Group B Streptococcus and Intraamniotic Inflammation and Infection.

Intraamniotic inflammation and infection complicate 2% to 5% of term deliveries. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a common cause of intraamniotic infection associated with invasive neonatal disease and maternal morbidity. Universal vaginal-rectal screening for GBS colonization is recommended between 36 and 37 weeks. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for individuals with positive GBS screens and other risk factors. Intravenous penicillin is the preferred antimicrobial agent. Individuals with penicillin allergies may receive cefazolin for low-risk allergies and either clindamycin or vancomycin for high-risk allergies, depending on their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Clinical trials are underway to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of maternal anti-GBS vaccine candidates.

Antibiotic Stewardship in Chorioamnionitis Exposed Neonates, A Quality Improvement Project.

BACKGROUND: Rates of neonatal early onset sepsis (EOS) in term infants have recently decreased. The 2018 AAP guidelines for the management of infants at risk for early onset sepsis allows for using a multivariate risk assessment to determine need for empiric antibiotics in infants 35 weeks or greater, including those exposed to chorioamnionitis. METHODS: A quality improvement (QI) project was undertaken to implement use of EOS calculator in chorioamnionitis exposed infants with an aim to safely decrease antibiotic exposure. Multiple Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles occurred to implement the change. Data regarding antibiotics, labs, length of stay and safety metrics were collected. RESULTS: Implementing the EOS calculator's use in chorioamnionitis exposed neonates decreased antibiotic exposure from 100% to 75%, and decreased average duration of antibiotics from 68 to 40 hours. Implementation decreased prolonged courses of antibiotics, lumbar punctures, length of stay and laboratory tests. No cases of early culture confirmed EOS were missed, and none occurred in this well appearing population. CONCLUSIONS: Quality improvement initiatives to implement evidence-based tools can safely and appropriately decrease antibiotic exposure in neonates.

Antenatal creatine supplementation reduces persistent fetal lung inflammation and oxidative stress in an ovine model of chorioamnionitis.

Chorioamnionitis is a common antecedent of preterm birth and induces inflammation and oxidative stress in the fetal lungs. Reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the fetal lungs may improve respiratory outcomes in preterm infants. Creatine is an organic acid with known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of direct fetal creatine supplementation to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in fetal lungs arising from an in utero proinflammatory stimulus. Fetal lambs (n = 51) were instrumented at 90 days gestation to receive a continuous infusion of creatine monohydrate (6 mg·kg-1·h-1) or saline for 17 days. Maternal chorioamnionitis was induced with intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mg, O55:H6) or saline 7 days before delivery at 110 days gestation. Tissue creatine content was assessed with capillary electrophoresis, and inflammatory markers were analyzed with Luminex Magpix and immunohistochemistry. Oxidative stress was measured as the level of protein thiol oxidation. The effects of LPS and creatine were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. Fetal creatine supplementation increased lung creatine content by 149% (PCr < 0.0001) and had no adverse effects on lung morphology. LPS-exposed groups showed increased levels of interleukin-8 in the bronchoalveolar lavage (PLPS < 0.0001) and increased levels of CD45+ leukocytes (PLPS < 0.0001) and MPO+ (PLPS < 0.0001) cells in the lung parenchyma. Creatine supplementation significantly reduced the levels of CD45+ (PCr = 0.045) and MPO+ cells (PCr = 0.012) in the lungs and reduced thiol oxidation in plasma (PCr < 0.01) and lung tissue (PCr = 0.02). In conclusion, fetal creatine supplementation reduced markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in the fetal lungs arising from chorioamnionitis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We evaluated the effect of antenatal creatine supplementation to reduce pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress in the fetal lamb lungs arising from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chorioamnionitis. Fetal creatine supplementation increased lung creatine content and had no adverse effects on systemic fetal physiology and overall lung architecture. Importantly, fetuses that received creatine had significantly lower levels of inflammation and oxidative stress in the lungs, suggesting an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefit of creatine.

Anti-infectious and anti-inflammatory effect of amniopatch in the treatment of spontaneous previable rupture of membranes.

