RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Acute confusional state (ACS) is a common cause of admission to the emergency department (ED). It can be related to numerous etiologies. Electroencephalography (EEG) can show specific abnormalities in cases of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), or metabolic or toxic encephalopathy. However, up to 80% of patients with a final diagnosis of NCSE have an ACS initially attributed to another cause. The exact place of EEG in the diagnostic work-up remains unclear. METHODS: Data of consecutive patients admitted to the ED for an ACS in a two-year period and who were referred for an EEG were collected. The initial working diagnosis was based on medical history, clinical, biological and imaging investigations allowing classification into four diagnostic categories. Comparison to the final diagnosis was performed after EEG recordings (and sometimes additional tests) were performed, which allowed the reclassification of some patients from one category to another. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients (mean age: 71.1 years) were included with the following suspected diagnoses: seizures for 8 (11%), encephalopathy for 14 (19%), other cause for 34 (45%) and unknown for 19 (25%). EEG was recorded after a mean of 1.5 days after symptom onset, and resulted in the reclassification of patients as follows: seizure for 15 (20%), encephalopathy for 15 (20%), other cause for 29 (39%) and unknown cause for 16 (21%). Moreover, ongoing epileptic activity (NCSE or seizure) and interictal epileptiform activity were found in eight (11%) patients initially diagnosed in another category. DISCUSSION: In our cohort, EEG was a key examination in the management strategy of ACS in 11% of patients admitted to the ED. It resulted in a diagnosis of epilepsy in these patients admitted with unusual confounding presentations.
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Confusión , Electroencefalografía , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Humanos , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Confusión/diagnóstico , Confusión/fisiopatología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Adulto , Convulsiones/diagnóstico , Convulsiones/fisiopatología , Estado Epiléptico/diagnóstico , Estado Epiléptico/fisiopatología , Enfermedad AgudaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Physical examination remains the cornerstone in the assessment of acute heart failure. There is a lack of adequately powered studies assessing the combined impact of both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and hypoperfusion on short-term mortality. METHODS: Patients with acute heart failure from 41 Spanish emergency departments were recruited consecutively in 3 time periods between 2011 and 2016. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of 30-day mortality with SBP (<90, 90-109, 110-129, and ≥130 mm Hg) and with manifestations of hypoperfusion (cold skin, cutaneous pallor, delayed capillary refill, livedo reticularis, and mental confusion) at admission. RESULTS: Among 10 979 patients, 1143 died within the first 30 days (10.2%). There was an inverse association between 30-day mortality and initial SBP (35.4%, 18.9%, 12.4%, and 7.5% for SBP<90, SBP 90-109, SBP 110-129, and SBP≥130 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.001) and a positive association with hypoperfusion (8.0%, 14.8%, and 27.6% for those with none, 1, ≥2 signs/symptoms of hypoperfusion, respectively; P<0.001). After adjustment for 11 risk factors, the prognostic impact of hypoperfusion on 30-day mortality varied across SBP categories: SBP≥130 mm Hg (odds ratio [OR]=1.03 [95% CI, 0.77-1.36] and OR=1.18 [95% CI, 0.86-1.62] for 1 and ≥2 compared with 0 manifestations of hypoperfusion), SBP 110 to 129 mm Hg (OR=1.23 [95% CI, 0.86-1.77] and OR=2.18 [95% CI, 1.44-3.31], respectively), SBP 90 to 109 mm Hg (OR=1.29 [95% CI, 0.79-2.10] and OR=2.24 [95% CI, 1.36-3.66], respectively), and SBP<90 mm Hg (OR=1.34 [95% CI, 0.45-4.01] and OR=3.22 [95% CI, 1.30-7.97], respectively); P-for-interaction =0.043. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoperfusion confers an incremental risk of 30-day all-cause mortality not only in patients with low SBP but also in normotensive patients. On admission, physical examination plays a major role in determining prognosis in patients with acute heart failure.
