The natural compound sinometumine E derived from Corydalis decumbens promotes angiogenesis by regulating HIF-1/ VEGF pathway in vivo and in vitro.

The rhizome of Corydalis decumbens is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly utilized in the clinical treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Numerous phytochemical and biological investigations have demonstrated that protoberberine alkaloids from C. decumbens exhibit diverse pharmaceutical activities against various diseases. Sinometumine E (SE), a protoberberine alkaloid isolated from C. decumbens for the first time, is characterized by a complex 6/6/6/6/6/6 hexacyclic skeleton. In the current study, we investigated the protective effects of SE on endothelial cell injury and its angiogenesis effects in zebrafish. The results suggested that SE showed significant anti-ischemic effects on OGD/R-induced HBEC-5i and HUVECs cell ischemia/reperfusion injury model. Furthermore, it promoted angiogenesis in PTK787-induced, MPTP-induced, and atorvastatin-induced vessel injury models of zebrafish, while also suppressing hypoxia-induced locomotor impairment in zebrafish. Transcriptome sequencing analysis provided a sign that SE likely to promotes angiogenesis through the HIF-1/VEGF signaling pathway to exert anti-ischemic effects. Consistently, SE modulated several genes related to HIF-1/VEGF signal pathway, such as hif-1, vegf, vegfr-2, pi3k, erk, akt and plcγ. Molecular docking analysis revealed that VEGFR-2 exhibited high binding affinity with SE, and western blot analysis confirmed that SE treatment enhanced the expression of VEGFR-2. In conclusion, our study profiled the angiogenic activities of SE in vitro and in vivo. The key targets and related pathways involved in anti-ischemic effects of SE, shedding light on the pharmacodynamic components and mechanisms of Corydalis decumbens, and provides valuable insights for identifying effective substances for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Fu'cupping Physical Permeation-Enhancing Technique Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of Corydalis yanhusuo Gel Plaster.

Corydalis yanhusuo, a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used to treat various pains, and its active ingredients are alkaloids. This study aimed to develop a new type of transdermal gel plaster containing the extract of C. yanhusuo. Studies have shown that Fu'cupping physical permeation-enhancing technique can promote the penetration of alkaloids and improve the efficacy of drugs. A transdermal gel plaster containing the extract of C. yanhusuo was prepared and optimized using an orthogonal experimental design. The skin permeation ability of the gel plaster was studied in vitro, while the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the prepared patch alone or with Fu'cupping physical permeation-enhancing technique were evaluated in a rat model. The formulation of a gel plaster containing C. yanhusuo extract was successfully prepared with an optimized composition consisting of glycerin (15 g), sodium polyacrylate (2 g), silicon dioxide (0.3 g), ethanol (2 g), aluminum oxide (0.1 g), citric acid (0.05 g), the C. yanhusuo extract (3 g), and water (15 g). The cumulative transdermal permeation of dehydrocorydaline, corypalmine, tetrahydropalmatine, and corydaline in 24 h was estimated to be 569.7 ± 63.2, 74.5 ± 13.7, 82.4 ± 17.2, and 38.9 ± 8.1 µg/cm2, respectively. The in vitro diffusion of dehydrocorydaline and corydaline followed the zero-order kinetics profile, while that of corypalmine and tetrahydropalmatine followed a Higuchi equation. The prepared gel plaster significantly reduced paw swelling, downregulated inflammatory cytokines, and mitigated pain induced by mechanical or chemical stimuli. The Fu'cupping physical permeation-enhancing technique further improved the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the patch. The combined application of the Fu'cupping physical permeation-enhancing technique and the alkaloid gel plaster may be effective against inflammation and pain.

