RESUMEN
Swine dysentery (SD) is a worldwide production-limiting disease of growing-finishing pigs in commercial farms. The importance of the large intestinal microbiota in the swine dysentery pathogenesis has been established, but not well characterized. The objective of this study was to characterize the fecal bacterial microbiota of pigs immediately prior to developing clinical signs of swine dysentery. A total of 60 fecal samples were collected from 15 pigs with SD. Sampling times included a time point prior to SD (d0, n=15), 2 days before mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea was observed (d-2SD, n=15), 1 day before mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea was observed (d-1SD, n=15), and the day when pigs developed mucohemorragic diarrhea (MHD, n=15). Sequencing of cpn60 amplicons was used to profile the microbiome, and analyses were performed on QIIME2. Increased Chao1 index in d-1SD and MHD samples when compared to the d0 was the only change observed in alpha diversity. No differences between sampling times on beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) were found. Although a small sample size was investigated, differential abundance analysis revealed that Alistipes dispar and Parabacteroides gordonii were increased in MHD fecal samples when compared to d-2SD and d-1SD. It is suggested that these taxa may play a role in the pathogenesis of SD, which is known to require the presence of Brachyspira spp. and an anaerobe for severe disease development.
Asunto(s)
Disentería , Microbiota , Infecciones por Spirochaetales , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Porcinos , Animales , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Diarrea/microbiología , Bacterias , Heces/microbiología , Disentería/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is a disease present worldwide with an important economic impact on the farming business, resulting in an increased use of antibiotics. In the present study, we investigated the binding of B. hyodysenteriae to glycosphingolipids from porcine small intestinal epithelium in order to determine the glycosphingolipids involved in B. hyodysenteriae adhesion. Specific interactions between B. hyodysenteriae and two non-acid glycosphingolipids were obtained. These binding-active glycosphingolipids, were characterized by mass spectrometry as lactotetraosylceramide (Galß3GlcNAcß3Galß4Glcß1Cer) and the B5 glycosphingolipid (Galα3Galß4GlcNAcß3Galß4Glcß1Cer). Comparative binding studies using structurally related reference glycosphingolipids showed that B. hyodysenteriae binding to lactotetraosylceramide required an unsubstituted terminal Galß3GlcNAc sequence, while for binding to the B5 pentaosylceramide the terminal Galα3Galß4GlcNAc sequence is the minimum element recognized by the bacteria. Binding of Griffonia simplicifolia IB4 lectin to pig colon tissue sections from healthy control pig and B. hyodysenteriae infected pigs showed that in the healthy pigs the Galα3Gal epitope was mainly present in the lamina propria. In contrast, in four out of five pigs with swine dysentery there was an increased expression of Galα3Gal in the goblet cells and in the colonic crypts, where B. hyodysenteriae also was present. The one pig that had recovered by the time of necropsy had the Galα3Gal epitope only in the lamina propria. These data are consistent with a model where a transient increase in the carbohydrate sequence recognized by the bacteria occur in colonic mucins during B. hyodysenteriae infection, suggesting that the mucins may act as decoys contributing to clearance of the infection. These findings may lead to novel strategies for treatment of B. hyodysenteriae induced swine dysentery.