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Confusión/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/fisiopatología , Hipotensión/fisiopatología , Livedo Reticularis/fisiopatología , Mortalidad , Palidez/fisiopatología , Enfermedad Aguda , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Circulación Cerebrovascular , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Oportunidad Relativa , Pronóstico , Flujo Sanguíneo Regional , Piel/irrigación sanguínea , Temperatura Cutánea/fisiología , España , SístoleRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is protean in its manifestations, affecting nearly every organ system. However, nervous system involvement and its effect on disease outcome are poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to determine whether neurologic syndromes are associated with increased risk of inpatient mortality. METHODS: A total of 581 hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, neurologic involvement, and brain imaging were compared to hospitalized non-neurologic patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Four patterns of neurologic manifestations were identified: acute stroke, new or recrudescent seizures, altered mentation with normal imaging, and neuro-COVID-19 complex. Factors present on admission were analyzed as potential predictors of in-hospital mortality, including sociodemographic variables, preexisting comorbidities, vital signs, laboratory values, and pattern of neurologic manifestations. Significant predictors were incorporated into a disease severity score. Patients with neurologic manifestations were matched with patients of the same age and disease severity to assess the risk of death. RESULTS: A total of 4,711 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were admitted to one medical system in New York City during a 6-week period. Of these, 581 (12%) had neurologic issues of sufficient concern to warrant neuroimaging. These patients were compared to 1,743 non-neurologic patients with COVID-19 matched for age and disease severity admitted during the same period. Patients with altered mentation (n = 258, p = 0.04, odds ratio [OR] 1.39, confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.86) or radiologically confirmed stroke (n = 55, p = 0.001, OR 3.1, CI 1.65-5.92) had a higher risk of mortality than age- and severity-matched controls. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of altered mentation or stroke on admission predicts a modest but significantly higher risk of in-hospital mortality independent of disease severity. While other biomarker factors also predict mortality, measures to identify and treat such patients may be important in reducing overall mortality of COVID-19.
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COVID-19/mortalidad , Confusión/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Conciencia/fisiopatología , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Accidente Cerebrovascular/fisiopatología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Ageusia/epidemiología , Ageusia/fisiopatología , Anosmia/epidemiología , Anosmia/fisiopatología , Ataxia/epidemiología , Ataxia/fisiopatología , COVID-19/fisiopatología , Confusión/epidemiología , Trastornos de la Conciencia/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Nervios Craneales/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Nervios Craneales/fisiopatología , Delirio/epidemiología , Delirio/fisiopatología , Femenino , Cefalea/epidemiología , Cefalea/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Parestesia/epidemiología , Parestesia/fisiopatología , Disautonomías Primarias/epidemiología , Disautonomías Primarias/fisiopatología , Recurrencia , SARS-CoV-2 , Convulsiones/epidemiología , Convulsiones/fisiopatología , Accidente Cerebrovascular/epidemiología , Vértigo/epidemiología , Vértigo/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
The long-range temporal correlation (LRTC) in resting-state intrinsic brain activity is known to be associated with temporal behavioral patterns, including decision making based on internal criteria such as self-knowledge. However, the association between the neuronal LRTC and the subjective sense of identity remains to be explored; in other words, whether our subjective sense of consistent self across time relates to the temporal consistency of neural activity. The present study examined the relationship between the LRTC of resting-state scalp electroencephalography (EEG) and a subjective sense of identity measured by the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (EPSI). Consistent with our prediction based on previous studies of neuronal-behavioral relationships, the frontocentral alpha LRTC correlated negatively with identity confusion. Moreover, from the descriptive analyses, centroparietal beta LRTC showed negative correlations with identity confusion, and frontal theta LRTC showed positive relationships with identity synthesis. These results suggest that more temporal consistency (reversely, less random noise) in intrinsic brain activity is associated with less confused and better-synthesized identity. Our data provide further evidence that the LRTC of intrinsic brain activity might serve as a noise suppression mechanism at the psychological level.
