RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the occurrence of degenerative changes affecting the vertebral column in cats, assess their clinical significance, and determine the occurrence in cats with intervertebral disk herniation compared to other spinal diseases. ANIMALS: 114 client-owned cats. METHODS: Hospital records were retrospectively reviewed for cats with suspected myelopathy that had undergone spinal MRI. Signalment; history; neurological examination; neurolocalization; primary diagnosis; presence, type, and location of intervertebral disk herniation; and presence and location of other degenerative spinal changes (intervertebral disk degeneration [IVDD], spondylosis deformans [SD], end plate changes, dorsal compressions [DC], and foraminal stenosis [FS]) were recorded. RESULTS: 70% of cats showed at least 1 spinal degenerative change. The most common change was IVDD, followed by SD and intervertebral disk protrusion (IVDP), while intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE), end plate changes, DC, and FS were uncommon to rare. Primary complaint was attributed to a degenerative condition in 22% of cats, including 100% with IVDE, 9% with IVDP, and 43% with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS). The occurrence of degenerative spinal changes and number of intervertebral disks affected by IVDD significantly increased with age and body weight. Age was positively correlated with the occurrence of SD and DLSS. Intervertebral disk degeneration, IVDP, SD, DC, and FS were more prevalent in the lumbosacral junction. Cats with IVDD were significantly more likely to show IVDE and IVDP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study revealed that in a population of cats presenting for signs of myelopathy, IVDE was always responsible for the clinical presentation, DLSS was commonly considered incidental, and IVDP was infrequently related to neurological signs.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Estenosis Espinal , Animales , Gatos , Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Gatos/patología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Estudios Retrospectivos , Masculino , Femenino , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Estenosis Espinal/veterinaria , Estenosis Espinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/patología , Relevancia ClínicaRESUMEN
Thoracolumbar hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (TL-HNPE) is an increasingly recognised pathology with a substantial lack of literature describing its features. The aim of this retrospective case-control study was to analyse the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of dogs with TL-HNPE compared to dogs affected with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (TL-IVDE). Data from dogs diagnosed with TL-HNPE and TL-IVDE via MRI at two referral hospitals, were retrospectively collected and compared in terms of clinical signs and MRI features. Cases diagnosed with TL-IVDE were deemed controls. The MRI features of the affected IVD space, herniated IVD material, affected overlying spinal cord and local epaxial musculature were evaluated for each group. Fifty-one cases with TL-HNPE and 105 randomly selected cases of TL-IVDE were included. Several signalment and neurological signs were identified as statistically distinct between groups in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis identified that dogs affected with TL-HNPE were typically older, less likely to be chondrodystrophic (62.2â¯% vs. 91â¯%), more frequently experiencing a peracute onset (90.2â¯% vs. 61.9â¯%) often attributed to a suspected trauma linked with exercise (37.3â¯% vs. 10.5â¯%), being less frequently progressive (41.2â¯% vs. 86.5â¯%) and with herniated disc material less frequently lateralised (72.6â¯% vs. 89.5â¯%) than cases with TL-IVDE. MRI-identifiable intervertebral disc degeneration was found in every TL-IVDE case but only in 60â¯% of TL-HNPE cases. TL-HNPEs were associated to significantly less spinal cord compression and less hyperalgesia than TL-IVDE.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Núcleo Pulposo , Animales , Perros , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Estudios Retrospectivos , Núcleo Pulposo/diagnóstico por imagen , Núcleo Pulposo/patología , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Vértebras Torácicas/diagnóstico por imagen , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the breed-characteristic features of cervical intervertebral disc disease (C-IVDD) and associated vertebral instability in small-breed dogs and to present the concept of intervertebral disc degeneration and associated instability stage, method of diagnosis, treatment and outcomes. ANIMALS: In total, 307 client-owned dogs with C-IVDD treated with spinal cord decompression with or without vertebral stabilization (2000-2021). METHODS: Information on age, sex, affected sites, stabilized sites, diagnostic methods for vertebral instability and outcomes were retrieved. The patient's age, affected sites (cranial vs caudal discs), and frequency of vertebral stabilization were compared in six CD and five NCD breed. Multivariable analyses of the chondrodystrophic (CD) vs non-CD (NCD) groups, and vertebral stabilization (dogs stabilized vs dogs not stabilized) were performed. RESULTS: In total, 222 (72.3%) and 77 (25.1%) were CD and NCD breeds, respectively. Vertebral instabilities were diagnosed based on the survey radiographs with computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (n = 2), dynamic myelography (n = 29), intraoperative spinal manipulation (n = 11) or second surgery in dogs with persistent postoperative paraspinal pain (n = 3). Of these dogs, 295 (96.1%) recovered (median follow-up: 8.5 [range, 1-119] months). Significant differences in age, affected sites and frequency of stabilization were noted among the breeds. Older age and frequent vertebral stabilization were the associated factors for the NCD breed dogs. Male dogs, caudal discs affected (C5-T1) and the NCD breed dogs were risk factors for the dogs with vertebral stabilization. CONCLUSION: Vertebral stabilization is indicated for small-breed dogs with cervical disc-associated vertebral instability.
