RESUMEN
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) pose a significant public health challenge in Saudi Arabia, particularly in the Jazan region. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding VBDs among the population of Jazan and to identify factors associated with these variables. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 642 adult residents of Jazan using a convenience random sampling technique. The survey tool consisted of 6 domains: demographics, knowledge of VBDs, preventive practices, care-seeking behavior, knowledge of specific VBDs, and attitudes towards VBDs. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t tests, ANOVA, and multivariable logistic regression. The majority of participants (60.0%) had high knowledge scores, while (75.5%) and (77.7%) had high attitude and practice scores, respectively. However, knowledge gaps were identified in specific areas, such as the transmission of leishmaniasis and Rift Valley fever. Gender was a significant predictor of both knowledge and practice scores, with males having higher knowledge and females demonstrating higher levels of preventive practices. Age, education, income, and working status were also associated with knowledge scores. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and educational campaigns to address the identified gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Future research should focus on exploring the effectiveness of different intervention strategies and investigating the integration of VBD prevention and control measures into existing healthcare systems. By employing a multi-disciplinary approach, evidence-based strategies can be developed to prevent and control VBDs, ultimately improving public health outcomes in Jazan and other endemic regions worldwide.
Asunto(s)
Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Humanos , Arabia Saudita/epidemiología , Masculino , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/prevención & control , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Adulto Joven , Adolescente , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
The 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease epidemic and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic galvanized tremendous growth in models for emerging zoonotic and vector-borne viruses. Therefore, we have reviewed the main goals and methods of models to guide scientists and decision-makers. The elements of models for emerging viruses vary across spectrums: from understanding the past to forecasting the future, using data across space and time, and using statistical versus mechanistic methods. Hybrid/ensemble models and artificial intelligence offer new opportunities for modeling. Despite this progress, challenges remain in translating models into actionable decisions, particularly in areas at highest risk for viral disease outbreaks. To address this issue, we must identify gaps in models for specific viruses, strengthen validation, and involve policymakers in model development.
Asunto(s)
Zoonosis , Animales , Humanos , Zoonosis/virología , Zoonosis/transmisión , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/virología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/transmisión , COVID-19/virología , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/transmisión , Virosis/virología , Virosis/transmisión , Virosis/epidemiología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/virología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/transmisión , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2 , Vectores de Enfermedades , Brotes de Enfermedades , Virus/patogenicidad , Virus/genéticaRESUMEN
Canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBP) have a worldwide distribution and show a high prevalence in tropical countries such as Sri Lanka. Some CVBP are zoonotic, with dogs identified as reservoir hosts for human subcutaneous dirofilariasis and potentially for spotted fever rickettsioses and re-emergent brugian filariasis in Sri Lanka, making these pathogens emerging public health issues in the country. Veterinarians are crucial in monitoring, preventing, and controlling these pathogens in dogs. Therefore, it is imperative to understand veterinarians' knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding CVBP to mitigate their impact. A survey was designed and administered electronically to veterinarians residing and practising in Sri Lanka. Responses were evaluated using descriptive, univariable, and multivariable analyses to investigate associations between demographic factors, knowledge, attitude, and practices related to CVBP. Out of the 170 participating veterinarians, nearly 70% had moderate or high knowledge. However, the awareness of zoonotic pathogens, Brugia spp. (16%) and Rickettsia conorii (18%), was low, and a considerable number of veterinarians were unaware of the zoonotic nature of Dirofilaria repens. Based on multivariable analysis adjusting for experience and self-rated knowledge, new graduates had higher odds of knowledge compared to experienced veterinarians (OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.7-23, p = 0.028). Questions assessing the attitude towards CVBP indicated that most participating veterinarians comprehend and agree with their importance. Nearly all participants agreed that ectoparasite control is the best option to prevent CVBP infections (91%, 153/167) and that for effective treatment of CVBP, a definitive diagnosis is required (81%, 135/167). However, veterinarians recommended suboptimal treatments for some CVBP, like Babesia gibsoni. Better practices were associated with being a companion animal practitioner (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.7, p = 0.032) and having a low to moderate canine caseload (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.3-10.4, p = 0.038). Limited knowledge of zoonotic CVBP among veterinarians, along with suboptimal treatment, might contribute to dogs acting as reservoirs and high prevalence of these pathogens in Sri Lanka. Therefore, continued veterinary education is recommended to improve knowledge and practices, which in turn will help to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and control of these infections in Sri Lanka to ensure the well-being of dogs and humans.