Study on quality control methods and pharmacodynamic material basis of different specifications of Corydalis Rhizoma produced in Zhejiang Province.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The quality control methods of different specifications of Corydalis Rhizoma in Zhejiang China (ZJ CR) are the same, so the quality of each specification couldnot be guaranteed. To clarify the quality control methods and pharmacodynamic material basis of ZJ CR with different specifications could provide reference for the quality control of ZJ CR. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to establish a quality control method for ZJ CR with different specifications and to screen out the pharmacodynamic material basis of ZJ CR with different specifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Firstly, according to the existing grading standards, the medicinal materials were divided into specifications, and the character indexes of ZJ CR with different specifications were established. The quality indexes were established by HPLC, network pharmacology and literature retrieval. The correlation between the trait indexes and quality indexes of ZJ CR with different specifications was analyzed, and the best quality control method was established. Further combined with the pharmacodynamic indexes of ZJ CR with different specifications, the pharmacodynamic material basis of ZJ CR with different specifications was screened out by spectrum-effect analysis. The correlation between trait indexes and pharmacodynamic indexes was analyzed to verify the rationality of grade standard. RESULTS: The three specifications of ZJ CR were CR (Diameter ≥1.1 cm), CR (Diameter <1.1 cm), and CR (No size distinction). Diameter, width, thickness, grain weight, volume and 50 g grain number could be used as the trait indexes of ZJ CR. Protopine (CR1), palmatine hydrochloride (CR2), berberine hydrochloride (CR3), dehydrocorydaline (CR4), tetrahydropalmatine (CR5), tetrahydroberberine (CR6), corydaline (CR7), stylopine (CR8) and isoimperatorin (CR9) were identified. Total components, core components (CR5, CR6, CR7 and CR8), alcohol-soluble extracts (ASE) could be used as quality indexes. The best quality control methods of the three specifications respectively were: the larger the diameter and grain weight, the smaller the number of 50 g grains; The larger the diameter, the smaller the volume, thickness, width and number of 50 g particles; The larger the grain weight and volume, the smaller the number of 50 g grains. The main analgesic components of the three specifications respectively were: CR1, CR2 and core components; CR2, CR4; CR8, CR9. The larger the diameter and the less the number of 50 g grains, the better the analgesic effect of ZJ CR, and the grade standard was reasonable. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the quality control methods and pharmacodynamic material basis of ZJ CR with different specifications were different, which may be caused by the differences in traits and the contribution of main active ingredients. This study constructed an evaluation model combining external traits, internal quality and overall efficacy, and provided theoretical support for the rationality of ZJ CR grade standard.

Thrombosis inhibited by Corydalis decumbens through regulating PI3K-Akt pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Corydalis decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. was used as stasis-eliminating medicine traditionally to treat cardiovascular disease potentially attributed to its antithrombotic effect, but lack of pharmacological research on it. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the antithrombotic effect of C. decumbens and its preliminary mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A carrageenan-induced mouse thrombus model and adenosine diphosphate stimulated platelet aggregation of rabbits were used to confirm the inhibitory effect of C. decumbens extract and compounds on thrombosis in vivo. Then, H2O2-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) injury model was further adopted to verify the effects of bioactive compounds in vitro. Moreover, in silico network pharmacology analyses and molecular docking were performed to predict the underlying mechanisms, targets, and pathways, and which were further confirmed through western blotting assay. RESULTS: The administration of total extract (TE), total alkaloids (TA) and tetrahydropalmatine (TET) resulted in a significant reduction in black tail thrombus and congestion, along with a decreasing in platelet aggregation of rabbits. A superior antithrombotic effect indicated the bioactive fraction, and then the isolated bioactive compounds, TET and protopine (PRO) increased cell survival, and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in H2O2-induced HUVECs injury model. Moreover, the two alkaloids targeted 33 major proteins and influenced 153 pathways in network pharmacology prediction. Among these, HSP90AA1, COX-2, NF-κB/p65, MMP1 and HIF-1α were the key proteins and PI3K-Akt emerged as the major signaling pathway. Further western blotting results supported that five key proteins were downregulated by the two bioactive compounds in H2O2-stimulated HUVECs model. CONCLUSION: C. decumbens exerted protective effect on thrombosis through inhibiting PI3K-Akt pathway and related key proteins, which supported the traditional use and presented potential antithrombotic alkaloids for further investigation.

Antibacterial activity of corydalis saxicola bunting total alkaloids against Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro.