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Vértebras Cervicales , Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Animales , Perros , Enfermedades de los Perros/genética , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/genética , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Masculino , Femenino , Vértebras Cervicales/cirugía , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/genética , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) is the most common spinal cord disease in dogs. Little information is available regarding the clinical presentation of nerve root signature (NRS) associated with cervical IVDH. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE: To detail the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in dogs with NRS associated with cervical IVDH. ANIMALS: Forty-seven client-owned dogs presenting with thoracic limb NRS and MRI confirmed IVDH. METHODS: Medical records from 2010 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed for dogs that met inclusion criteria. Imaging studies were evaluated by 2 individuals to characterize location and severity of neural tissue compression. RESULTS: Chondrodystrophoid dogs comprised the majority of the study cohort, with dachshund the most common breed (n = 10). Three-quarters of dogs were ≥7 years of age. Interobserver agreement was moderate or good for all of the imaging variables evaluated. The C6-C7 intervertebral disc space was significantly overrepresented (P = .01), comprising 32% (15/47) of the affected discs. However, 42% (20/47) of cases involved C2-C3 though C4-C5 disc sites. Disc material was more frequently located laterally compared to medially within the vertebral canal (P = .0005), and to be associated with compression of the nerve root at the level of the intervertebral foramen (P = .012). CONCLUSION/CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: NRS is most commonly associated with lateralized or foraminal cervical disc herniations. It is most prevalent with C6-C7 intervertebral disc involvement, suggesting that there might be unique anatomic factors that contribute to development of NRS at this site, but can be a clinical manifestation of IVDH occurring anywhere along the cervical spine.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Disco Intervertebral , Humanos , Perros , Animales , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Estudios Retrospectivos , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Vértebras Cervicales/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
This retrospective study aimed to characterize and determine the prevalence of spinal disease in nondomestic felids within a sanctuary population. A review of 304 postmortem examination reports in Panthera species from 2003 to 2021 revealed that 86/304 (28%) were diagnosed with spinal disease. Spinal lesions were categorized according to pathologic process: degenerative (78/86, 91%), developmental (8/86, 9%), inflammatory (6/86, 7%), or neoplastic (8/86, 9%). Degenerative lesions included intervertebral disk disease (IVDD; 66/78, 85%), spondylosis without concurrent IVDD (4/78, 5%), and idiopathic (noncompressive) degenerative myelopathies (8/78, 10%). Fourteen individuals had lesions in more than 1 category. Developmental cases were vertebral (4/8) or spinal cord (3/8) malformations or both (1/8). Inflammatory lesions included meningitis (4/6) and meningomyelitis (2/6). Neoplasia included vertebral multiple myeloma (4/8) and others (4/8). IVDD often involved multiple disks but primarily affected the cervical (41/66, 62%) and thoracic spine (32/66, 48%). A multivariate binary logistic model predicted the diagnosis of IVDD at postmortem examination, where odds of being affected were highest for males, lions (Panthera leo), and geriatric age group (>14 years). The spinal lesions documented in this study provide insight into high-risk signalment categories and predominant associated lesions affecting captive Panthera populations. Specifically, spinal disease, especially cervical IVDD, is common among Panthera species, and lions, males, and older felids are at increased risk.