Spontaneous previable rupture of membranes complicates approximately 0.4-0.7% of pregnancies and is associated with severe maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Intra-amniotic inflammation is present in up to 94.4% of cases, most often caused by a bacterial infection. In comparison, the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in its eradication reaches less than 17%. Inflammatory activity in the amniotic cavity disrupts the physiological development of the fetus with an increase in maternal, fetal, and neonatal inflammatory morbidity through the development of fetal inflammatory response syndrome, maternal chorioamnionitis, and neonatal sepsis. Amniopatch is an invasive therapeutic technique based on intra-amniotic administration of maternal hemoderivates in the form of thromboconcentrate and plasma cryoprecipitate to provide the temporary closure of the fetal membranes defect and secondary restitution of normohydramnios with correction of pressure-volume ratios. The supposed basis of this physical-mechanical action is the aggregation of coagulant components of amniopatch in the area of the defect with the formation of a valve cap. The background for the formulation of the hypothesis on the potential anti-infectious and anti-inflammatory action of non-coagulant components of amniopatch involved: i) clinical-academic and publishing outputs of the authors based on their many years' experience with amniopatch application in the treatment of spontaneous previable rupture of membranes (2008-2019), ii) the documented absence of clinically manifested chorioamnionitis in patients treated this way with a simultaneously reduced incidence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome compared to expectant management (tocolysis, corticotherapy, antibiotic therapy). The non-coagulant components of plasma cryoprecipitate include mainly naturally occurring isohemagglutinins, albumin, and soluble plasma fibrinogen. Although these components of the amniopatch have not been attributed a significant therapeutic role, the authors assume that due to their opsonizing and aggregative properties, they can significantly participate in optimizing the intrauterine environment through the reduction in bacterial and cytokine charge in the amniotic fluid. The authors think these facts constitute a vital stimulus to future research-academic activity and, at the same time, an idea for reconsidering the therapeutic role of amniopatch as a tool for improving perinatal results of spontaneous previable ruptures of membranes.

Clinical chorioamnionitis at term: definition, pathogenesis, microbiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

Clinical chorioamnionitis, the most common infection-related diagnosis in labor and delivery units, is an antecedent of puerperal infection and neonatal sepsis. The condition is suspected when intrapartum fever is associated with two other maternal and fetal signs of local or systemic inflammation (eg, maternal tachycardia, uterine tenderness, maternal leukocytosis, malodorous vaginal discharge or amniotic fluid, and fetal tachycardia). Clinical chorioamnionitis is a syndrome caused by intraamniotic infection, sterile intraamniotic inflammation (inflammation without bacteria), or systemic maternal inflammation induced by epidural analgesia. In cases of uncertainty, a definitive diagnosis can be made by analyzing amniotic fluid with methods to detect bacteria (Gram stain, culture, or microbial nucleic acid) and inflammation (white blood cell count, glucose concentration, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase-8). The most common microorganisms are Ureaplasma species, and polymicrobial infections occur in 70% of cases. The fetal attack rate is low, and the rate of positive neonatal blood cultures ranges between 0.2% and 4%. Intrapartum antibiotic administration is the standard treatment to reduce neonatal sepsis. Treatment with ampicillin and gentamicin have been recommended by professional societies, although other antibiotic regimens, eg, cephalosporins, have been used. Given the importance of Ureaplasma species as a cause of intraamniotic infection, consideration needs to be given to the administration of antimicrobial agents effective against these microorganisms such as azithromycin or clarithromycin. We have used the combination of ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, and metronidazole, which has been shown to eradicate intraamniotic infection with microbiologic studies. Routine testing of neonates born to affected mothers for genital mycoplasmas could improve the detection of neonatal sepsis. Clinical chorioamnionitis is associated with decreased uterine activity, failure to progress in labor, and postpartum hemorrhage; however, clinical chorioamnionitis by itself is not an indication for cesarean delivery. Oxytocin is often administered for labor augmentation, and it is prudent to have uterotonic agents at hand to manage postpartum hemorrhage. Infants born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis near term are at risk for early-onset neonatal sepsis and for long-term disability such as cerebral palsy. A frontier is the noninvasive assessment of amniotic fluid to diagnose intraamniotic inflammation with a transcervical amniotic fluid collector and a rapid bedside test for IL-8 for patients with ruptured membranes. This approach promises to improve diagnostic accuracy and to provide a basis for antimicrobial administration.