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Encéfalo/fisiología , Personalidad/fisiología , Identificación Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Confusión/fisiopatología , Electroencefalografía , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
SUMMARY: A 78-year-old man was admitted for acute confusion. At initial investigation physical examination, blood and cerebrospinal fluid tests were unremarkable and EEG showed synchronous bifrontal periodic discharges, an evocative pattern of encephalitis. Coronavirus disease 2019 was diagnosed later after fever onset. Isolated mild confusion may thus be an initial clinical picture of Coronavirus disease 2019 infection.
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COVID-19/diagnóstico , Confusión/diagnóstico , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Encefalitis/diagnóstico , Anciano , COVID-19/fisiopatología , COVID-19/psicología , Confusión/fisiopatología , Confusión/psicología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Encefalitis/fisiopatología , Encefalitis/psicología , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Growing evidence showed that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection may present with neurological manifestations. This review aimed to determine the neurological manifestations and complications in COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis that included cohort and case series/reports involving a population of patients confirmed with COVID-19 infection and their neurologic manifestations. We searched the following electronic databases until April 18, 2020: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and World Health Organization database (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020180658). RESULTS: From 403 articles identified, 49 studies involving a total of 6,335 confirmed COVID-19 cases were included. The random-effects modeling analysis for each neurological symptom showed the following proportional point estimates with 95% confidence intervals: "headache" (0.12; 0.10-0.14; I2 = 77%), "dizziness" (0.08; 0.05-0.12; I2 = 82%), "headache and dizziness" (0.09; 0.06-0.13; I2 = 0%), "nausea" (0.07; 0.04-0.11; I2 = 79%), "vomiting" (0.05; 0.03-0.08; I2 = 74%), "nausea and vomiting" (0.06; 0.03-0.11; I2 = 83%), "confusion" (0.05; 0.02-0.14; I2 = 86%), and "myalgia" (0.21; 0.18-0.25; I2 = 85%). The most common neurological complication associated with COVID-19 infection was vascular disorders (n = 23); other associated conditions were encephalopathy (n = 3), encephalitis (n = 1), oculomotor nerve palsy (n = 1), isolated sudden-onset anosmia (n = 1), Guillain-Barré syndrome (n = 1), and Miller-Fisher syndrome (n = 2). Most patients with neurological complications survived (n = 14); a considerable number of patients died (n = 7); and the rest had unclear outcomes (n = 12). CONCLUSION: This review revealed that neurologic involvement may manifest in COVID-19 infection. What has initially been thought of as a primarily respiratory illness has evolved into a wide-ranging multi-organ disease.
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COVID-19/fisiopatología , Trastornos Cerebrovasculares/fisiopatología , Cefalea/fisiopatología , Mialgia/fisiopatología , Anosmia/etiología , Anosmia/fisiopatología , Encefalopatías/etiología , Encefalopatías/fisiopatología , COVID-19/complicaciones , Hemorragia Cerebral/etiología , Hemorragia Cerebral/fisiopatología , Infarto Cerebral/etiología , Infarto Cerebral/fisiopatología , Trastornos Cerebrovasculares/etiología , Confusión/etiología , Confusión/fisiopatología , Mareo/etiología , Mareo/fisiopatología , Encefalitis/etiología , Encefalitis/fisiopatología , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/etiología , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/fisiopatología , Cefalea/etiología , Humanos , Mialgia/etiología , Náusea/etiología , Náusea/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Nervio Oculomotor/etiología , Enfermedades del Nervio Oculomotor/fisiopatología , SARS-CoV-2 , Trombosis de los Senos Intracraneales/etiología , Trombosis de los Senos Intracraneales/fisiopatología , Vómitos/etiología , Vómitos/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
With the growing number of COVID-19 cases in recent times. significant set of patients with extra pulmonary symptoms has been reported worldwide. Here we venture out to summarize the clinical profile, investigations, and radiological findings among patients with SARS-CoV-2-associated meningoencephalitis in the form of a systemic review. This review was carried out based on the existing PRISMA (Preferred Report for Systematic Review and Meta analyses) consensus statement. The data for this review was collected from four databases: Pubmed/Medline, NIH Litcovid, Embase, and Cochrane library and Preprint servers up till 30 June 2020. Search strategy comprised of a range of keywords from relevant medical subject headings which includes "SARS-COV-2," "COVID-19," and "meningoencephalitis." All peer reviewed, case-control, case report, pre print articles satisfying our inclusion criteria were involved in the study. Quantitative data was expressed in mean ± SD, while the qualitative date in percentages. Paired t test was used for analysing the data based on differences between mean and respective values with a p < 0.05 considered to be statistically significant. A total of 61 cases were included from 25 studies after screening from databases and preprint servers, out of which 54 of them had completed investigation profile and were included in the final analysis. Clinical, laboratory findings, neuroimaging abnormalities, and EEG findings were analyzed in detail. This present review summarizes the available evidences related to the occurrence of meningoencephalitis in COVID-19.