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Brachyspira hyodysenteriae , Disentería , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Porcinos , Animales , Brachyspira hyodysenteriae/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Colon , Mucinas/metabolismo , Disentería/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Introduction. Bacterial dysentery is one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Campylobacter spp. and diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are recognised as the most common causes of bacterial enteritis in developing countries including India.Hypothesis/Gap statement. Rapid and accurate identification of dysentery causing organisms using molecular methods is essential for better disease management, epidemiology and outbreak investigations.Aim. In view of the limited information available on the dysentery causing agents like Campylobacter spp., enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)/enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)/Shigella in India, this study was undertaken to investigate the presence of these pathogens in human and poultry stool samples by molecular methods.Methodology. In total, 400 human stool samples and 128 poultry samples were studied. Microaerophilic culture along with real-time multiplex PCR with the targets specific to the genus Campylobacter, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, EHEC, EPEC and EIEC/Shigella was performed. Further species confirmation was done using MALDI-TOF MS.Results. On microaerophilic culture, C. coli was isolated in one human sample and two C. jejuni and one C. fetus in poultry samples. On PCR analysis, among human stool samples, typical EPEC (42%) was predominantly seen followed by Campylobacter spp. (19%) and EIEC/Shigella (10%). In contrast, Campylobacter spp. (41%) was predominant in poultry samples, followed by typical EPEC (26%) and EIEC/Shigella (9%). Poly-infections with Campylobacter spp. and DEC were also observed among both sources.Conclusion. The present study documented the increased prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in humans compared with the results of previous studies from India. Typical EPEC was found to be predominant in children less than 5 years of age in this study. The high prevalence of coinfections in the current study indicates that a multiple aetiology of diarrhoea is common in our settings.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter , Campylobacter , Disentería , Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Campylobacter/genética , Campylobacter/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Preescolar , Diarrea/epidemiología , Diarrea/microbiología , Disentería/epidemiología , Disentería/microbiología , Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica/genética , Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Heces , Humanos , India , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex , Prevalencia , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Shigella/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea that develops in patients after hospitalization during antibiotic administration. It has also become a big issue in community-acquired diarrhea. The emergence of hypervirulent strains of C. difficile poses a major problem in hospital-associated diarrhea outbreaks and it is difficult to treat. The antimicrobial resistance in C. difficile has worsened due to the inappropriate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics including cephalosporins, clindamycin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones together with the emergence of hypervirulent strains. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the pooled prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of C. difficile derived from hospitalized diarrheal patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. METHODS: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed to review published studies conducted. We searched bibliographic databases from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library for studies on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility testing on C. difficile. The weighted pooled prevalence and resistance for each antimicrobial agent was calculated using a random-effects model. A funnel plot and Egger's regression test were used to see publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 15 studies were included. Ten articles for prevalence study and 5 additional studies for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of C. difficile were included. A total of 1967/7852 (25%) C. difficile were isolated from 10 included studies for prevalence study. The overall weighted pooled proportion (WPP) of C. difficile was 30% (95% CI: 10.0-49.0; p<0.001). The analysis showed substantial heterogeneity among studies (Cochran's test = 7038.73, I2 = 99.87%; p<0.001). The weighed pooled antimicrobial resistance (WPR) were: vancomycin 3%(95% CI: 1.0-4.0, p<0.001); metronidazole 5%(95% CI: 3.0-7.0, p<0.001); clindamycin 61%(95% CI: 52.0-69.0, p<0.001); moxifloxacin 42%(95% CI: 29-54, p<0.001); tetracycline 35%(95% CI: 22-49, p<0.001); erythromycin 61%(95% CI: 48-75, p<0.001) and ciprofloxacin 64%(95% CI: 48-80; p< 0.001) using the random effect model. CONCLUSIONS: A higher weighted pooled prevalence of C. difficile was observed. It needs a great deal of attention to decrease the prevailing prevalence. The resistance of C. difficile to metronidazole and vancomycin was low compared to other drugs used to treat C. difficile infection. Periodic antimicrobial resistance monitoring is vital for appropriate therapy of C. difficile infection.
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Infecciones por Clostridium/epidemiología , Disentería/epidemiología , Disentería/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Clostridioides difficile/metabolismo , Clostridioides difficile/patogenicidad , Diarrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana/genética , Enterocolitis Seudomembranosa/epidemiología , Hospitalización/tendencias , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance among Shigella species isolated from food and stool samples. Using cross sectional study method, Shigella spp. were isolated from food and clinical samples using culture-based, biochemical and serological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic relatedness among the isolates were evaluated using disk diffusion and RAPD-PCR methods respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence of Shigella spp. were 4.84 and 7.7% in food and stool samples respectively. All food isolates were Sh. sonnei. 91.42% of the Shigella stool isolates were Sh. sonnei. 62.5% of food isolates were resistant to tetracycline. 46.8, 50 and 65.8% of clinical isolates were resistant to imipenem, amikacin and azithromycin respectively. 50 and 85.7% of the food and clinical isolates respectively were MDR. Dendrogram generated by RAPD-PCR showed that the isolates from food and stool samples were categorized in a same group. Close genetic relatedness between MDR Shigella isolates from food and clinical samples indicate that foods can be considered as one of the main vehicles for transmission of MDR Shigella to human causing acute diseases. Survey of MDR Shigella among food and clinical samples is strongly suggested to be implemented.