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Felidae , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Leones , Panthera , Animales , Masculino , Animales de Zoológico , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/epidemiología , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Estudios Retrospectivos , FemeninoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Compare 3 methods of nucleus pulposus (NP) volume measurement using the rabbit lumbar spines as a preclinical model to determine the effectiveness of prophylactic intervertebral disk fenestration in dogs. ANIMALS: Twelve 9-month-old, skeletally mature female entire New Zealand White rabbits weighing between 3.5 to 4.5 kg. METHODS: NP volume measurements of dissected rabbit lumber spines between L1 and L6 were made and compared using gross measurements, reconstructed MRI images, and water volumetry based on Archimedes' principle. Water volumetry was used as the true gold standard volume measurement in this study. RESULTS: The true volume (mean ± SD) of the nucleus pulposus NP as measured by water volumetry increased caudally from L1/L2 (16.26 ± 3.32 mm3) to L5/L6 (22.73 ± 6.09 mm3). Volume estimates made by MRI were significantly higher than those made using water volumetry at all sites (L1/L2 [P = .044], L2/L3 [P = .012], L3/L4 [P = .015], L4/L5 [P < .001], and L5/L6 [P < .001]). Gross measurements also significantly overestimated volume when compared to water volumetry at all sites; L1/L2 (P = .021), L2/L3 (P = .025), L3/L4 (P = .001), L4/L5 (P < .001), and L5/L6 (P < .001). MRI and gross volume estimates were significantly different at L4/L5 (P = .035) and L5/L6 (P = .030). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings of this preclinical model might be relevant to veterinary surgeons who perform prophylactic fenestration for which there is no reliable method to determine the amount of NP to be removed. Preclinical ex vivo and in vivo fenestration studies with pre- and postoperative NP volume assessment are required.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Disco Intervertebral , Núcleo Pulposo , Conejos , Perros , Femenino , Animales , Núcleo Pulposo/diagnóstico por imagen , Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagen , Vértebras Lumbares/cirugía , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/prevención & control , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , AguaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Dachshunds have a high prevalence of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) to which they are predisposed due to early intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and calcification. Moreover, the recently found 12-FGF4 retrogene (RG) is associated with calcified discs visible on radiographs (CDVR) and IVDD. Earlier studies suggest that all IVDs of one-year-old Dachshunds show signs of degeneration. This prospective, analytical, blinded study aimed to investigate the extent and distribution of IVD degeneration in young adult (24-31 months) asymptomatic Dachshunds (n = 21) hypothesizing that not all IVDs of two-year-old Dachshunds are degenerated. Another aim was to explore the correlations between IVD degeneration evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the number of CDVR, and the dog's 12-FGF4RG status. The study protocol included grading the CDVR on spinal radiographs, grading the IVD degeneration on T2-weighted sagittal and transverse high-field MR images of all IVDs (n = 546), and 12-FGF4RG variant genotyping. RESULTS: Of all IVDs evaluated, 2% (n = 11) were normal based on MRI grading. Despite the study population having moderately degenerated IVDs (median MRI grade 3), there was also variation in the degree of IVD degeneration between individuals and in the distribution of IVD degeneration between different vertebral regions. The number of CDVR correlated significantly with the magnitude of IVD degeneration based on MRI evaluation and with the 12-FGF4RG genotype. The odds for being 12-FGF4RG homozygous were higher for Dachshunds with CDVR. However, the 12-FGF4RG variant did not alone explain the phenotypic variation in IVD degeneration. CONCLUSIONS: The number of CDVR is a valid indicator of overall IVD degeneration, as it correlates with MRI-based IVD grading. Also, as the extent and distribution of IVD degeneration varies between individual Dachshunds, selective breeding against IVDD using radiographic screening and 12-FGF4RG variant genotyping is possible.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Humanos , Animales , Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Estudios Prospectivos , Radiografía , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard for diagnosing intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration in dogs. However, published methods for quantifying severity or progression of IVD degeneration are currently limited. Mapping MRI sequences are used in humans for quantifying IVD degeneration but have rarely been applied in dogs. The objective of this prospective, method comparison study was to evaluate variable flip angle T1 mapping and multiecho T2 and T2* mapping as methods for quantifying canine lumbar IVD degeneration in twenty canine patients without clinical signs of spinal disease. Ventral and dorsal lumbar IVD widths were measured on radiographs, and lumbar IVDs were assigned a qualitative Pfirrmann grade based on standard T2-weighted sequences. T1, T2, and T2* relaxation times of the