Improved efficiency in the management of newborns with infectious risk factors by the sepsis risk calculator and clinical observation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of the sepsis risk calculator and the serial clinical observation in the management of late preterm and term newborns with infectious risk factors. METHOD: Single-center, observational, two-phase cohort study comparing the rates of neonates born ≥35 weeks' gestation, ≥2000 g birthweight, and without major congenital anomalies, who were screened and/or received antibiotics for early-onset neonatal sepsis risk at our center during two periods, before (January/2018-June/2019) and after (July/2019-December/2020) the implementation of the sepsis risk calculator. RESULTS: A total of 1796 (Period 1) and 1867 (Period 2) patients with infectious risk factors were included. During the second period, tests to rule out sepsis were reduced by 34.0 % (RR, 95 %CI): 0.66 (0.61, 0.71), blood cultures by 13.1 %: 0.87 (0.77, 0.98), hospital admissions by 13.5 %: 0.86 (0.76, 0.98) and antibiotic administration by 45.9 %: 0.54 (0.47, 0.63). Three cases of early-onset neonatal sepsis occurred in the first period and two in the second. Clinical serial evaluation would have detected all true cases. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a sepsis risk calculator in the management of newborns ≥35 weeks GA, ≥2000 g birthweight, without major congenital anomalies, with infectious risk factors is safe and adequate to reduce laboratory tests, blood cultures, hospital admissions, and antibiotics administration. Serial clinical observation, in addition, could be instrumental to achieve or even improve this goal.

Latency Antibiotics in Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: A Comparison of Azithromycin Regimens.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with antibiotics at the time of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) has been shown to prolong pregnancy. Due to the recurrent shortage of erythromycin, azithromycin has been substituted in the traditional regimen; however, there are little data on optimal dosing. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in latency from onset of PPROM to delivery in patients who received a single dose of azithromycin compared with a 5-day course. METHODS: This was a single-center, multisite, retrospective, IRB approved analysis of patients admitted with a diagnosis of PPROM. Patients were included if rupture occurred between 22 0/7 and 33 6/7 weeks of gestation and received either a single dose or a 5-day course of azithromycin along with a beta lactam. RESULTS: A total of 376 patients were reviewed with 296 patients included in the final analysis. There was no statistical difference in the primary outcome of latency days in patients who received the 5-day versus the single-dose course (4 vs 5 days, P = 0.641). There was a significantly higher rate of histologic chorioamnionitis in the single-dose course of azithromycin (46.4% vs 62.6%, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: There was no difference in latency for patients who received a 5-day course of azithromycin versus a single dose for the treatment of PPROM. A higher rate of histologic chorioamnionitis was observed in those who received the single-day course. Prospective follow-up studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Antibiotic treatment of women with isolated intrapartum fever vs clinical chorioamnionitis: maternal and neonatal outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Clinical chorioamnionitis refers to the presence of maternal fever (≥38°C) and at least 2 clinical signs: (1) maternal tachycardia (>100 bpm), (2) fetal tachycardia (>160 bpm), (3) maternal leukocytosis >15,000/mm2, (4) purulent vaginal discharge, and (5) uterine tenderness. Few data exist to guide the appropriate management of women with isolated intrapartum fever in the absence of other clinical signs suggesting chorioamnionitis. OBJECTIVE: This study compared maternal and neonatal infectious outcomes and microbiological outcomes between women with isolated intrapartum fever and women with clinical chorioamnionitis. STUDY DESIGN: This 10-year retrospective study included all the laboring women at our institution, at ≥34 weeks of gestation, with a singleton pregnancy and body temperature of ≥38.0°C, with or without other evidences of infection. According to our department protocol, women with isolated intrapartum fever received intravenous ampicillin, whereas women with clinical chorioamnionitis received intravenous ampicillin plus gentamicin. The primary outcome was puerperal endometritis, compared between women with isolated intrapartum fever (treated with ampicillin) and women with clinical chorioamnionitis (treated with ampicillin plus gentamicin). The secondary maternal outcomes consisted of (1) maternal clinical outcomes, such as cesarean delivery, surgical site infection, postpartum hemorrhage, and postpartum length of stay, and (2) microbiological studies, including positive chorioamniotic membrane swabs and blood culture. Among the secondary neonatal outcomes were early-onset sepsis, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and length of stay. Of note, 2 multivariate logistic regression models were created. A model aimed to predict puerperal endometritis controlled for gestational age of >41 weeks, diabetes mellitus, obesity, positive group B streptococcus status, rupture of membrane ≥18 hours, meconium staining, positive chorioamniotic membrane swabs, cesarean delivery, and empiric postdelivery antibiotic administration. A model aimed to predict neonatal early-onset sepsis controlled for gestational age of 34 to 37 weeks, positive group B streptococcus status, rupture of membrane ≥18 hours, and positive chorioamniotic membrane swabs. RESULTS: Overall, 458 women met the inclusion criteria. Compared with women with clinical chorioamnionitis (n=231), women with isolated intrapartum fever (n=227) had higher rates of puerperal endometritis (3.9% vs 8.8%; P=.03), early-onset sepsis (0.4% vs 4.4%; P=.005), positive chorioamniotic membrane swabs (46.3% vs 63.9%; P<.001), and ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli (35.5% vs 48.9%; P=.033). The rate of group B streptococcus-positive chorioamniotic membrane swabs was similar between the groups. In a subanalysis of women with negative or unknown group B streptococcus status, the puerperal endometritis and neonatal early-onset sepsis rates were higher among women with isolated intrapartum fever than women with suspected chorioamnionitis (8.7% vs 3.3% [P=.041] and 4.1% vs 0% [P<.001], respectively). In 2 multivariate analysis models, among women with isolated intrapartum fever treated with ampicillin compared with those with clinical chorioamnionitis treated with ampicillin and gentamicin, the odds ratio of antibiotic treatment of endometritis was 2.65 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-6.62; P=.036), and the odds ratio of neonatal early-onset sepsis was 8.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.04-60.60; P=.045). CONCLUSION: Women with intrapartum fever, with or without other signs of infection, were at increased risk of maternal and neonatal complications. The use of ampicillin as a sole agent in isolated intrapartum fever might promote ampicillin-resistant E coli growth in the chorioamniotic membranes and consequently lead to puerperal endometritis and early-onset sepsis. In this context, a broad-range antibiotic should be considered.