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Diarrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Disentería/tratamiento farmacológico , Heces/microbiología , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Microbiología de Alimentos/métodos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , Shigella/efectos de los fármacos , Shigella/aislamiento & purificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Diarrea/epidemiología , Diarrea/microbiología , Disentería/epidemiología , Disentería/microbiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/microbiología , Humanos , Irán/epidemiología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Técnica del ADN Polimorfo Amplificado Aleatorio , Shigella/genéticaRESUMEN
Diarrhea is a fairly common problem among the elderly that has a higher morbidity and mortality compared with the general population. There are multiple reasons for diarrhea in the elderly that can be stratified by different mechanisms: infectious, osmotic, secretory, inflammatory, and malabsorptive. Oral hydration and dietary management are the basic management principles for all forms of diarrhea but specific treatment should address the root cause of diarrhea in order to improve outcomes.
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Diarrea , Disentería , Síndromes de Malabsorción , Distribución por Edad , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Diarrea/diagnóstico , Diarrea/etiología , Diarrea/terapia , Disentería/diagnóstico , Disentería/microbiología , Disentería/terapia , Humanos , Síndromes de Malabsorción/diagnóstico , Síndromes de Malabsorción/etiología , Síndromes de Malabsorción/terapiaRESUMEN
As a multifactorial cause, gastric ulceration-mediated diarrhea is widely prevalent in the weaned piglets, impairing pig health and economic benefits. With full implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs in China, Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) and Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) were identified frequently in porcine feedstuffs and feeds of the animal industry. Association between feed-borne B. cereus and frequent diarrhea remains unclear. In the present study, we conducted a survey of B. cereus and A. fumigatus from feeds and feedstuffs in pig farms during hot season. Interestingly, B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. licheniformis and B. thuringinesis were isolated and identified from piglets' starter meals to sow feeds, accounting for 56.1%, 23.7%, 13.7% and 6.5%, respectively. Obviously, both B. cereus and B. subtili were dominant contaminants in the survey. In an in vitro study, Deoxynivalenol (DON) contents were determined in a dose-dependent manner post fermentation with B. cereus (405 and DawuC). Subsequently, 36 weaned piglets were randomly assigned to four groups and the piglets simultaneously received the combination of virulent B. cereus (Dawu C) and A. fumigatus while animals were inoculated with B. cereus (Dawu C), A. fumigatus or PBS as the control group. Clinically, piglets developed yellow diarrhea on day 5 and significant reductions of relative body weight were observed in the B. cereus group, and co-infection group. More importantly, IgG titers against Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) were reduced dramatically during 14-day observation in co-infection group, the B. cereus (Dawu C) group or the A. fumigatus group. However, lower Foot and mouth disease (FMD) -specific antibodies were reduced on day 7 compared to those of the control group. Additionally, lower lymphocyte proliferations were found in the B. cereus group and the co-infection group compared to the control group. Postmortem, higher lesions of gastric ulceration were observed in the B. cereus group and the co-infection group from day 7 to day 14 compared with those of the A. fumigatus group and the control group. Compared to the A. fumigatus group, higher DON contents were detected in the stomach inoculated with B. cereus and the co-infection with A. fumigatus. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that B. cereus might be associated with severe diarrhea by inducing gastric ulcerations and A. fumigatus might aggravate immune suppression, threating a sustainable swine industry. It is urgently needed to control feed-borne B. cereus contamination.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Aspergilosis/veterinaria , Aspergillus fumigatus/patogenicidad , Bacillus cereus/patogenicidad , Microbiología de Alimentos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/veterinaria , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/veterinaria , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Úlcera Gástrica/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Anticuerpos/sangre , Aspergilosis/inmunología , Aspergilosis/metabolismo , Aspergilosis/microbiología , Aspergillus fumigatus/metabolismo , Bacillus cereus/inmunología , Bacillus cereus/metabolismo , Coinfección , Disentería/metabolismo , Disentería/microbiología , Disentería/veterinaria , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/inmunología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/metabolismo , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/metabolismo , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Infecciones Oportunistas/inmunología , Infecciones Oportunistas/metabolismo , Infecciones Oportunistas/microbiología , Infecciones Oportunistas/veterinaria , Úlcera Gástrica/inmunología , Úlcera Gástrica/metabolismo , Úlcera Gástrica/microbiología , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/metabolismo , Tricotecenos/metabolismo , DesteteRESUMEN
The ubiquitous soil bacterium Bacillus cereus presents major challenges to food safety. It is responsible for two types of food poisoning, the emetic form due to food intoxication and the diarrheal form emerging from food infections with enteropathogenic strains, also known as toxico-infections, which are the subject of this review. The diarrheal type of food poisoning emerges after production of enterotoxins by viable bacteria in the human intestine. Basically, the manifestation of the disease is, however, the result of a multifactorial process, including B. cereus prevalence and survival in different foods, survival of the stomach passage, spore germination, motility, adhesion, and finally enterotoxin production in the intestine. Moreover, all of these processes are influenced by the consumed foodstuffs as well as the intestinal microbiota which have, therefore, to be considered for a reliable prediction of the hazardous potential of contaminated foods. Current knowledge regarding these single aspects is summarized in this review aiming for risk-oriented diagnostics for enteropathogenic B. cereus.