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COVID-19/fisiopatología , Tos/fisiopatología , Fatiga/fisiopatología , Fiebre/fisiopatología , Meningoencefalitis/fisiopatología , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , Adulto , Anciano , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Azitromicina/uso terapéutico , COVID-19/diagnóstico por imagen , COVID-19/virología , Confusión/diagnóstico por imagen , Confusión/tratamiento farmacológico , Confusión/fisiopatología , Confusión/virología , Tos/diagnóstico por imagen , Tos/tratamiento farmacológico , Tos/virología , Disnea/diagnóstico por imagen , Disnea/tratamiento farmacológico , Disnea/fisiopatología , Disnea/virología , Electroencefalografía , Fatiga/diagnóstico por imagen , Fatiga/tratamiento farmacológico , Fatiga/virología , Femenino , Fiebre/diagnóstico por imagen , Fiebre/tratamiento farmacológico , Fiebre/virología , Humanos , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Meningoencefalitis/diagnóstico por imagen , Meningoencefalitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Meningoencefalitis/virología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neuroimagen , SARS-CoV-2/efectos de los fármacos , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19RESUMEN
Individuals affected by Developmental Topographical Disorientation (DTD) get lost on a daily basis, even in the most familiar of surroundings such as their neighbourhood, the building where they have worked for many years, and, in extreme cases, even in their own homes. Individuals with DTD report a lifelong selective inability to orient despite otherwise well-preserved general cognitive functions, and the absence of any acquired brain injury or neurological condition, with general intelligence reported to be within the normal range. To date, the mechanisms underlying such a selective developmental condition remain unknown. Here, we report the findings of a 10-year-long study investigating the behavioural and cognitive mechanisms of DTD in a large sample of 1211 cases. We describe the demographics, heritability pattern, self-reported and objective spatial abilities, and some personality traits of individuals with DTD as compared to a sample of 1624 healthy controls; importantly, we test the specific hypothesis that the presence of DTD is significantly related to the inability of the individuals to form a mental representation of the spatial surroundings (i.e., a cognitive map). We found that individuals with DTD reported relatively greater levels of neuroticism and negative affect, and rated themselves more poorly on self-report measures of memory and imagery skills related to objects, faces, and places. While performing interactive tasks, as a group, the individuals with DTD performed slightly worse on a scene-based perspective-taking task, and, notably struggled to solve tasks that demand the generation and use of a cognitive map. These novel findings help define the phenotype of DTD, and lay the foundation for future studies of the neurological and genetic mechanisms of this lifelong condition.
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Cognición , Confusión/fisiopatología , Percepción Espacial , Conducta Espacial , Anciano , Composición Familiar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to establish the current incidence and severity of spatial disorientation (SD) in Polish military pilots when flying different aircraft types over their entire careers, and to determine how SD training and pilots' flight experience might benefit their recognition of situations that may cause SD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Overall, 176 military Polish pilots (aged 33.8±7.72 years, the number of flying hours: 1194±941) flying different aircraft types, who attended the aviation medicine course, were surveyed and asked to report their episodes of SD. To collect anonymous data, a postal SD questionnaire (INFO PUB 61/117/5) was used. RESULTS: In the overall incidence rate of SD (96%), the most commonly experienced SD illusion was "loss of horizon due to atmospheric conditions" (81%). More SD incidents were reported by pilots who had received SD training. Some differences in the categories of the most commonly experienced SD illusion episodes between aircraft types were found. A severe episode adversely affecting flight safety was categorized by 10% of the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: In Polish military aviation, episodes of SD are a significant threat to aviation safety. There is evidence for the beneficial effects of SD training in the improvement of pilots' ability to recognize those factors that lead to SD. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020;33(6):791-810.