nucleus pulposus (NP) were measured on corresponding maps using manual-drawn ROIs. Strong intra- and interrater agreements were found (P < 0.01) for NP relaxation times. Radiographic IVD widths and T1, T2, and T2* mapping NP relaxation times were negatively correlated with Pfirrmann grading (P < 0.01). Significant differences in T1 NP relaxation times were found between Pfirrmann grade I and the other grades (P < 0.01). Significant differences in T2 and T2* NP relaxation times were found between grade I and the other grades and between grades II and III (P < 0.01). Findings indicated that T1, T2, and T2* MRI mapping sequences are feasible in dogs. Measured NP relaxation times were repeatable and decreased when Pfirrmann grades increased. These methods may be useful for quantifying the effects of regenerative treatment interventions in future longitudinal studies.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Disco Intervertebral , Humanos , Perros , Animales , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Estudios Prospectivos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Región Lumbosacra , Interpretación de Imagen Asistida por Computador , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagen , Vértebras Lumbares/patología , Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of the video telescope operating monitor (VITOM) and use of a conventional unassisted surgical method for treatment of cervical intervertebral disc herniation in dogs. ANIMALS: 39 dogs with cervical intervertebral disc disease. METHODS: Prospective study. Dogs were prospectively nonrandomly assigned to either the VITOM (n = 19) or conventional surgery (20) group depending on VITOM system availability. Signalment and preoperative neurologic status were recorded for all dogs. Preoperative and postoperative CT myelography was performed to compare intervertebral space location, spinal cord dimensions at the decompression level, ventral slot dimensions, and residual disc material. Surgical complications and postoperative neurologic outcomes were recorded. Data were compared between the 2 groups using fixed-effects or mixed-effects models to consider double reading of CT myelography images. RESULTS: No significant differences were noted between the 2 groups regarding the decompression ratio (P = .85), vertebral length body ratio (P = .13), ventral slot width ratio (P = .39), residual disc material (P = .30), and sinus bleeding (P = .12). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups regarding postoperative neurologic grade (P = .17). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: VITOM-assisted ventral slot decompression is equivalent to conventional surgery in treatment of cervical intervertebral disc herniation in dogs. The use of VITOM remains a good alternative to the conventional surgical method.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Disco Intervertebral , Telescopios , Perros , Animales , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Estudios Prospectivos , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare the prognosis of small dogs with cervical intervertebral disc herniation (C-IVDH) when treated with ventral slot decompression (VSD) alone or with concomitant vertebral fixation (VF). ANIMALS: Small dogs (n = 303) weighing < 15 kg diagnosed with C-IVDH and treated with VSD. PROCEDURES: We recorded signalment, cervical myelopathy grade, surgical site, use of VF, degree of adjacent disc degeneration, recovery, recurrence, recurrence site, and postoperative course, including the time elapsed from recovery to recurrence. We examined factors associated with recovery and recurrence during the 30-month postoperative period using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: VF did not affect recovery (P = .79). However, nonchondrodystrophic breeds had poorer recovery (OR, 5.89; P = .023) than chondrodystrophic breeds, and a higher preoperative cervical myelopathy grade (grade 3 or 4) was associated with poorer recovery (OR, 7.09 or 3.46, respectively; P = .019 or .042, respectively), compared with grade 1. VF did not affect recurrence (P = .79); however, increasing age was associated with recurrence (OR, 1.79; P = .001). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In small dogs weighing < 15 kg, there was no difference in postoperative recovery and recurrence rates after VSD with or without concomitant VF. Therefore, in small dogs with C-IVDH, even if the slot volume is increased to remove sufficient disc material during VSD, a good prognosis can be achieved with or without VF.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Disco Intervertebral , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal , Perros , Animales , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Columna Vertebral , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/veterinaria , Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a common diagnosis and well-investigated pathological condition in French Bulldogs with neurological deficiencies. However there is currently only one recently published retrospective descriptive study looking for recurrence rates of IVDD in French Bulldogs. Medical reports of French Bulldogs with a first episode of IVDD and surgical treatment were evaluated and reviewed for clinical signs of recurrence. Risk factors for Total-Recurrence, Cervical- and Thoracolumbar-Recurrence were evaluated by means of logistic regression models. The aim of this study was to assess frequency and risk factors associated with the recurrence of IVDD in French Bulldogs. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven French Bulldogs with a first episode of IVDD and surgical treatment were evaluated. 52.7% (67/127) of these patients showed signs of recurrence. The recurrence rate in the cervical spine was slightly lower (47%) compared to the thoracolumbar spine (56.6%). A significant association with recurrence could be found for the factor age: French Bulldogs with a first episode of IVDD ≤ 3 years seem to be prone for Total-Recurrence (P = 0.002) and Cervical-Recurrence (with ORs ranging from 0.02 to 0.03 for patients older than 3 years). 50% of the recurrences (median) occurred within the first 12 month after the first episode of IVDD. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence of IVDD can be expected in more than half of French Bulldogs affected by IVDD. Especially young French Bulldogs are prone for recurrence in cervical spine. Almost every fourth patient with IVDD suffers from a recurrence within 12 months. Future dog owners should be informed about the risk of IVDD and the early onset of recurrences in French Bulldogs.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Disco Intervertebral , Perros , Animales , Estudios Retrospectivos , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/epidemiología , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/epidemiología , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Recurrencia , Disco Intervertebral/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiologíaRESUMEN
CASE HISTORY: A 7-year-old, male neutered French Bulldog was referred to a specialist veterinary hospital for evaluation of progressive paraparesis of 6-months' duration. The owners reported both faecal and urinary incontinence at home. CLINICAL FINDINGS: The dog presented with ambulatory paraparesis and pelvic limb ataxia that was more pronounced in the right pelvic limb. The pelvic limb withdrawal response and sciatic myotatic response were reduced bilaterally. Postural reaction responses were delayed in both pelvic limbs, and this was more obvious in the right pelvic limb. The anal tone and perineal sensation were normal at the time of examination.An L4-S3 myelopathy was suspected. CT of the spine revealed a compressive, bilobed, extramedullary, cyst-like structure within the vertebral canal, between L7 and S3. Surgical removal of the cyst via a L7-S1 dorsal laminectomy was performed. Histopathological examination and additional immunohistochemistry of the excised structure indicated a probable ependymal cyst with a ciliated lining. The dog recovered well post-operatively, and at follow-up 3 weeks later had some improvement of his neurological signs. The paraparesis and pelvic limb ataxia had improved; however, the remaining neurological examination was similar to the pre-surgical examination. DIAGNOSIS: Extradural cyst. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Spinal cysts can contribute to clinical signs that resemble other common chronic spinal cord diseases, such as intervertebral disc disease. Therefore, this disease should be considered as a differential when dealing with cases of progressive paraparesis and pelvic limb ataxia. This case report may potentially provide opportunities in the future for further understanding of the pathogenesis, behaviour, outcomes and subclassification of spinal cysts in dogs.
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Quistes , Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Perros , Masculino , Animales , Quistes/cirugía , Quistes/veterinaria , Columna Vertebral , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Laminectomía/veterinaria , Paraparesia/cirugía , Paraparesia/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinariaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of the chondrodystrophy-associated FGF4L2 retrogene on intervertebral disc (IVD) calcification and vertebral geometry. ANIMALS: 22 Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers (NSDTR) with no FGF4L2 retrogene (n = 7, wild-type dogs), 1 retrogene copy (8, heterozygous dogs), or 2 retrogene copies (7, homozygous dogs). PROCEDURES: Computed tomography (CT) scans of the vertebral column were analyzed using computer-aided design (CAD) software. IVD calcification, vertebral column length, and vertebral geometry of the third cervical (C3), 13th thoracic (T13), and first lumbar (L1) vertebrae were compared. RESULTS: IVD calcification was not found in wild-type dogs. IVD calcification was more frequent in homozygous dogs than heterozygous (P = .008) or wild-type dogs (P < .001) and in heterozygous dogs compared to wild-type dogs (P < .001). Four IVDs were subclinically herniated in 3 dogs (2 homozygous, 1 heterozygous). Calcified IVD had a greater volume and surface area in heterozygous dogs than homozygous dogs. C3 vertebral canal height-to-width ratio was greater in homozygous dogs than heterozygous dogs (P = .044) and wild-type dogs (P = .010). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: IVD calcification and vertebral geometry can be analyzed using CAD software. The presence of 1 or 2 FGF4L2 copies in the absence of the FGF4L1 retrogene has an additive effect on the number of calcified IVD and a minor effect on vertebral geometry in NSDTR dogs. Data support the use of FGF4L2 phenotyping to reduce clinical disease in segregating breeds and to monitor the introduction of wild-type alleles into fixed breed populations.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Disco Intervertebral , Perros , Animales , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN , Nueva Escocia , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinariaRESUMEN