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Veterinarios , Animales , Perros , Sri Lanka/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/transmisión , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/prevención & control , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Persona de Mediana Edad , Zoonosis/parasitología , Zoonosis/transmisión , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/prevención & control , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/transmisiónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Habitat modification and land use changes impact ecological interactions and alter the relationships between humans and nature. Mexico has experienced significant landscape modifications at the local and regional scales, with negative effects on forest cover and biological biodiversity, especially in the Yucatan peninsula in southeastern Mexico. Given the close relationship between landscape modification and the transmission of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, it is essential to develop criteria for identifying priority zoonoses in the south of the country. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We reviewed 165 published studies on zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in the region (2015-2024). We identified the most frequent vectors, reservoirs, and hosts, the most prevalent infections, and the factors associated with transmission risk and the anthropogenic landscape modification in urban, rural, ecotone, and sylvatic habitats. The most relevant pathogens of zoonotic risk included Trypanosoma cruzi, arboviruses, Leishmania, Rickettsia, Leptospira, and Toxoplasma gondii. Trypanosoma cruzi was the vector-borne agent with the largest number of infected vertebrate species across habitats, while Leishmania and arboviruses were the ones that affected the greatest number of people. Dogs, cats, backyard animals, and their hematophagous ectoparasites are the most likely species maintaining the transmission cycles in human settlements, while rodents, opossums, bats, and other synanthropic animals facilitate connection and transmission cycles between forested habitats with human-modified landscapes. Pathogens displayed different prevalences between the landscapes, T. cruzi, arbovirus, and Leptospira infections were the most prevalent in urban and rural settlements, whereas Leishmania and Rickettsia had similar prevalence across habitats, likely due to the diversity and abundance of the infected vectors involved. The prevalence of T. gondii and Leptospira spp. may reflect poor hygiene conditions. Additionally, results suggest that prevalence of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases is higher in deforested areas and agricultural aggregates, and in sites with precarious health and infrastructure services. CONCLUSIONS: Some hosts, vectors, and transmission trends of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in the YP are well known but others remain poorly recognized. It is imperative to reinforce practices aimed at increasing the knowledge, monitoring, prevention, and control of these diseases at the regional level. We also emphasize the need to perform studies on a larger spatio-temporal scale under the socio-ecosystem perspective, to better elucidate the interactions between pathogens, hosts, vectors, environment, and sociocultural and economic aspects in this and many other tropical regions.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Zoonosis , Animales , Humanos , Zoonosis/transmisión , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/transmisión , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Prevalencia , México/epidemiología , Ecosistema , Trypanosoma cruzi/aislamiento & purificación , Vectores de Enfermedades , Reservorios de Enfermedades/microbiología , Leptospira/aislamiento & purificación , Leptospira/genética , Leptospira/clasificación , Enfermedad de Chagas/transmisión , Enfermedad de Chagas/epidemiología , Toxoplasma , Arbovirus/fisiología , Leishmania/aislamiento & purificación , Leishmaniasis/transmisión , Leishmaniasis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: Vector-borne haemoprotozoan diseases comprise diverse group of single celled organism transmitted by haematophagus invertebrates. The current study was aimed at the identification of major haemoprotozoan (Babesia, Theileria and Trypanosoma) in dromedary camel of North Gujarat region in India using microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). METHODS: A total of 234 blood samples were screened by the microscopic and molecular detection assays. Molecular prevalence studies of Theileria, Trypanosoma spp and Babesia was undertaken using 18s ribosomal DNA, RoTat 1.2 and SS rRNA gene respectively. The data relating to microscopic and molecular prevalence along with associated risk factors were analysed by statistical methods. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of hamoprotozoan disease based on microscopic and molecular investigation was 23.50%. The sensitivity and specificity (95% Confidence Interval) of PCR assay was 100% in comparison to microscopy (45.45 % sensitive and 100 % specific). The kappa coefficient between PCR and microscopy indicated good level of agreement with a value of 0.704 and SE of 0.159. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSION: Despite holding much significance to the animal sector, little work has been undertaken in regional parts of India regarding camel parasites. The present study offers first preliminary research data investigating haemoprotozoan disease using parasitological and molecular methods in camels in the region.