Asunto(s)
Bacillus cereus/patogenicidad , Disentería/microbiología , Enterotoxinas/metabolismo , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/microbiología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Bacillus cereus/metabolismo , Disentería/epidemiología , Disentería/metabolismo , Microbiología de Alimentos , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/metabolismo , Tracto Gastrointestinal/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/epidemiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/metabolismo , Humanos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Microbiología del Suelo , VirulenciaRESUMEN
Objective: To understand the characteristics and differences of diarrhea-related symptoms caused by different pathogens, and the clinical features of various pathogens causing diarrhea. Methods: Etiology surveillance program was conducted among 20 provinces of China from 2010 to 2016. The acute diarrhea outpatients were collected from clinics or hospitals. A questionnaire was used to survey demographics and clinical features. VFeces samples were taken for laboratory detection of 22 common diarrhea pathogens, to detect and analyze the clinical symptom pattern characteristics of the patient's. Results: A total of 38 950 outpatients were enrolled from 20 provinces of China. The positive rates of Rotavirus and Norovirus were the highest among the five diarrhea-causing viruses (Rotavirus: 18.29%, Norovirus: 13.06%). In the isolation and culture of 17 diarrhea-causing bacterial, Escherichia coli showed the highest positive rates (6.25%). The clinical features of bacterial diarrhea and viral diarrhea were mainly reflected in the results of fecal traits and routine examination, but pathogenic Vibrio infection was similar to viral diarrhea. Conclusion: Infectious diarrhea presents different characteristics due to various symptoms which can provide a basis for clinical diagnosis.
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Disentería/microbiología , Disentería/virología , Vigilancia de la Población , China/epidemiología , Disentería/epidemiología , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Heces/microbiología , Heces/virología , Humanos , Norovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Rotavirus/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Travelers' diarrhea (TD) is the most prevalent illness encountered by deployed military personnel and has a major impact on military operations, from reduced job performance to lost duty days. Frequently, the etiology of TD is unknown and, with underreporting of cases, it is difficult to accurately assess its impact. An increasing number of ailments include an altered or aberrant gut microbiome. To better understand the relationships between long-term deployments and TD, we studied military personnel during two nine-month deployment cycles in 2015-2016 to Honduras. To collect data on the prevalence of diarrhea and impact on duty, a total of 1173 personnel completed questionnaires at the end of their deployment. 56.7% reported reduced performance and 21.1% reported lost duty days. We conducted a passive surveillance study of all cases of diarrhea reporting to the medical unit with 152 total cases and a similar pattern of etiology. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC, 52/152), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC, 50/152), and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC, 35/152) were the most prevalent pathogens detected. An active longitudinal surveillance of 67 subjects also identified diarrheagenic E. coli as the primary etiology (7/16 EPEC, 7/16 EAEC, and 6/16 ETEC). Eleven subjects were recruited into a nested longitudinal substudy to examine gut microbiome changes associated with deployment. A 16S rRNA amplicon survey of fecal samples showed differentially abundant baseline taxa for subjects who contracted TD versus those who did not, as well as detection of taxa positively associated with self-reported gastrointestinal distress. Disrupted microbiota was also qualitatively observable for weeks preceding and following the incidents of TD. These findings illustrate the complex etiology of diarrhea amongst military personnel in deployed settings and its impacts on job performance. Potential factors of resistance or susceptibility can provide a foundation for future clinical trials to evaluate prevention and treatment strategies.