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Aviación/estadística & datos numéricos , Confusión/epidemiología , Personal Militar/estadística & datos numéricos , Pilotos/estadística & datos numéricos , Percepción Espacial , Adulto , Medicina Aeroespacial , Aeronaves/estadística & datos numéricos , Confusión/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polonia , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Cardiogenic shock is difficult to diagnose due to diverse presentations, overlap with other shock states (i.e. sepsis), poorly understood pathophysiology, complex and multifactorial causes, and varied hemodynamic parameters. Despite advances in interventions, mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock remains high. Emergency clinicians must be ready to recognize and start appropriate therapy for cardiogenic shock early. OBJECTIVE: This review will discuss the clinical evaluation and diagnosis of cardiogenic shock in the emergency department with a focus on the emergency clinician. DISCUSSION: The most common cause of cardiogenic shock is a myocardial infarction, though many causes exist. It is classically diagnosed by invasive hemodynamic measures, but the diagnosis can be made in the emergency department by clinical evaluation, diagnostic studies, and ultrasound. Early recognition and stabilization improve morbidity and mortality. This review will focus on identification of cardiogenic shock through clinical examination, laboratory studies, and point-of-care ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: The emergency clinician should use the clinical examination, laboratory studies, electrocardiogram, and point-of-care ultrasound to aid in the identification of cardiogenic shock. Cardiogenic shock has the potential for significant morbidity and mortality if not recognized early.
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Ecocardiografía , Electrocardiografía , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Infarto del Miocardio/diagnóstico , Choque Cardiogénico/diagnóstico , Acidosis Láctica/sangre , Acidosis Láctica/fisiopatología , Bradicardia/fisiopatología , Confusión/fisiopatología , Diagnóstico Precoz , Edema/fisiopatología , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/sangre , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/fisiopatología , Soplos Cardíacos/fisiopatología , Humanos , Hipotensión/fisiopatología , Pruebas de Función Renal , Ácido Láctico/sangre , Pruebas de Función Hepática , Insuficiencia Multiorgánica/sangre , Insuficiencia Multiorgánica/fisiopatología , Péptido Natriurético Encefálico/sangre , Fragmentos de Péptidos/sangre , Examen Físico , Sistemas de Atención de Punto , Edema Pulmonar/fisiopatología , Choque Cardiogénico/sangre , Choque Cardiogénico/fisiopatología , Taquicardia/fisiopatología , Troponina/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a common subtype of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection is the most common cause of post-diarrheal HUS. Kidney and central nervous system are the primary target organs. CASE PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old male presented with HUS following bloody diarrhea. Nephrotic-range proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia were present at the acute stage and renal histology revealed common TMA features. Neurological involvement presented as confusion and impaired cognitive function. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated bilateral T2 hyperintensities in the brainstem and insula. The patient received plasma exchange and supportive care. Both the renal and neurological impairments were completely recovered 3 months after the onset. CONCLUSION: We report an adult patient presenting with nephrotic-range proteinuria and central nervous system involvement at the acute phase of post-diarrheal HUS. The reversibility of the organ damages might predict a favorable outcome.
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Encefalopatías/fisiopatología , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Disfunción Cognitiva/fisiopatología , Confusión/fisiopatología , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/fisiopatología , Hipoalbuminemia/fisiopatología , Proteinuria/fisiopatología , Encefalopatías/diagnóstico por imagen , Encefalopatías/etiología , Disfunción Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagen , Confusión/diagnóstico por imagen , Confusión/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diarrea , Imagen de Difusión por Resonancia Magnética , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/complicaciones , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/metabolismo , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urémico/terapia , Humanos , Hipoalbuminemia/etiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Intercambio Plasmático , Proteinuria/etiología , Recuperación de la FunciónRESUMEN
Cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD) affects a large proportion of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients; however encephalopathy is a rare complication. While classical hepatic encephalopathy can be a feature of end-stage liver disease, "hyperammonemic encephalopathy" can be precipitated in previously stable CFLD by various triggers including systemic corticosteroids. We describe one such case and review the relevant literature.