Asunto(s)
Babesia , Camelus , Microscopía , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ARN Ribosómico 18S , Theileria , Theileriosis , Trypanosoma , Animales , Camelus/parasitología , India/epidemiología , Trypanosoma/genética , Trypanosoma/aislamiento & purificación , Trypanosoma/clasificación , Theileria/genética , Theileria/aislamiento & purificación , Theileria/clasificación , Babesia/genética , Babesia/aislamiento & purificación , Babesia/clasificación , Theileriosis/epidemiología , Theileriosis/parasitología , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , ADN Protozoario/genética , Babesiosis/epidemiología , Babesiosis/parasitología , Prevalencia , Masculino , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Tripanosomiasis/veterinaria , Tripanosomiasis/epidemiología , Tripanosomiasis/parasitología , Femenino , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/parasitología , ADN Ribosómico/genéticaRESUMEN
In this paper, a multi-patch and multi-group vector-borne disease model is proposed to study the effects of host commuting (Lagrangian approach) and/or vector migration (Eulerian approach) on disease spread. We first define the basic reproduction number of the model, R 0 , which completely determines the global dynamics of the model system. Namely, if R 0 ≤ 1 , then the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, and if R 0 > 1 , then there exists a unique endemic equilibrium which is globally asymptotically stable. Then, we show that the basic reproduction number has lower and upper bounds which are independent of the host residence times matrix and the vector migration matrix. In particular, nonhomogeneous mixing of hosts and vectors in a homogeneous environment generally increases disease persistence and the basic reproduction number of the model attains its minimum when the distributions of hosts and vectors are proportional. Moreover, R 0 can also be estimated by the basic reproduction numbers of disconnected patches if the environment is homogeneous. The optimal vector control strategy is obtained for a special scenario. In the two-patch and two-group case, we numerically analyze the dependence of the basic reproduction number and the total number of infected people on the host residence times matrix and illustrate the optimal vector control strategy in homogeneous and heterogeneous environments.
Asunto(s)
Número Básico de Reproducción , Simulación por Computador , Conceptos Matemáticos , Modelos Biológicos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Número Básico de Reproducción/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/transmisión , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/prevención & control , Humanos , Animales , Vectores de Enfermedades , Modelos EpidemiológicosRESUMEN
The impacts of climate change on vector-borne diseases are uneven across human populations. This pattern reflects the effect of changing environments on the biology of transmission, which is also modulated by social and other inequities. These disparities are also linked to research outcomes that could be translated into tools for transmission reduction, but are not necessarily actionable in the communities where transmission occurs. The transmission of vector-borne diseases could be averted by developing research that is both hypothesis-driven and community-serving for populations affected by climate change, where local communities interact as equal partners with scientists, developing and implementing research projects with the aim of improving community health. In this Personal View, we share five principles that have guided our research practice to serve the needs of communities affected by vector-borne diseases.