Aim: To investigate the antibacterial effects of Corydalis Saxicola bunting total alkaloid (CSBTA) on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Methods: SEM, chemical staining, RT-qPCR and ELISA were used to detect effects of CSBTA on P. gingivalis. Results: CSBTA treatment caused shrinkage and rupture of P. gingivalis morphology, decreased biofilm density and live bacteria in biofilm, as well as reduced mRNA expression of virulence genes hagA, hagB, kgp, rgpA and rgpB of P. gingivalis. Furthermore, NOK cells induced by CSBTA-treated P. gingivalis exhibited lower IL-6 and TNF-α expression levels. Conclusion: CSBTA is able to kill free P. gingivalis, disrupt the biofilm and weaken the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis. It has the potential to be developed as a drug against P. gingivalis infection.

[Box: see text].

Corydalis ternata Nakai Alleviates Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease by Reducing ß-Amyloid and Neuroinflammation.

Recently, natural herbs have gained increasing attention owing to their comparatively low toxicity levels and the abundance of historical medical documentation regarding their use. Nevertheless, owing to a lack of knowledge regarding these herbs and their compounds, attempts to find those that could be beneficial for treating diseases have often been ad hoc; thus, there is now a growing demand for an in silico method to identify beneficial herbs. In this study, we present a computational approach for identifying natural herbs specifically effective in treating cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) sufferers, which analyzes the similarities between herbal compounds and known drugs targeting AD-related proteins. Our in silico method suggests that Corydalis ternata can improve cognitive decline in AD sufferers. Behavioral tests with an AD mouse model for the confirmation of the in silico prediction reveals that C. ternata significantly alleviated the cognitive decline (memory and motor functions) caused by neurodegeneration. Further pathology analyses reveal that C. ternata decreases the level of Aß plaques, reduces neuroinflammation, and promotes autophagy flux, and thus C. ternata can be clinically effective for preventing mild cognitive impairment during the early stages of AD. These findings highlight the potential utility of our in silico method and the potential clinical application of the identified natural herb in treating and preventing AD.

Characterization of CYP82 genes involved in the biosynthesis of structurally diverse benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in Corydalis yanhusuo.

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) represent a significant class of secondary metabolites with crucial roles in plant physiology and substantial potential for clinical applications. CYP82 genes are involved in the formation and modification of various BIA skeletons, contributing to the structural diversity of compounds. In this study, Corydalis yanhusuo, a traditional Chinese medicine rich in BIAs, was investigated to identify the catalytic function of CYP82s during BIA formation. Specifically, 20 CyCYP82-encoding genes were cloned, and their functions were identified in vitro. Ten of these CyCYP82s were observed to catalyze hydroxylation, leading to the formation of protopine and benzophenanthridine scaffolds. Furthermore, the correlation between BIA accumulation and the expression of CyCYP82s in different tissues of C. yanhusuo was assessed their. The identification and characterization of CyCYP82s provide novel genetic elements that can advance the synthetic biology of BIA compounds such as protopine and benzophenanthridine, and offer insights into the biosynthesis of BIAs with diverse structures in C. yanhusuo.