OBJECT AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this first-time long-term observational study was to evaluate the changes of the caudal lumbar spine at the locations L5/6, L6/7, and L7/S1 in 5 German shepherd dogs over a 6-year time period using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The dogs had a mean age of 26 months at the time of the first examination. In addition, it was evaluated whether a breeding examination, with regard to disc degeneration, is justified in young dog. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The locations L7/S1, L6/7, and L5/6 were examined in more detail with regard to their signal intensity changes, the facet joint angle changes in dorsal (dors) and transverse (trans) planes, and disc surface changes in sagittal (sag) and transverse (trans) reconstruction planes with CT and MRT in 2015 and 2021. All data were collected computer-based and analyzed statistically. Subsequently, the results were compared to the measured signal intensity and to the subjective disc degeneration grading according to Seiler used in practice. RESULTS: Over the period of 6 years a significant loss of the measured signal intensity of the intervertebral discs in the transverse plane and an overall facet joint widening in the transverse plane of 0.54° as well as in the dorsal plane of 1.8° was evident. In addition, there was no evidence of a relationship between the size of the facet joint angle and the degree of disc degeneration. Furthermore, regardless of the initial degree of degeneration, the discs showed low signal intensity and higher Seiler grade during follow-up. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of the present study group indicate that an inconspicuous condition of the lumbar intervertebral discs at the time of the initial breeding examination in the young dog does not allow an accurate prediction of the subsequent degree of degeneration and that there are ongoing remodeling processes at the facet joints even in healthy German shepherd dogs.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Disco Intervertebral , Articulación Cigapofisaria , Animales , Perros , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Articulación Cigapofisaria/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulación Cigapofisaria/patologíaRESUMEN
Gross morphology of healthy and degenerated intervertebral discs (IVDs) is largely similar in horses as in dogs and humans. For further comparison, the biochemical composition and the histological and biochemical changes with age and degeneration were analyzed in 41 warmblood horses. From 33 horses, 139 discs and 2 fetal vertebral columns were evaluated and scored histologically. From 13 horses, 73 IVDs were assessed for hydration, DNA, glycosaminoglycans, total collagen, hydroxyl-lysyl-pyridinoline, hydroxylysine, and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) content. From 7 horses, 20 discs were assessed for aggrecan, fibronectin, and collagen type 1 and 2 content. Histologically, tearing of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and cervical annulus fibrosus (AF), and total histological score (tearing and vascular proliferation of the AF, and chondroid metaplasia, chondrocyte-like cell proliferation, presence of notochordal cells, matrix staining, and tearing of the NP) correlated with gross degeneration. Notochordal cells were not seen in IVDs of horses. Age and gross degeneration were positively correlated with AGEs and a fibrotic phenotype, explaining gross degenerative changes. In contrast to dogs and humans, there was no consistent difference in glycosaminoglycan content and hydration between AF and NP, nor decrease of these variables with age or degeneration. Hydroxylysine decrease and collagen 1 and AGEs increase were most prominent in the NP, suggesting degeneration started in the AP. In caudal cervical NPs, AGE deposition was significantly increased in grossly normal IVDs and total collagen significantly increased with age, suggesting increased biomechanical stress and likelihood for spinal disease in this part of the vertebral column.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Disco Intervertebral , Animales , Colágeno , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Fibrosis , Enfermedades de los Caballos/patología , Caballos , Hidroxilisina , Disco Intervertebral/patología , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/patología , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinariaAsunto(s)
Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Disco Intervertebral , Animales , Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , ConejosAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Disco Intervertebral , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Perros , Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinariaRESUMEN