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Encefalopatías Metabólicas/metabolismo , Fibrosis Quística/metabolismo , Hiperamonemia/metabolismo , Cirrosis Hepática/metabolismo , Adolescente , Encefalopatías Metabólicas/etiología , Encefalopatías Metabólicas/fisiopatología , Confusión/etiología , Confusión/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Conciencia/etiología , Trastornos de la Conciencia/fisiopatología , Fibrosis Quística/complicaciones , Estado de Descerebración/etiología , Estado de Descerebración/fisiopatología , Encefalopatía Hepática/metabolismo , Encefalopatía Hepática/fisiopatología , Humanos , Hiperamonemia/etiología , Cirrosis Hepática/etiología , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe neuroimaging findings and to report the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with neurologic manifestations. METHODS: In this retrospective multicenter study (11 hospitals), we included 64 patients with confirmed COVID-19 with neurologic manifestations who underwent a brain MRI. RESULTS: The cohort included 43 men (67%) and 21 women (33%); their median age was 66 (range 20-92) years. Thirty-six (56%) brain MRIs were considered abnormal, possibly related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Ischemic strokes (27%), leptomeningeal enhancement (17%), and encephalitis (13%) were the most frequent neuroimaging findings. Confusion (53%) was the most common neurologic manifestation, followed by impaired consciousness (39%), presence of clinical signs of corticospinal tract involvement (31%), agitation (31%), and headache (16%). The profile of patients experiencing ischemic stroke was different from that of other patients with abnormal brain imaging: the former less frequently had acute respiratory distress syndrome (p = 0.006) and more frequently had corticospinal tract signs (p = 0.02). Patients with encephalitis were younger (p = 0.007), whereas agitation was more frequent for patients with leptomeningeal enhancement (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 may develop a wide range of neurologic symptoms, which can be associated with severe and fatal complications such as ischemic stroke or encephalitis. In terms of meningoencephalitis involvement, even if a direct effect of the virus cannot be excluded, the pathophysiology seems to involve an immune or inflammatory process given the presence of signs of inflammation in both CSF and neuroimaging but the lack of virus in CSF. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: NCT04368390.
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Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico por imagen , Meningoencefalitis/diagnóstico por imagen , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico por imagen , Accidente Cerebrovascular/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Betacoronavirus , Isquemia Encefálica/fisiopatología , COVID-19 , Confusión/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Conciencia/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/fisiopatología , Encefalitis/diagnóstico por imagen , Encefalitis/fisiopatología , Femenino , Francia , Cefalea/fisiopatología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Meningitis/diagnóstico por imagen , Meningitis/fisiopatología , Meningoencefalitis/fisiopatología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/fisiopatología , Agitación Psicomotora/fisiopatología , Tractos Piramidales/diagnóstico por imagen , Tractos Piramidales/fisiopatología , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/fisiopatología , Estudios Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2 , Accidente Cerebrovascular/fisiopatología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Although rare, neurological manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 infection are increasingly being reported. We conducted a retrospective systematic study to describe the electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics in this disease, looking for specific patterns. METHODS: EEGs performed in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2 between 25/03/2020 and 06/05/2020 in the University Hospital of Bicêtre were independently reviewed by two experienced neurologists. We used the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's terminology for the description of abnormal patterns. EEGs were classified into five categories, from normal to critically altered. Interobserver reliability was calculated using Cohen's kappa coefficient. Medical records were reviewed to extract demographics, clinical, imaging and biological data. RESULTS: Forty EEGs were reviewed in 36 COVID-19 patients, 18 in intensive care units (ICU) and 22 in medicine units. The main indications were confusion or fluctuating alertness for 23 (57.5%) and delayed awakening after stopping sedation in ICU in six (15%). EEGs were normal to mildly altered in 23 (57.5%) contrary to the 42.5% where EEG alterations were moderate in four (10%), severe in eight (20%) and critical in five (12.5%). Generalized periodic discharges (GPDs), multifocal periodic discharges (MPDs) or rhythmic delta activity (RDA) were found in 13 recordings (32.5%). EEG alterations were not stereotyped or specific. They could be related to an underlying morbid status, except for three ICU patients with unexplained encephalopathic features. CONCLUSION: In this first systematic analysis of COVID-19 patients who underwent EEG, over half of them presented a normal recording pattern. EEG alterations were not different from those encountered in other pathological conditions.