Study on the quality of Corydalis Rhizoma in Zhejiang based on multidimensional evaluation method.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The quality requirements of Corydalis Rhizoma (CR) in different producing areas are uniform, resulting in uneven efficacy. As a genuine producing area, the effective quality control of CR in Zhejiang Province (ZJ) could provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of medicinal materials. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to effectively distinguish the CR inside and outside ZJ, and provided a theoretical basis for the quality control and material basis research of ZJ CR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The core components of ZJ CR could be identified by HPLC combined with chemometrics screening, and the quality of CR from different producing areas was evaluated by a genetic algorithm-back propagation (GA-BP) neural network. Chromaticity and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were used to identify CR inside and outside ZJ, and rapid content prediction was realized. The analgesic effect of CR in different regions was compared by a zebrafish analgesic experiment. Analgesic experiments in rats and analysis of the research status of quality components were used to screen the quality control components of ZJ CR. RESULTS: The contents of palmatine hydrochloride (YSBMT), dehydrocorydaline (TQZJJ), tetrahydropalmatine (YHSYS), tetrahydroberberine (SQXBJ), corydaline (YHSJS), stylopine (SQHLJ), and isoimperatorin (YOQHS) in ZJ CR were higher than those in CR from outside ZJ, but the content of protopine (YAPJ) and berberine hydrochloride (YSXBJ) was lower than that in CR from outside ZJ. YHSJS and SQHLJ could be used as the core components to identify ZJ CR. The GA-BP neural network showed that the relative importance of ZJ CR was the strongest. Chroma-content correlation analysis and the NIR qualitative model could effectively distinguish CR from inside and outside of ZJ, and the NIR quantitative model could quickly predict the content of CR from inside and outside of ZJ. Zebrafish experiments showed that ZJ, Shaanxi (SX), Henan (HN), and Sichuan (SC) CR had significant analgesic effects, while Hebei (HB) CR had no significant analgesic effect. Overall comparison, the analgesic effect of ZJ CR was better than that of CR outside ZJ. The comprehensive score of the grey correlation degree between YAPJ, YSBMT, YSXBJ, TQZJJ, YHSYS, YHSJS, SQXBJ, and SQHLJ were higher than 0.9, and the research frequency were extremely high. CONCLUSIONS: The relative importance of the content and origin of most components of ZJ CR was higher than that of CR outside ZJ. The holistic analgesic effect of ZJ CR was better than that of CR outside ZJ, but slightly lower than that of SX CR. YHSJS and SQHLJ could be used as the core components to identify ZJ CR. YAPJ, YSBMT, YSXBJ, TQZJJ, YHSYS, SQXBJ, YHSJS, and SQHLJ could be used as the quality control components of ZJ CR. The multidimensional evaluation method used in this study provided a reference for the quality control and material basis research of ZJ CR.

Variations of the fungal microbiome in Corydalis Rhizoma with different collection areas, processing methods, and storage conditions.

Corydalis Rhizoma (CR, Yanhusuo in Chinese) has been widely used as an analgesic in herbal medicine and functional food. Cases of fungal and mycotoxin contamination in CR have been reported. In this study, the composition and diversity of fungal microbiome in CR samples from four herbal markets and two processing methods were investigated by DNA metabarcoding. Variations of the fungal microbiome in CR during cold and conventional storage were monitored. Results showed that Aspergillus was the dominant genus and saprotroph was the dominant trophic mode. Six potential toxigenic fungi, namely, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus ostianus, Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium oxalicum, and Trichothecium roseum, were detected. Differences in fungal composition and diversity among various groups based on collection areas and processing methods were also observed. Moreover, the relative abundance of dominant genera in CR samples stored at different temperatures was significantly different and changed with storage time. This study is the first to reveal the influence of collection areas, processing methods, and storage conditions on the fungal microbiome in CR, which was expected to provide a basis for control strategies of fungal contamination in the industrial chain of CR.

Corydecusines A-H, new phthalideisoquinoline hemicetal alkaloids from the bulbs of Corydalis decumbens inhibit Tau pathology by activating autophagy mediated by AMPK-ULK1 pathway.

Twelve phthalideisoquinoline hemiacetal alkaloids including eight new ones (1-8) and one natural alkaloid characterized by an aziridine moiety with unassigned NMR data (9), were isolated and identified from the bulbs of Corydalis decumbens. Their structures were established by comprehensive analyses of HRESIMS, NMR, X-ray crystallography, and ECD analyses. The unambiguously established structures of the phthalideisoquinoline hemiacetal alkaloids indicated that the absolute configurations of C-1, C-9, and C-7' were confusable only relied on coupling constants. A summary of their ECD spectra was concluded and provided an insight for C-1, C-9, and C-7' absolute configuration assignment. These new compounds were evaluated to induce autophagy flux through flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, compounds 2 and 6 could significantly induce autophagy and inhibit Tau pathology by AMPK-ULK1 pathway activation, which provided an avenue for anti-AD lead compounds discovery.

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids with their antitumor activity from the aerial parts of Corydalis impatiens (pall.) Fisch.