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a standard test for diagnosis and treatment planning in dogs with degenerative thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). However, published studies evaluating three-dimensional fast-spin echo (3D-FSE) pulse sequences for dogs with IVDD are currently limited. Aims of this retrospective, observational study were to compare findings from T2-weighted two- and three-dimensional fast spin-echo sequences (2D- and 3D-FSE, respectively) for a group of small breed dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD. Inclusion criteria were dogs with IVDD that underwent 1.5-Tesla MRI using both 2D-FSE and 3D-FSE sequences. For each dog and sequence, five pathologic indices were recorded: epidural fat discontinuation, vertebral canal compromise, spinal cord signal change, disc degeneration, and nerve root compression. Two independent investigators also scored visibility of the facet joint, intervertebral foramen, nerve roots, spinal cord grey-white matter differentiation, intervertebral discs, and epidural fat. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate the between-sequence differences in pathologic indices and visibility scores. Interobserver agreement was measured using Cohen's weighted kappa along with 95% confidence intervals. A total of 21 dogs were sampled. The 3D-FSE sequences had higher pathologic indices of vertebral canal compromise (P = 0.020) and spinal cord signal change (P = 0.046) than 2D-FSE sequences. Furthermore, 3D-FSE sequences had higher visibility scores for the facet joint, intervertebral foramen, and nerve root structures (P < 0.001). Findings from the current supported the use of 3D-FSE sequences over 2D-FSE sequences for the evaluation of IVDD and visualization of spinal structures in small breed dogs.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Perros , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Imagenología Tridimensional/veterinaria , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intervertebral disk, vertebral endplates, and spinal cord for perioperative changes secondary to percutaneous laser disk ablation (PLDA) and correlate findings to clinical outcomes in dogs receiving thoracolumbar PLDA. STUDY DESIGN: Blinded study. ANIMALS: Thirty dogs. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed before PLDA (control/Group C), immediately following PLDA (Group I), and 3 months later (perioperative/Group P). Dogs were followed 3 years. Groups and dogs were randomized for evaluation. Two radiologists were blinded to each MRI study and dog. Each radiologist evaluated the disk, vertebral body, and spinal cord at each disk space receiving PLDA. RESULTS: Mean disk degeneration was increased in Group P at L1-2 (p < .0001) and L2-3 (p = .0081). Both radiologists identified mild diskitis (1%-15%) in Group P (radiologist 1, p < .0001; radiologist 2, p = .0012). Cranial endplate lesions were identified in Group P at T11-12 (p = .0353), T13-L1 (p = .0026), and L4-5 (p = .0210). Lesions were identified in the caudal endplates of all eight disk spaces in Group P: T10-11 (p = .0004), T11-12 (p < .0001), T12-13 (p < .0001), T13-L1 (p < .0001), L1-2 (p < .0001), L2-3 (p < .0001), L3-4 (p < .0001), and L4-5 (p < .0001). There was no disk extrusion or spinal cord lesions identified. CONCLUSION: This study evaluated effects that may occur secondary to PLDA, using MRI. Although vertebral body changes were identified, they did not correlate with clinical complications. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: PLDA appears to be a safe, effective procedure performed on thoracolumbar disks to reduce recurrence of intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) in dogs that previously experienced IVDH, despite the appearance of visible vertebral endplate lesions and mild diskitis on MRI.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Disco Intervertebral , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Perros , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Rayos Láser , Vértebras Lumbares , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Médula Espinal , Cuerpo VertebralRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome and prognosis of thoracolumbar feline intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) treated by surgical decompression. METHODS: This was a multi-institutional retrospective study evaluating the age, breed, sex, body weight, presenting complaint, neuroanatomic diagnosis at presentation, diagnostic imaging results, surgery performed and the overall outcome at discharge and at recheck. Bivariable associations between variables were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (age and grade of IVDD at presentation) and Fisher's exact test (grade of IVDD at presentation and outcome). RESULTS: A total of 35 cats met the inclusion criteria for the study. The most frequently reported clinical sign was difficulty walking (54.2%). The majority of cats presented with an L4-S3 localization (57%). The most common site of intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) was at L6-L7 (34%). The majority of feline patients that received surgery had a positive outcome at the time of discharge (62.5%; n = 20/32) and at the time of the 2-week recheck (91.3%; n = 21/23). No association was identified between the age of the patient and the grade of IVDD. No association was identified between the presenting grade of IVDD and the clinical outcome at the time of discharge or at the time of recheck evaluation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Cats undergoing spinal decompressive surgery for thoracolumbar IVDH appear to have a favorable prognosis independent of the initial presenting grade of IVDD. A larger sample size and a longer length of follow-up is necessary to obtain statistical associations between the presenting grade of IVDD and overall clinical outcome.