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Diarrea/epidemiología , Disentería/epidemiología , Escherichia coli Enteropatógena/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Adulto , Diarrea/genética , Diarrea/microbiología , Disentería/genética , Disentería/microbiología , Disentería/patología , Escherichia coli Enteropatógena/genética , Escherichia coli Enteropatógena/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/genética , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/patología , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Honduras/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Personal Militar , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Factores de Riesgo , Viaje , Enfermedad Relacionada con los ViajesRESUMEN
Shigella species are specialised lineages of Escherichia coli that have converged to become human-adapted and cause dysentery by invading human gut epithelial cells. Most studies of Shigella evolution have been restricted to comparisons of single representatives of each species; and population genomic studies of individual Shigella species have focused on genomic variation caused by single nucleotide variants and ignored the contribution of insertion sequences (IS) which are highly prevalent in Shigella genomes. Here, we investigate the distribution and evolutionary dynamics of IS within populations of Shigella dysenteriae Sd1, Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. We find that five IS (IS1, IS2, IS4, IS600 and IS911) have undergone expansion in all Shigella species, creating substantial strain-to-strain variation within each population and contributing to convergent patterns of functional gene loss within and between species. We find that IS expansion and genome degradation are most advanced in S. dysenteriae and least advanced in S. sonnei; and using genome-scale models of metabolism we show that Shigella species display convergent loss of core E. coli metabolic capabilities, with S. sonnei and S. flexneri following a similar trajectory of metabolic streamlining to that of S. dysenteriae. This study highlights the importance of IS to the evolution of Shigella and provides a framework for the investigation of IS dynamics and metabolic reduction in other bacterial species.
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Elementos Transponibles de ADN/genética , Disentería/genética , Evolución Molecular , Shigella dysenteriae/genética , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Disentería/microbiología , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/patogenicidad , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Humanos , Shigella dysenteriae/patogenicidadAsunto(s)
Disentería/diagnóstico , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex , Enfermedad Relacionada con los Viajes , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antidiarreicos/uso terapéutico , Antiprotozoarios/uso terapéutico , Bismuto/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Disentería/tratamiento farmacológico , Disentería/microbiología , Escherichia coli Enteropatógena , Escherichia coli , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Giardiasis/diagnóstico , Giardiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Giardiasis/microbiología , Humanos , Loperamida , Compuestos Organometálicos/uso terapéutico , Salicilatos/uso terapéutico , Escherichia coli Shiga-ToxigénicaRESUMEN
Introduction. Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are difficult to distinguish from non-pathogenic commensal E. coli using traditional culture methods. The implementation of PCR targeting specific virulence genes characteristic of the five DEC pathotypes, has improved the detection of DEC in faecal specimens from patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal disease.Aim. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of 660 strains of DEC isolated between 2015 and 2017 from UK travellers reporting symptoms of gastrointestinal disease were reviewed to look for evidence of emerging AMR associated with travellers' diarrhoea.Methodology. All isolates of DEC were sequenced, and sequence type, serotype, pathotype markers and AMR profiles were derived from the genome data.Results. A travel history was provided for 54.1â% (357/660) of cases, of which 77.0â% (275/357) reported travel outside the UK within 7 days of onset of symptoms, and 23.0â% (82/357) reported no travel in that time frame. Of the 660 strains of DEC in this study, 265 (40.2â%) samples were identified as EAEC, 48 (7.3â%) as EIEC, 61 (9.2â%) were ETEC and 286 (43.3â%) were EPEC. EPEC caused the highest percentage of infections in children (40.6â%) whilst the highest proportion of cases reporting recent travel were infected with ETEC (86.1â%). There were 390/660 (59.0â%) isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial on the panel tested (EIEC, 81.3â%; ETEC, n=65.6â%; EAEC, n=73.2â%; EPEC, 40.9â%) and 265/660 (40.2â%) were multidrug-resistant (EIEC, 33.3â%; ETEC, 32.8â%; EAEC, 56.2â%; EPEC, 28.0â%). Genes conferring resistance to the beta-lactams and fluroquinolones were highest in the EAEC pathotype, 56.6 and 60.7%, respectively.Conclusions. Increasing MDR, along with resistance to the fluroquinolones and the third-generation cephalosporins, in DEC causing travellers' diarrhoea provides further evidence for the need to restrict the use of antimicrobial agents and continuous monitoring.