Phytochemical investigation on the aerial parts of Corydalis impatiens (pall.) Fisch (Papaveraceae) resulted in the identification of four previous undescribed benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, impatienines A-D (1-4), together with 14 known analogues (5-18). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis (IR, HR-ESIMS, 1D- and 2D-NMR) as well as ECD calculations. All the compounds obtained were investigated for their inhibitory effect on the growth of A549, H1299 and HepG2 cancer cells. Compounds 7 and 15 exhibited pronounced inhibition against the A549 cancer cells with IC50 values of 6.81 µM and 3.17 µM, while the positive control cisplatin was 1.83 µM. Compounds 1-3 showed moderate inhibitory on the H1299 cancer cells. Compounds 4, 10-12, and 16 showed signiffcant activity against HepG2 cancer cells with IC50 values range of 4.41-8.75 µM.

Large-scale separation of alkaloids from Corydalis decumbens by pH-zone-refining centrifugal partition chromatography and their anticomplement activity.

Centrifugal partition chromatography in the pH-zone-refining mode was successfully applied to the separation of alkaloids from the crude extract of Corydalis decumbens. The experiment was performed with a two-phase solvent system composed of petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (5:5:3:7, v/v/v/v) where triethylamine (10 mM) was added to the stationary phase and hydrochloric acid (10 mM) to the mobile phase. From 1.6 g of the crude extract, 43 mg protopine, 189 mg (+)-egenine, and 158 mg tetrahydropalmatine were obtained with a purity of 98.2%, 94.6%, and 96.7%, respectively. Tetrahydropalmatine showed an interesting anticomplement effect with CH50 0.11 and AP50 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. In a mechanistic study, tetrahydropalmatine interacted with C1, C3, C4, and C5 components in the complement activation cascade.

Alkaloids from Corydalis saxicola and their antiproliferative activity against cancer cells.

Eight undescribed alkaloids named corydalisine D-K (1-7), including one isoquinoline benzopyranone alkaloid (1), one benzocyclopentanone alkaloid (2), four benzofuranone alkaloids (3, 4, and 5a/5b) and two protoberberine alkaloids (6 and 7), along with fourteen known ones, were isolated from the Corydalis saxicola. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were unambiguously identified using spectroscopic techniques, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electron circular dichroism calculation. Compounds 2, 14 and 21 exhibit antiproliferative activity against five cancer cell lines. The aporphine alkaloid demethylsonodione (compound 14), which exhibited the best activity (IC50 = 3.68 ± 0.25 µM), was subjected to further investigation to determine its mechanism of action against the T24 cell line. The molecular mechanism was related to the arrest of cell cycle S-phase, inhibition of CDK2 expression, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of cell apoptosis, inhibition of cell migration, and activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway. The results indicated that 14 could be used as a potential candidate agent for further development of anti-bladder transitional cell carcinoma.

Bracteatinine and isogroenlandicine, two new isoquinoline alkaloids isolated from Corydalis bracteata and their effect on platelet function.

Two previously undescribed isoquinoline alkaloids, bracteatinine (1) and isogroenlandicine (2), together with four known alkaloids - coptisine (3), dehydrocorydaline (4), palmatine (5) and jatrorrhizine (6) were isolated from the aerial parts of Corydalis bracteata (Steph. Ex. Willd.) Pers. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR data along with HRESI-MS. The isolated new compounds bracteatinine and isogroenlandicine are close structural derivatives and isomers of corgoine and groenlandicine, respectively. Bracteatinine is also notable, being a representative of the rare 2-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Many natural products isolated from different plants are used as adjuvants, in addition to standard chemotherapy, in treatment of different cancers. Cancer-associated thrombosis remains a common complication and leading cause of mortality for cancer patients. Because platelets play the key role in thrombotic complications, we investigated effects of the isolated alkaloids 1-6 on platelet reactivity and showed that they did not significantly affect platelet function.

[Two new isoquinoline alkaloids from Corydalis hendersonii].