Antibiotic administration reduced intra-amniotic inflammation 7 days after preterm premature rupture of the membranes with intra-amniotic infection.

OBJECTIVE: Intra-amniotic infections increase the risk of preterm delivery and short- and long-term fetal morbidity; however, no consensus exists on the choice of antimicrobial agents as treatment for these infections. We aimed to examine the efficacy of intravenous administration of sulbactam/ampicillin (SBT/ABPC) and azithromycin (AZM) for intra-amniotic infection in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). METHODS: This study followed a single-centered retrospective cohort design. We compared changes in interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels and the load of Ureaplasma species DNA in the amniotic fluid between singleton pregnancy patients with intra-amniotic infection (Group A) and without either intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI) or microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) (Group B) who developed PPROM between week 22, day 0 and week 33, day 6 of gestation and maintained pregnancy for ≥7 d after diagnosis (August 2014 to April 2020). Patients in Group A were treated with SBT/ABPC and AZM, whereas those in Group B were treated with ABPC and AZM or clarithromycin. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients with IAI and 48 patients without either IAI or MIAC at diagnosis of PPROM underwent pregnancy/delivery management at our hospital. Following the study population selection, we evaluated six patients in Group A and 13 patients in Group B. Amniotic fluid IL-6 concentrations at the initial amniocentesis were high, ranging from 11.7 ng/mL to 139.2 ng/mL, indicating a state of severe IAI in all six patients in Group A. In five of the six patients in Group A, the amniotic fluid cultures during the first amniocentesis included Ureaplasma species only. In both groups, the amniotic fluid IL-6 concentration at the follow-up amniocentesis was lower than that at the initial amniocentesis (Group A: follow-up median 3.06 ng/mL [quartiles, 1.75-6.74], initial median 30.53 ng/mL [quartiles, 15.60-67.07], p＝.03; Group B: follow-up median 0.40 ng/mL [quartiles, 0.18-0.69], initial median 0.96 ng/mL [quartiles, 0.65-1.42], p＝.005); Group A showed a greater decrease than Group B (p < .001). No difference was found between the microbial loads of Ureaplasma species DNA in the initial and follow-up amniocentesis (p = .13). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PPROM and intra-amniotic infection, IL-6 levels in the amniotic fluid decreased significantly from before antimicrobial administration to day 7. This decrease is thought to be mainly due to the effects of intravenous AZM. The efficacy of AZM in patients with PPROM needs to be further confirmed via randomized controlled studies in the future.

Kaiser Permanente early-onset sepsis calculator as a safe tool for reducing antibiotic use among chorioamnionitis-exposed term neonates: Qatar experience.