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Betacoronavirus , Confusión/etiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/complicaciones , Retraso en el Despertar Posanestésico/etiología , Electroencefalografía , Neumonía Viral/complicaciones , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Nivel de Alerta/fisiología , Betacoronavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Ondas Encefálicas/fisiología , COVID-19 , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/complicaciones , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Comorbilidad , Confusión/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/psicología , Sedación Profunda , Retraso en el Despertar Posanestésico/fisiopatología , Demencia/complicaciones , Demencia/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/fisiopatología , Neumonía Viral/psicología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/etiología , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/fisiopatología , Estudios Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
This narrative review provides a broad and comprehensive overview of the most important discoveries on the postictal state over the past decades as well as recent developments. After a description and definition of the postictal state, we discuss postictal sypmtoms, their clinical manifestations, and related findings. Moreover, pathophysiological advances are reviewed, followed by current treatment options.
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Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Confusión/fisiopatología , Electroencefalografía/tendencias , Trastornos Mentales/fisiopatología , Convulsiones/fisiopatología , Confusión/etiología , Confusión/psicología , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Convulsiones/complicaciones , Convulsiones/psicologíaAsunto(s)
Hemorragia de los Ganglios Basales/terapia , Edema Encefálico/cirugía , Drenaje/métodos , Hidrocefalia/cirugía , Hipotensión/terapia , Fallo Renal Crónico/terapia , Diálisis Renal/efectos adversos , Angiografía de Substracción Digital , Hemorragia de los Ganglios Basales/complicaciones , Edema Encefálico/etiología , Edema Encefálico/fisiopatología , Ventriculitis Cerebral , Confusión/etiología , Confusión/fisiopatología , Enfermedad Crítica , Electroencefalografía , Cefalea/etiología , Cefalea/fisiopatología , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/etiología , Hidrocefalia/fisiopatología , Hipotensión/etiología , Hipertensión Intracraneal/etiología , Hipertensión Intracraneal/fisiopatología , Hipertensión Intracraneal/cirugía , Fallo Renal Crónico/complicaciones , Región Lumbosacra , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Punción Espinal , Vasoconstrictores/uso terapéutico , VentriculostomíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Movement-based wearable sensors are used for detection of convulsive seizures. The identification of the absence of motion following a seizure, known as post-ictal immobility (PI), may represent a potential additional application of wearables. PI has been associated with potentially life-threatening complications and with sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). We aimed to assess whether wearable accelerometers (ACCs) could be used as a digital marker of PI. METHOD: Devices with embedded ACCs were worn by patients admitted to an epilepsy monitoring unit. Participants presenting with convulsive seizures were included in the study. PI presence and duration were assessed by experts reviewing video recordings. An algorithm for the automatic detection of post-ictal ACC silence and its duration was developed and the linear pairwise relationship between the automatically detected duration of post-ictal ACC silence and the duration of the expert-labeled PI was analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-two convulsive seizures were recorded from 18 study participants. Twenty were followed by PI and two by agitation. The automated estimation of post-ictal ACC silence identified all the 20 expert-labeled PI. The regression showed that the duration of the post-ictal ACC silence was correlated with the duration of PI (Pearson r = .92; P < .001), with the age of study participants (Pearson r = .78; P < .001), and with the duration of post-ictal generalized electroencephalography suppression (PGES; Pearson r = .4; P = .033). SIGNIFICANCE: We highlight a novel application of wearables as a way to record post-ictal manifestations associated with an increased risk of SUDEP. The occurrence of a fatal seizure is unpredictable and the continuous, non-invasive, long-term identification of risk factors associated with each individual seizure may assume a great clinical importance.