Corydalis hendersonii(CH) is a Tibetan folk medicine with the functions of clearing heat, detoxifying, cooling blood, checking diarrhea, and lowering blood pressure. It is often used to treat high altitude polycythemia, vasculitis, peptic ulcer, and diarrhea. Nine compounds were separated from the ethanol extract of CH by silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified as hendersine H(1),hendersine I(2), dehydrocheilanthifoline(3), protopine(4), izmirine(5), 6,7-methylenedioxy-1(2H)-isoquinolinone(6), icariside D_2(7), ethyl 4-(ß-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-methoxybenzoate(8), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid(9), respectively, by the spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with those in the literature. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 are new isoquinoline alkaloids, and compounds 7-9 are reported the first time for Corydalis. The hypoglycemic model of H9c2 cardiomyocytes and the inflammatory model of H9c2 cardiomyocytes induced by conditional supernatant were employed to determine the activities of the above compounds. The results showed that 20 µmol·L~(-1) compound 1 had a protective effect on H9c2 cardiomyocytes and 10 µmol·L~(-1) compounds 4 and 5 inhibited H9c2 cardiomyocyte inflammation induced by conditional supernatant.

Integrating metabonomics and metagenomics sequencing to study the anti-liver fibrosis effects of palmatine in Corydalis saxicola Bunting.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Corydalis saxicola Bunting (CS), a traditional Chinese folk medicine, has been effectively used for treating liver disease in Zhuang nationality in South China. However, the main anti-liver fibrosis ingredients in CS are incompletely understood. AIM OF THE STUDY: To elucidate the main anti-liver fibrosis ingredients in CS and its underlying mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Firstly, spectrum-effect relationship (SER) strategy was applied to identify the major ingredients against liver fibrosis in CS. Subsequently, 1H NMR metabonomics and metagenomics sequencing techniques were used to clarify the intervention of palmatine (PAL) on liver fibrosis. Furthermore, the expression of tight junction proteins and the levels of liver inflammation factors were examined, the effect of PAL on microbiota was verified by FMT. RESULTS: The SER model revealed that PAL was the most important active ingredient in CS. 1H NMR fecal metabonomics showed that PAL could reserve the abnormal levels of gut microbial-mediated metabolites of liver fibrosis, such as isoleucine, taurine, butyrate, propionate, lactate, glucose, which mainly involved in amino acid metabolism, intestinal flora metabolism and energy metabolism. Metagenomics sequencing found that PAL could callback the abundance of s__Lactobacillus_murinus, s__Lactobacillus_reuteri, s__Lactobacillus_johnsonii, s__Lactobacillus_acidophilus and s__Faecalibaculum_rodentium to varying degree. Furthermore, the intestinal barrier function and the levels of hepatic inflammation factors were significantly ameliorated by PAL. FMT demonstrated that the therapeutic efficiency of PAL was closely associated with gut microbiota. CONCLUSION: The effects of CS on liver fibrosis were attributed in part to PAL by alleviating metabolic disorders and rebalancing gut microbiota. The SER strategy may be a useful method for the discovery of active constituents in natural plants.

Isoquinoline alkaloids from Corydalis edulis Maxim. Exhibiting insulinotropic action.

Eleven undescribed isoquinoline analogues, namely edulisines A-K, along with sixteen known alkaloids, were isolated from the whole plants of Corydalis edulis. The structures of the isolated alkaloids were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, and HRESIMS). Their absolute configurations were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis and ECD. Compounds (+)-1 and (-)-1 are a pair of undescribed isoquinoline alkaloids bearing a unique coupled pattern of coptisine and ferulic acid via Diels-Alder [4 + 2] cycloaddition, while compounds (+)-2 and (-)-2 feature benzo [1,2-d:3,4-d]bis [1,3]dioxole moiety. Compounds (+)-2, (-)-2, (-)-5, 10, 13, 15, 20, 22, and 23 significantly triggered the secretion of insulin in the HIT-T15 cells at a concentration of 40 µM.

(±)-Yanhusuomide A, a pair of ornithine-fused benzylisoquinoline enantiomers from Corydalis yanhusuo.

(±)-Yanhusuomide A (1), a novel enantiomeric pair of ornithine-fused benzylisoquinoline, were characterized from the dried tubers of Corydalis yanhusuo, along with a biogenetically related intermediate oblongine (2). Yanhusuomide A features an unprecedented skeleton based on a benzylisoquinoline coupled with an ornithine derivative to form a rare 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrido[3,4,5-de]quinazoline motif. Plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was proposed, and (±)-yanhusuomide A (1) presented potential inhibitory bioactivity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC50 = 14.07 ± 2.38 µM. The simulation of molecular docking displayed that 1 generated strong interaction with Asp-74 and Trp-86 residues of AChE through attractive charge of the quaternary nitrogen.

