) were different between groups. The periodontal disease was identified in 20 (14,3 percent) pregnant women, seven (10 percent) of them were patients with valve rheumatic disease and the remain 13 (18,6 percent) were healthy women, its percentual was not different between groups (p=0,147). Microbiological analyses of oral samples showed higher percentual of P. gingivalis in healthy pregnant women (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: The clinical and microbiological study during pregnancy showed comparable incidence of periodontal disease between women with rheumatic valve disease and healthy women.

FUNDAMENTO: La enfermedad periodontal, caracterizada por el estado inflamatorio e infeccioso permanente de la cavidad oral, representa riesgo a la gestante portadora de valvopatía reumática, ya sea para contraer endocarditis infecciosa, el sea por propiciar complicaciones obstétricas, tales como aborto espontáneo y prematuridad. OBJETIVO:Estudiar la frecuencia de la enfermedad periodontal en portadoras de valvopatía reumática durante la gravidez. MÉTODOS: Fueron estudiadas 140 gestantes, divididas por edad y por nivel socioeconómico, en dos grupos: 70 portadoras de enfermedad valvar reumática y 70 mujeres sanas. Todas se sometieron a: 1) evaluación clínica odontológica que incluyó el análisis de los siguientes parámetros: 1.1) profundidad al sondaje, 1.2) distancia de la línea esmalte-cemento al margen gingival, 1.3) nivel clínico de inserción, 1.4) índice de sangrado, 1.5) índice de placa bacteriana, y, 1.6) compromiso de furca; y, 2) examen microbiológico en las muestras de saliva y del cono que consideró el control positivo para las cepas de las bacterias Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsithia y Aggregobacter actinomycetemcomitans. RESULTADOS:La edad y la paridad no fueron diferentes entre los grupos; la lesión valvar mitral fue prevalente (65 casos = 92,8 por ciento), tanto en la forma aislada (45 casos) cuanto asociada a la lesión valvar aórtica (20 casos). El análisis comparativo mostró que las medidas de la distancia de la línea esmalte-cemento al margen gingival (p = 0,01) y el índice de placa (p = 0,04) fueron diferentes entre los grupos; y la frecuencia de la enfermedad periodontal identificada en 20 (14,3 por ciento) gestantes, de las cuales 7 eran reumáticas (10,0 por ciento) y 13 sanas (18,6 por ciento), no fue diferente entre los grupos (p = 0,147). El examen microbiológico mostró una proporción mayor de la bacteria P. gingivalis en la saliva de gestantes sanas (p = 0,004). CONCLUSIÓN:El estudio clínico y microbiológico periodontal durante la gravidez demostró igual frecuencia de enfermedad periodontal en portadoras de valvopatía reumática cuando fueron comparadas a las mujeres sanas.

Mitral valve replacement in pregnancy: a successful strategy for fetal survival.

The incidence of bacterial endocarditis (BE) during pregnancy is about 0.01%, while maternal and fetal mortality rates due to BE are 22% and 15%, respectively. Fetal survival is <15% until week 25 of gestation, and cesarean delivery is recommended before cardiopulmonary bypass in the third trimester. The case is described of a 24-year-old woman (a known drug addict), gravida 1, para 0, at week 22 of gestation, with an acute mitral valve endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Following urgent mitral valve replacement, the strategy for fetal survival involved reducing the hemodilution and scavenging the cardioplegia solution from the right atrium, avoiding deep hypothermia to minimize rewarming, and maintaining a high pump flow rate (>2.5 l/min/m2) with a mean perfusion pressure of 70 mmHg, using pulsatile perfusion. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course, and at 34 weeks' gestation a normal newborn of 1780 g was delivered by cesarean section. No controlled clinical trials using extracorporeal circulation during pregnancy have been conducted, and reports are limited to single cases. A strategy was proposed to manage the present case of uncontrolled maternal BE at an early gestational age, by addressing several factors that would influence the outcome for both mother and baby.