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Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Disentería/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Niño , Preescolar , Diarrea/patología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Disentería/epidemiología , Disentería/microbiología , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Escherichia coli/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/genética , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/genética , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/microbiología , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Viaje , Reino Unido , Virulencia/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Objective: To investigate the isolation rate, antimicrobial resistance phenotype, and molecular type characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae from infectious diarrhea outpatients in Tai'an. Methods: A total of 866 stool samples were collected from infectious diarrhea cases in sentinel hospitals in 6 counties of Tai'an from 2013 to 2017. The strains were isolated from stool samples of the cases and identified by biochemical test. Micro broth dilution method was used to detect the drug resistance of the strains. The molecular typing was conducted by using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: The detection rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the stool samples was 7.97% (69/866), with significant differences among the 6 counties (χ(2)=39.627, P=0.000). Sixty- eight out of the 69 strains were resistant to 15 antibiotics with resistance rate 98.55%(68/69). The resistance to ampicillin (AMP) was highest (84.06%) (58/69), followed by sulfamethoxazole (SOX) (72.46%)(50/69). There were 40 drug resistance profiles, and the predominant resistance profile was AMP-SOX detected (n=10). The multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains accounted for 33.33% (23/69). The 69 strains could be divided into 65 PFGE patterns, and no predominant PFGE pattern or cluster was observed. Conclusions: Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in the stool samples of diarrhea- syndrome outpatients, indicating the risk for community-acquired infection; the strains were resistant to multiplex antibiotics, with wide drug-resistance profiles and high multi-drug resistance rates. The PFGE patterns were diverse, which showed no correlation with drug resistance profiles. Our study indicated that it necessary to strengthen the surveillance and detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae from diarrhea outpatients, which could facilitate the prevention of the emergence and spread of drug resistance strains and the protection of susceptible population.
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Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Disentería/microbiología , Infecciones por Klebsiella/diagnóstico , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pacientes Ambulatorios/estadística & datos numéricos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , China , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado , Humanos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/clasificación , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/aislamiento & purificación , Tipificación MolecularRESUMEN
Foodborne Campylobacter is recognized as the leading causes of the bacterial diarrheal illness in both developing and developed countries. C. jejuni and C. coli caused 95% of the human campylobacterisosis. Bacteria culture has been recognized as the "Gold standard" for the diagnosis of the Campylobacter infection. The National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention coordinated the experienced researchers from China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment and other local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to write up the standards for entitled Isolation and Identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli (T/CPMA 006-2019). The standard is drafted with principles of emphasizing the scientific, normative, applicability and feasible nature. This group standard recommended the procedures and steps for the isolation and identification of C. jejuni and C.coli from variant samples. The standard aims to improve the capacity for Campylobacter identification in China.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Campylobacter coli/aislamiento & purificación , Campylobacter jejuni/aislamiento & purificación , China , Disentería/microbiología , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant Shigella isolates have recently emerged as a serious public health threat worldwide. In particular, overseas travel is a risk factor for acquisition of antimicrobial-resistant Shigella strains. To explore the role of travel in the spread of cefotaxime-resistant Shigella sonnei in Korea, we screened 751 Shigella spp. isolates from 2007 to 2016 through the National Surveillance system, and 28 cephalosporin-resistant S. sonnei isolates were identified. METHODS: For cephalosporin-resistant S. sonnei isolates, epidemiological and molecular analyses (plasmid structure analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (hqSNPs) based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS)) were conducted to investigate the source of infection and transmission route. RESULTS: Among the 28 cefotaxime-resistant S. sonnei strains, 18 were isolated from travellers returning from Asia, including Vietnam (n=11). Molecular analysis of 18 blaCTX-M-type isolates revealed that 15 contain CTX-M-15; 50% of isolates from domestic patients contain CTX-M-14. Analysis of the genetic environments of the blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-15 genes revealed different genetic organization surrounding the blaCTX-M genes. Additionally, PFGE and hqSNP results suggested a large phylogenetic distance between the S. sonnei isolates related to overseas travel and those acquired domestically in Korea. CONCLUSION: Our study data demonstrates that two prevalent blaCTX-M genes, blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-15, have been circulating in S. sonnei in Korea over the last 10 years. Recently, international travellers are at a high risk for acquisition of CTX-M-15-producing S. sonnei in Korea.