Corydalis saxicola Bunting: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Applications.

Corydalis saxicola Bunting (CSB), whose common name in Chinese is Yanhuanglian, is a herb in the family Papaveraceae. When applied in traditional Chinese medicine, it is used to treat various diseases including hepatitis, abdominal pain, and bleeding haemorrhoids. In addition, Corydalis saxicola Bunting injection (CSBI) is widely used against acute and chronic hepatitis. This review aims to provide up-to-date information on the botanical distribution, description, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical applications of CSB. A comprehensive review was implemented on studies about CSB from several scientific databases, such as SciFinder, Elsevier, Springer, ACS Publications, Baidu Scholar, CNKI, and Wanfang Data. Phytochemical studies showed that 81 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from CSB, most of which are alkaloids. This situation indicates that these alkaloids would be the main bioactive substances and that they have antitumour, liver protective, antiviral, and antibacterial pharmacological activities. CSBI can not only treat hepatitis and liver cancer but can also be used in combination with other drugs. However, the relationships between the traditional uses and modern pharmacological actions, the action mechanisms, quality standards, and the material basis need to be implemented in the future. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics of CSBI in vivo and the toxicology should be further investigated.

An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantitation of 10 alkaloids of Corydalis Decumbentis Rhizoma preparation in dog plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.

OBJECTIVE: A sensitive and rapid ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was successfully applied to the determination of 10 alkaloids in beagle dog plasma following a single oral dose of Xiatianwu capsules and enteric-coated capsules, with theophylline serving as the internal standard (IS). METHODS: Plasma samples were preprocessed using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with ethyl acetate ahead to separation using a gradient elution procedure on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (1.8 µm, 100 × 2.1 mm). The mobile phase was composed of 0.1% formic acid solution and acetonitrile at the flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to determine the analytes in the positive ion mode. RESULTS: The calibration curves for 10 analytes demonstrated a high degree of linearity (r ≥ 0.9920). The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) values for 10 alkaloids were all more than 1.074 ng/ml, and matrix effects varied from 94.25% to 106.15%. The mean extraction recovery of quality control samples at low (LQC), medium (MQC) and high (HQC) concentrations, as well as IS, was all more than 76.60%. The intra-day and inter-day precision (RSD) also satisfied the requirement. Simultaneously, the variation of assay accuracies (RE) was between 13.05% and 9.38%. CONCLUSION: The test was validated in accordance with regulatory bioanalytical guidelines and was found to be suitable for use in a pharmacokinetic investigation of these compounds in beagle dogs after oral administration of Xiatianwu general capsules and enteric-coated capsules. The Cmax of 10 alkaloids ranged from 52.61 to 192.46 ng/ml after oral administration of Xiatianwu capsules, and from 67.50 to 247.36 ng/ml. The Tmax was between 0.59 and 1.33 h of Xiatianwu capsules, and between 1.08 and 2.00 h of enteric-coated capsules. The t1/2 ranged from 3.18 to 7.47 h of general capsules, and from 6.01 to 11.36 h. AUC0-t ranged from 181.06 to 722.74 ng·h/ml of Xiatianwu capsules, and from 275.03 to 884.17 ng·h/ml of enteric-coated capsules. The Cmax of enteric-coated capsules were significantly increased except for tetrahydropalmatine and berberine. Tmax of general capsules were less than 1 h, and of enteric-coated capsules were less than 2 h. The t1/2 of dehydrocorydaline, palmatine, tetrahydrojatrorrhizine, jatrorrhizine and coptisine in enteric-coated capsules was longer than that in ordinary capsule. The AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ of bicuculline, dehydrocorydaline, protopine, magnoflorine, tetrahydrojatrorrhizine, jatrorrhizine, berberine and coptisine were all significantly higher in enteric-coated capsules.