Being an important cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis, clinical chorioamnionitis in the mother results in frequent laboratory workup and antibiotic use for the neonate. Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Qatar follow the categorical approach recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA, and all chorioamnionitis-exposed neonates receive antibiotics.Our project aimed to reduce antibiotic use among chorioamnionitis-exposed, asymptomatic term babies by adopting the early-onset sepsis calculator (EOSCAL). Reduction of blood culture and NICU stay duration were added as secondary objectives later.The Institute of Healthcare Improvement Model of Improvement was used. Antibiotic use rate was the primary outcome measure. Blood culture rate and early transfer to the postnatal ward were added after 1 year. The process measures included the EOSCAL use rate and calculation error rate. The rate of positive culture among untreated babies within the first week was taken as a balancing measure. Monthly data were collected from February 2020 and entered as run charts. Calculation errors were dealt by multiple PDSAs. Additional outcome measures were added in January 2021. Data collection and monitoring continued till December 2022.Among 3837 inborn NICU admissions, 464 (12 %) were chorioamnionitis-exposed babies. Of them, 341 (74%) cases were eligible for inclusion. Among eligible cases, 270 (79%) did not receive antibiotics. Blood culture could be avoided among 106 (97% of low-risk babies) and NICU stay was reduced among 45 (92% of eligible low-risk babies). None of the untreated babies developed sepsis during the first week.Implementation of this project effectively and safely reduced the antibiotic use and blood culture rate among term, well-appearing babies exposed to chorioamnionitis. The project resulted in enhanced patient safety, experience and flow and reduced cost. It is recommendable to other NICU settings in Qatar.

Continuous vs intermittent induction of labor with oxytocin in nulliparous patients: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Oxytocin is considered the drug of choice for the induction of labor, although the optimal protocol and infusion duration remain to be determined. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess whether the duration of oxytocin infusion increases 24-hour delivery rates and affects the length of time-to-delivery and patient's experience. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial was performed at a single tertiary medical center, between January 1, 2020 and June 30, 2022. Nulliparous patients with a singleton pregnancy at a vertex presentation and a Bishop score ≥6 were randomly assigned to receive either continuous (16 hours, with a 4 hours pause in between infusions) or intermittent (8 hours, with a 4 hours pause in between infusions) oxytocin infusion, until delivery. In both groups, infusion was halted when signs of maternal or fetal compromise were observed. Randomization was conducted with a computer randomization sequence generation program. The primary outcome was delivery within 24 hours from the first oxytocin infusion and the secondary outcome included time-to-delivery, mode of delivery, and additional maternal and neonatal outcomes. Seventy-two patients per group were randomized to reach 80% statistical power with a 20% difference in the primary outcome according to previous studies. RESULTS: A total of 153 patients were randomized, 72 to the continuous oxytocin infusion group and 81 to the intermittent infusion group. The total oxytocin infusion time was similar between the groups. Patients in the continuous arm were more likely to deliver within 24 hours from oxytocin initiation (79.73% vs 62.96%, P<.05), and had a shorter oxytocin-to-delivery time interval, compared with patients receiving intermittent treatment (9.3±3.7 hours vs 21±11.7 hours, P<.001). Furthermore, time from ruptured membranes to delivery was shorter (9.3±3.7 hours vs 21±11.7 hours; P<.0001) and chorioamnionitis was less frequent (9.46% vs 21%; P<.05) in the continuous compared with the intermittent arm. Cesarean delivery rate was 20% in both groups (P=.226). There was no difference in postpartum hemorrhage, or adverse neonatal outcomes between the groups. Patients receiving continuous oxytocin infusion were more satisfied with the birthing experience. CONCLUSION: Continuous infusion of oxytocin for labor induction in nulliparous patients with a favorable cervix may be superior to intermittent oxytocin infusion, because it shortens time-to-delivery, decreases chorioamnionitis rate, and improves maternal satisfaction, without affecting adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes.

Placental Syphilis: A Comprehensive Review of Routine Histomorphology, HIV Co-infection, Penicillin Treatment, Immunohistochemistry, and Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Introduction: Placental examination is valuable for diagnosing congenital syphilis, but the classic histological triad is not always observed. This study aimed to identify additional morphological clues, evaluate the sensitivity of IHC and qPCR, and investigate the impact of HIV co-infection and penicillin treatment on placental morphology. Materials and methods: Two hundred and fifteen placental specimens with treponemal infection were reviewed. Morphological findings, IHC, and qPCR results were analyzed. Results: Chronic villitis (94%), acute chorioamnionitis (91.6%), and villous immaturity (65.6%) were the most common abnormalities. HIV co-infection and penicillin treatment were associated with reduced frequencies of inflammatory lesions. IHC and qPCR exhibited sensitivities of 74.4 and 25.8%, respectively, confirming the diagnosis in 42 cases with negative or unknown serology. Conclusion: Villitis, chorioamnionitis, and villous immaturity were identified as the predominant placental abnormalities. HIV co-infection and penicillin treatment can impact morphology and hamper the diagnosis. IHC and q-PCR are valuable adjuncts when serology is negative.