Asunto(s)
Shigella sonnei/enzimología , Shigella sonnei/genética , Viaje , beta-Lactamasas/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Asia , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Disentería/microbiología , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Epidemiología Molecular , Prevalencia , República de Corea/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Shigella sonnei/efectos de los fármacos , Shigella sonnei/aislamiento & purificación , Vietnam , Secuenciación Completa del GenomaRESUMEN
The anaerobic intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae colonises the large intestine of pigs and causes swine dysentery (SD), a severe mucohaemorrhagic colitis. SD occurs worldwide, and control is hampered by a lack of vaccines and increasing antimicrobial resistance. B. hyodysenteriae strains typically produce strong beta-haemolysis on blood agar, and the haemolytic activity is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of SD. Recently, weakly haemolytic variants of B. hyodysenteriae have been identified in Europe and Australia, and weakly haemolytic strain D28 from Belgium failed to cause disease when used experimentally to infect pigs. Moreover, pigs colonised with D28 and then challenged with virulent strongly haemolytic strain B204 showed a delay of 2-4 days in developing SD compared to pigs not exposed to D28. The current study aimed to determine whether Australian weakly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strain MU1, which is genetically distinct from D28, could cause disease and whether exposure to it protected pigs from subsequent challenge with strongly haemolytic virulent strains. Three experimental infection studies were undertaken in which no diseases occurred in 34 pigs inoculated with MU1, although mild superficial lesions were found in the colon in 2 pigs in one experiment. In two experiments, significantly fewer pigs exposed to MU1 and then challenged with strongly haemolytic virulent strains of B. hyodysenteriae developed SD compared to control pigs not previously exposed to MU1 (p = 0.009 and p = 0.0006). These data indicate that MU1 lacks virulence and has potential to be used to help protect pigs from SD.
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Brachyspira hyodysenteriae/fisiología , Disentería/veterinaria , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Animales , Australia , Brachyspira hyodysenteriae/genética , Disentería/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Porcinos , VirulenciaRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to establish a novel isothermal amplification method for detection of heat-labile enterotoxin (LT-I)-producing Escherichia coli. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), cross-priming amplification (CPA), and isothermal multiple-self-matching-initiated amplification (IMSA) were developed and evaluated. Optimal conditions, specificity, and sensitivity tests were performed and compared to qPCR findings. All three methods could produce ladder-like products with LT-I positive samples, while no products were generated with the negative controls. The amplified products could be directly visualized as negative or positive in the isothermal amplification (IAM) tube, which saved time and prevented the possibility of cross-contamination. The detection limits of each assay were similar, and all three assays could directly detect the DNA of Escherichia coli in clinical samples successfully. This is the first report on the application of CPA and IMSA methods for the detection of LT-I. The findings suggest that the three assays may be important tools for the rapid detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in the clinic.
Asunto(s)
Enterotoxinas/aislamiento & purificación , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Calor , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Coloración y Etiquetado/métodos , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Cartilla de ADN/genética , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Bacteriano/aislamiento & purificación , Disentería/microbiología , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/genética , Enterotoxinas/genética , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Heces/microbiología , Humanos , Límite de Detección , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates recovered from food-producing animals are a global public-health concern, especially those with transferable mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance such as extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) and mcr-1 genes. Here we report for the first time E. coli recovered from diarrhoeic and healthy pigs harbouring blaCTX-M and/or mcr-1 from Argentinean farms. METHODS: During 2017, a total of 34 E. coli were recovered from 31 faecal samples from diarrhoeic piglets and healthy fattening pigs from five pig farms in three Argentinean provinces. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by agar diffusion and resistance genes were identified by PCR. Multiplex PCR was applied to screen for ST69, ST73, ST95 and ST131 clones. Genetic relationships were evaluated by XbaI-PFGE. RESULTS: A high diversity of resistance profiles was observed (20 profiles among 34 isolates), and 71% of isolates were multidrug-resistant. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) was observed in 28 isolates and was associated with blaCTX-M (24), blaCMY (3) and blaPER-2 (1) genes. blaCTX-M alleles were grouped by specific PCR as follow: 17 blaCTX-M-8/25; 4 blaCTX-M-1/15; 2 blaCTX-M-2; and 1 blaCTX-M-9/14. Twelve isolates were positive for mcr-1, of which six were also resistant to 3GCs and were positive for blaCTX-M-8/25 (4), blaCTX-M-1/15 (1) or blaCMY (1). High genetic diversity was observed, discriminating 29 profiles. One ST131 and two ST95 human-associated clones were detected. CONCLUSION: Here we describe E. coli isolates recovered from diarrhoeic piglets and healthy fattening pigs harbouring ESBL and/or mcr-1 genes. 3GC resistance was mainly associated with CTX-M, in particular with blaCTX-M-8/25 alleles.