[From premature birth to cardiac surgery - severe heart failure due to infective endocarditis in pregnancy - a case report]. / Od przedwczesnego porodu do operacji kardiochirurgicznej - ciezka obukomorowa niewydolnosc serca w przebiegu infekcyjnego zapalenia wsierdzia u kobiety w ciazy.

A 25-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, without any previous medical history was admitted to the hospital because of the signs and symptoms of fetal distress. After a caesarean section the woman developed an acute heart failure. Echocardiography demonstrated massive vegetations attached to aortic and mitral valves with their destruction. Surgical treatment was performed immediately. The postoperative period was complicated by chronic atrioventricular third degree heart block, requiring implantation of a pacemaker. Finally the woman was discharged from hospital and is followed regularly in the out-patient cardiac clinic.

Infective endocarditis of aortic valve during pregnancy: a case report.

Infective endocarditis during pregnancy is uncommon but very serious. A 31-year-old woman in the 36th week of second pregnancy was admitted to a hospital because of fever, weakness, chest pain, painful skin over her right leg and dyspnea. Transthoracic echocardiography showed aortic valve vegetation and severe aortic regurgitation. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a 18 mmx6 mm mobile vegetation, attached to the right coronary cusp. Emergency cesarean section followed with a delivery of a healthy baby. Cardiopulmonary bypass with subsequent aortic replacement with bioprosthesis was initiated immediately after cesarean section. Early echocardiographic examination and 6 months after surgery revealed normal function of aortic valve bioprosthesis and normal LV function. Clinical recognition and early echocardiographic diagnosis followed urgent simultaneous cesarean section and aortic valve replacement was lifesaving for both mother and fetus.

Successful surgical treatment for infective endocarditis during pregnancy.

We herein describe the case of a 31-year-old woman. In the 27th week of pregnancy, the patient was hospitalized because of fever and a lumbar backache. In the 29th week of pregnancy, she developed embolic symptom in her left lower limb. A cardiac murmur was detected, and a significant regurgitation of the mitral valve, along with a mobile vegetation at the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, was detected by cardiac ultrasound examination, thus resulting in a diagnosis of infective endocarditis. At the time of diagnosis, the fetus was estimated to weigh 1400 g, and it was delivered by cesarian section, with a mitral valve repair being performed 4 days later. The mother did well and was discharged from the hospital after remission on the 30th hospital day. The infant was admitted to the NICU and was discharged from the hospital with good development and no complications at the age of 59 days, weighing 3066 g. Cardiac surgery under extracorporeal circulation in pregnant women is rare, and it is believed to have a high mortality rate for both the mothers and fetuses. On the other hand, the survival rate of low birth weight infants has improved as a consequence of progress in neonatal care. We herein report a case of mitral valve repair in the second trimester with a good outcome for both the mother and the infant.

Infective endocarditis during pregnancy: report of a case.

A 23-year-old woman, gravida 1, para, 0, was transferred at 29 weeks and 2 days gestation for management of infective endocarditis (IE). Based on vegetations attached to the mitral valve by echocardiography and positive blood cultures for Streptococcus mitis, the diagnosis of IE was made at the referring hospital. On admission to our hospital, echocardiography demonstrated a large vegetation and prolapse of the mitral valve with severe valve regurgitation. The fetal heart rate was 140/min. Ultrasound examination demonstrated an appropriate for gestational age 1,350 g fetus in vertex presentation. The day after admission, her membrane ruptured spontaneously, and she delivered a male infant by caesarean section at 29 weeks and 3 days of gestation. On the 42nd day of hospitalization, the mitral valve was reconstructed by quadrangular resection of the posterior commissure and annuloplasy with a prosthetic ring. A histological examination of specimens of the resected leaflets indicated that IE was active. One year later, the patient delivered a healthy infant without any complications by a caesarean section. The latest Doppler study demonstrated trivial mitral regurgitation and a mitral valve area of 2.5 cm2.

Right ventricular failure in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Right ventricular failure can be the result of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A patient with eclampsia and sepsis with Staphylococcus aureus developed life-threatening right ventricular failure as a result of ARDS. She finally stabilized after treatment with inhaled nitric oxide (NO). The pathophysiology of right ventricular failure in ARDS is described.