Pharmacological blockade of the interleukin-1 receptor suppressed Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in preterm fetal sheep.

BACKGROUND: Intraamniotic inflammation is associated with preterm birth, especially in cases occurring before 32 weeks' gestation, and is causally linked with an increased risk for neonatal mortality and morbidity. Targeted anti-inflammatory interventions may assist in improving the outcomes for pregnancies impacted by intrauterine inflammation. Interleukin-1 is a central upstream mediator of inflammation. Accordingly, interleukin-1 is a promising candidate target for intervention therapies and has been targeted previously using the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, anakinra. Recent studies have shown that the novel, noncompetitive, allosteric interleukin-1 receptor inhibitor, rytvela, partially resolved inflammation associated with preterm birth and fetal injury. In this study, we used a preterm sheep model of chorioamnionitis to investigate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of rytvela and anakinra, administered in the amniotic fluid in the setting of intraamniotic Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide exposure. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that both rytvela and anakinra would reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced intrauterine inflammation and protect the fetal brain. STUDY DESIGN: Ewes with a singleton fetus at 105 days of gestation (term is ∼150 days) were randomized to one of the following groups: (1) intraamniotic injections of 2 mL saline at time=0 and time=24 hours as a negative control group (saline group, n=12); (2) intraamniotic injection of 10 mg Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in 2 mL saline and intraamniotic injections of 2 mL saline at time=0 hours and time=24 hours as an inflammation positive control group (lipopolysaccharide group, n=11); (3) intraamniotic injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in 2 mL saline and intraamniotic injections of 2.5 mg rytvela at time=0 hours and time=24 hours to test the anti-inflammatory efficacy of rytvela (lipopolysaccharide + rytvela group, n=10); or (4) intraamniotic injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in 2 mL saline and intraamniotic injections of 100 mg anakinra at time=0 hours and time=24 hours to test the anti-inflammatory efficacy of anakinra (lipopolysaccharide + anakinra group, n=12). Amniotic fluid was sampled at time 0, 24, and 48 hours (ie, at each intervention and at delivery). Fetal umbilical cord blood was collected at delivery for differential blood counts and chemical studies. Inflammation was characterized by the analysis of fetal tissue cytokine and chemokine levels using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked inmmunosorbent assay, and histology. The primary study outcome of interest was the assessment of anakinra and rytvela brain-protective effects in the setting of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced intrauterine inflammation. Secondary outcomes of interest were to assess protection from fetal and intrauterine (ie, amniotic fluid, chorioamnion) inflammation. RESULTS: Intraamniotic administration of lipopolysaccharide caused inflammation of the fetal lung, brain, and chorioamnionitis in preterm fetal sheep. Relative to treatment with saline only in the setting of lipopolysaccharide exposure, intraamniotic administration of both rytvela and anakinra both significantly prevented periventricular white matter injury, microglial activation, and histologic chorioamnionitis. Anakinra showed additional efficacy in inhibiting fetal lung myeloperoxidase activity, but its use was associated with metabolic acidaemia and reduced fetal plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 levels at delivery. CONCLUSION: Intraamniotic administration of rytvela or anakinra significantly inhibited fetal brain inflammation and chorioamnionitis in preterm fetal sheep exposed to intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide. In addition, anakinra treatment was associated with potential negative impacts on the developing fetus.

Genomic analysis of Enterococcus faecium strain RAOG174 associated with acute chorioamnionitis carried antibiotic resistance gene: is it time for precise microbiological identification for appropriate antibiotic use?