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Acelerometría/métodos , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Convulsiones/diagnóstico , Convulsiones/fisiopatología , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Confusión/diagnóstico , Confusión/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Muerte Súbita e Inesperada en la Epilepsia/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Environmental circumstances that result in ambiguity or conflict with the patterns of sensory stimulation may adversely affect the vestibular system. The effect of this conflict in sensory information may be dizziness, a sense of imbalance, nausea, and motion sickness sometimes even to seemingly minor daily head movement activities. In some, it is not only exposure to motion but also the observation of objects in motion around them such as in supermarket aisles or other places with visual commotion; this can lead to dizziness, nausea, or a feeling of motion sickness that is referred to as visual vertigo. All people with normal vestibular function can be made to experience motion sickness, although individual susceptibility varies widely and is at least partially heritable. Motorists learn to interpret sensory stimuli in the context of the car stabilized by its suspension and guided by steering. A type of motorist's disorientation occurs in some individuals who develop a heightened awareness of perceptions of motion in the automobile that makes them feel as though they may be rolling over on corners and as though they are veering on open highways or in streaming traffic. This article discusses the putative mechanisms, consequences and approach to managing patients with visual vertigo, motion sickness, and motorist's disorientation syndrome in the context of chronic dizziness and motion sensitivity.
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Conducción de Automóvil , Confusión , Mareo , Mareo por Movimiento , Vértigo , Confusión/etiología , Confusión/fisiopatología , Confusión/terapia , Mareo/etiología , Mareo/fisiopatología , Mareo/terapia , Humanos , Mareo por Movimiento/etiología , Mareo por Movimiento/fisiopatología , Mareo por Movimiento/terapia , Vértigo/etiología , Vértigo/fisiopatología , Vértigo/terapiaAsunto(s)
Ceguera Cortical/fisiopatología , Confusión/fisiopatología , Cefalea/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Memoria/fisiopatología , Ozono/efectos adversos , Síndrome de Leucoencefalopatía Posterior/inducido químicamente , Anciano , Anestésicos Locales/uso terapéutico , Músculos de la Espalda , Vértebras Cervicales , Imagen de Difusión por Resonancia Magnética , Fiebre/fisiopatología , Humanos , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/terapia , Lidocaína/uso terapéutico , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Oxígeno/uso terapéutico , Síndrome de Leucoencefalopatía Posterior/diagnóstico por imagen , Síndrome de Leucoencefalopatía Posterior/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
AIM: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas and tasteless. CO poisoning (COP) is one of the most frequently encountered inhalation poisonings. The most common cause of morbidity in COP is delayed neurological sequelae (DNS). DNS is the occurrence of neuropsychiatric findings within 2-240â¯days after discharge of patients with COP and there are no definitive diagnostic criteria. The aim of our study is; to determine the risk factors and incidence of DNS. METHOD: Our study is a retrospective, observational study. Patients with the diagnosis of COP in the emergency department between 2015 and 2016 were included in the study. Patients age, gender, findings in the initial physical examination (PE) and neurological examination (NE), blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level, relation between hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment and DNS were assessed. RESULTS: Total of 72 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 33.43⯱â¯20.89. It was determined that pathological findings in the initial NE are a significant predictive factor for DNS (Odds ratio 18.600, p:0.004). Significant relation between NE and HBO treatment was present (p:00.1). There was no statistically significant relationship between initial COHb level and receiving HBO treatment (p:0.9). Median COHb level of patients with DNS was 30 (min:10, max: 43), median COHb level of patients without DNS was 25 (min:10, max:44) and there was no statistically significant relationship between the two groups according to COHb levels (p:0.7). CONCLUSION: Pathological findings in the initial neurological examination had a predictive value for delayed neurological sequelae in patients with carbon monoxide poisoning.