BACKGROUND: Preterm labor syndrome is associated with high perinatal morbidity and mortality, and intra-amniotic infection is a cause of preterm labor. The standard identification of causative microorganisms is based on the use of biochemical phenotypes, together with broth dilution-based antibiotic susceptibility from organisms grown in culture. However, such methods could not provide an accurate epidemiological aspect and a genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance leading to an inappropriate antibiotic administration. Hybrid genome assembly is a combination of short- and long-read sequencing, which provides better genomic resolution and completeness for genotypic identification and characterization. Herein, we performed a hybrid whole genome assembly sequencing of a pathogen associated with acute histologic chorioamnionitis in women presenting with PPROM. RESULTS: We identified Enterococcus faecium, namely E. faecium strain RAOG174, with several antibiotic resistance genes, including vancomycin and aminoglycoside. Virulence-associated genes and potential bacteriophage were also identified in this genome. CONCLUSION: We report herein the first study demonstrating the use of hybrid genome assembly and genomic analysis to identify E. faecium ST17 as a pathogen associated with acute histologic chorioamnionitis. The analysis provided several antibiotic resistance-associated genes/mutations and mobile genetic elements. The occurrence of E. faecium ST17 raised the awareness of the colonization of clinically relevant E. faecium and the carrying of antibiotic resistance. This finding has brought the advantages of genomic approach in the identification of the bacterial species and antibiotic resistance gene for E. faecium for appropriate antibiotic use to improve maternal and neonatal care.

Comparison of proposed National Institute of Child Health and Human Development panel recommendations with newborn sepsis risk calculator in term neonates exposed to maternal chorioamnionitis.

BACKGROUND: Maternal chorioamnionitis (MC) is one of the major risk factors for early-onset neonatal sepsis. Kaiser sepsis risk calculator (SRC) is a validated risk assessment tool for such newborns. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) workshop on MC has proposed a risk assessment algorithm. The objective of the study was to compare the reduction in antibiotic use in newborns treated with SRC and NICHD algorithm and determine the antibiotic use correlation between them. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective chart review was performed on newborns born at ≥ 37 weeks to mothers with MC during the years 2018-2020. The same cohort of newborns was evaluated using SRC and NICHD algorithm to determine whether treatment with antibiotics could have been avoided in some patients. The data were analyzed using a t-test, Chi-square test, and ANOVA. RESULTS: During the study period, 101 newborns were born to mothers with chorioamnionitis and received antibiotics. When the newborns were assessed using the SRC, only 16/101 (15.84%) would have received treatment. When NICHD algorithm was applied to the same cohort 71/101 (70.30%) newborns would have received treatment. The two approaches agreed in their assessment for treatment or observation only in 44/101 (43.56%) of the cases. The NICHD treatment group had a higher incidence of chorioamnionitis as seen in placental pathology (94.37% vs. 75.00% for Kaiser, p-0.015). The SRC treatment group however had newborns with significantly lower Apgar score at 1 min (8.21 vs 6.63, p-0.006) and 5-minute (8.69 vs 8.00, p-0.019) and had significantly higher supplemental oxygen requirements at admission (62.50% vs. 21.13%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both SRC and NICHD algorithms expose fewer newborns to antibiotics; however, they differ in the number of newborns that would require antibiotics. Ventilation assistance and lower Apgar scores were associated with higher probability of antibiotic administration.

Effect of preterm chorioamnionitis on lung ultrasound score used to guide surfactant replacement.

OBJECTIVE: Lung ultrasound score (LUS) accurately guides surfactant replacement in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome due to surfactant deficiency. However, surfactant deficiency is not the unique pathobiological feature, as there may be relevant lung inflammation, such as in certain cases of clinical chorioamnionitis (CC). We aim to investigate if CC influences LUS and ultrasound-guided surfactant treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective (2017-2022), large, cohort study targeted to recruit a homogeneous population treated with unchanged respiratory care policy and lung ultrasound protocol. Patients with (CC+: 207) and without (CC-: 205) chorioamnionitis were analyzed with propensity score matching and subsequent additional multivariate adjustments. RESULTS: LUS was identical at unmatched and matched comparisons. Consistently, at least one surfactant dose was given in 98 (47.3%) and 83 (40.5%) neonates in the CC+ and CC- matched cohorts, respectively (p = .210). Multiple doses were needed in 28 (13.5%) and 21 (10.2%) neonates in the CC+ and CC- cohorts, respectively (p = .373). Postnatal age at surfactant dosing was also similar. LUS was higher in patients who were diagnosed with neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (NARDS) (CC+ cohort: 10.3 (2.9), CC- cohort: 11.4 (2.6)), than in those without NARDS (CC+ cohort: 6.1 (3.7), CC- cohort: 6.2 (3.9); p < .001, for both). Surfactant use was more frequent in neonates with, than in those without NARDS (p < .001). Multivariate adjustments confirmed NARDS as the variable with greater effect size on LUS. CONCLUSIONS: CC does not influence LUS in preterm neonates, unless inflammation is enough severe to trigger NARDS. The occurrence of NARDS is key factor influencing the LUS.

Association between intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for Group B Streptococcus colonization and clinical chorioamnionitis among patients undergoing induction of labor at term.

BACKGROUND: Rectovaginal colonization with Group B Streptococcus during pregnancy has historically been shown to be associated with an increased risk of clinical chorioamnionitis and peripartum infectious morbidity. OBJECTIVE: Newer observational data in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis suggest a possible reversal of this association; however, it is unclear if this is related to differences in labor management for those with and without Group B Streptococcus colonization. We therefore sought to assess the association between intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for Group B Streptococcus colonization and clinical chorioamnionitis within the context of a randomized induction of labor trial with a standardized labor protocol. STUDY DESIGN: We performed an exploratory secondary analysis of a randomized trial of patients undergoing term induction at a tertiary care center. Patients received third trimester Group B Streptococcus screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis as routine care. Group B Streptococcus detection was performed using a carrot broth-enhanced subculture to Group B Streptococcus Detect approach (Hardy Diagnostics, Santa Maria, CA). Labor management was protocolized per the trial. Patients with unknown Group B Streptococcus status or who did not receive intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, if indicated, were excluded. The primary outcome was diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis, compared between patients who received intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for known Group B Streptococcus positive status (by culture, history, or Group B Streptococcus bacteriuria) and those who were Group B Streptococcus negative and did not receive intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. Secondary outcomes included postpartum endometritis, wound infection, a composite maternal peripartum infectious morbidity, and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 491 patients were enrolled in the trial. Of these, 466 had a known Group B Streptococcus status and received or did not receive intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis accordingly and were included in this analysis: 292 (62.7%) were Group B Streptococcus negative and did not receive intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and 174 (37.3%) were Group B Streptococcus positive and received intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. The majority of patients were Non-Hispanic Black (78.1%) and nulliparous (59.7%). There were no differences in demographic, clinical, induction or labor characteristics between groups. Patients who were Group B Streptococcus positive had a 49% lower rate of clinical chorioamnionitis (8.1% vs 14.7%, odds ratio, 0.51; P=.03) and a lower rate of peripartum infectious morbidity (8.1% vs 15.8%, odds ratio, 0.47; P=.02) compared to those who were Group B Streptococcus negative. Infants born to patients who were Group B Streptococcus positive were significantly less likely to be admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (3.4% vs 15.1%, P<.001). CONCLUSION: Although Group B Streptococcus colonization has historically been considered a risk factor for clinical chorioamnionitis, in the era of universal antibiotic prophylaxis for Group B Streptococcus positive patients, our findings support the point that intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for Group B Streptococcus positivity is associated with lower rates of clinical chorioamnionitis and peripartum infectious morbidity among patients undergoing induction with protocolized labor management. These findings demonstrate that intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for Group B Streptococcus may protect against perinatal infectious morbidity, a phenomenon that warrants further investigation.

Risk Stratification to Support Antibiotic Stewardship and Breastfeeding Exclusivity in a Military Treatment Facility.

OBJECTIVE: To safely reduce unnecessary antibiotic exposure in neonates exposed to chorioamnionitis and inadequately treated Group B Streptococcus (GBS) using the early-onset sepsis (EOS) calculator for risk stratification and a 36-hour antibiotic duration. DESIGN: Evidence-based quality improvement initiative. SETTING/LOCAL PROBLEM: Obstetric service at a midsized military treatment facility with approximately 2,000 births annually and no standard process for neonatal EOS risk assessment. PARTICIPANTS: Clinical nurse specialist, physicians, nursing leadership, unit-level nursing champions, and nurses assigned to the mother-baby and labor and delivery units. INTERVENTION/MEASUREMENTS: An interdisciplinary working group created a protocol to institute an EOS risk assessment calculator, a note for the electronic heath record, and interdisciplinary education for all staff providing care to neonates in our facility. RESULTS: Before implementation of the EOS calculator, 97.6% of neonates exposed to chorioamnionitis or inadequate maternal GBS treatment received antibiotics; after implementation, the mean rate dropped to 32%. Exclusive breastfeeding rates before discharge in neonates exposed to chorioamnionitis or inadequate maternal GBS treatment also increased during this time, from 40% to a mean of 89%. After implementation, there were no readmissions to our institution for culture-proven sepsis within 14 days of discharge. CONCLUSION: Multidisciplinary team-led implementation of the EOS calculator and of shortened antibiotic duration were associated with safely reduced antibiotic exposure in well-appearing neonates exposed to chorioamnionitis and GBS. In addition, dramatically improved rates of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge were observed in this population.