Asunto(s)
Cambio Climático , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/prevención & control , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rodents are recognized as the hosts of many vector-borne bacteria and protozoan parasites and play an important role in their transmission and maintenance. Intensive studies have focused on their infections in vectors, especially in ticks, however, vector-borne bacterial and protozoan infections in rodents are poorly understood although human cases presenting with fever may due to their infection have been found. METHODS: From May to October 2019, 192 wild rodents were trapped in wild environment of Guangxi Province, and the spleen samples were collected to reveal the presence of vector-borne bacterial and protozoan infections in them. The microorganisms in rodents were identified by detecting their DNA using (semi-)nested PCR. All the PCR products of the expected size were subjected to sequencing, and then analyzed by BLASTn. Furthermore, all the recovered sequences were subjected to nucleotide identity and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS: As a result, 192 rodents representing seven species were captured, and Bandicota indica were the dominant species, followed by Rattus andamanensis. Based on the (semi-)nested PCR, our results suggested that Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma capra, Anaplasma ovis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis", "Candidatus E. hainanensis", "Candidatus E. zunyiensis", three uncultured Ehrlichia spp., Bartonella coopersplainsensis, Bartonella tribocorum, Bartonella rattimassiliensis, Bartonella silvatica, two uncultured Bartonella spp., Babesia microti and diverse Hepatozoon were identified in six rodent species. More importantly, six species (including two Anaplasma, two Bartonella, "Ca. N. mikurensis" and Bab. microti) are zoonotic pathogens except Anaplasma bovis and Anaplasma ovis with zoonotic potential. Furthermore, dual infection was observed between different microorganisms, and the most common type of co-infection is between "Ca. N. mikurensis" and other microorganisms. Additionally, potential novel Bartonella species and Hepatozoon species demonstrated the presence of more diverse rodent-associated Bartonella and Hepatozoon. CONCLUSIONS: The results in this work indicated great genetic diversity of vector-borne infections in wild rodents, and highlighted the potential risk of human pathogens transmitted from rodents to humans through vectors.
Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Roedores , Animales , China/epidemiología , Roedores/microbiología , Roedores/parasitología , Filogenia , Animales Salvajes/parasitología , Animales Salvajes/microbiología , Anaplasma/genética , Anaplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Anaplasma/clasificación , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/transmisión , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/microbiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/parasitología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Bartonella/genética , Bartonella/aislamiento & purificación , Bartonella/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/clasificación , RatasRESUMEN
Novel mosquito genetic control tools, such as CRISPR-based gene drives, hold great promise in reducing the global burden of vector-borne diseases. As these technologies advance through the research and development pipeline, there is a growing need for modeling frameworks incorporating increasing levels of entomological and epidemiological detail in order to address questions regarding logistics and biosafety. Epidemiological predictions are becoming increasingly relevant to the development of target product profiles and the design of field trials and interventions, while entomological surveillance is becoming increasingly important to regulation and biosafety. We present MGDrivE 3 (Mosquito Gene Drive Explorer 3), a new version of a previously-developed framework, MGDrivE 2, that investigates the spatial population dynamics of mosquito genetic control systems and their epidemiological implications. The new framework incorporates three major developments: i) a decoupled sampling algorithm allowing the vector portion of the MGDrivE framework to be paired with a more detailed epidemiological framework, ii) a version of the Imperial College London malaria transmission model, which incorporates age structure, various forms of immunity, and human and vector interventions, and iii) a surveillance module that tracks mosquitoes captured by traps throughout the simulation. Example MGDrivE 3 simulations are presented demonstrating the application of the framework to a CRISPR-based homing gene drive linked to dual disease-refractory genes and their potential to interrupt local malaria transmission. Simulations are also presented demonstrating surveillance of such a system by a network of mosquito traps. MGDrivE 3 is freely available as an open-source R package on CRAN (https://cran.r-project.org/package=MGDrivE2) (version 2.1.0), and extensive examples and vignettes are provided. We intend the software to aid in understanding of human health impacts and biosafety of mosquito genetic control tools, and continue to iterate per feedback from the genetic control community.
Asunto(s)
Simulación por Computador , Tecnología de Genética Dirigida , Malaria , Control de Mosquitos , Mosquitos Vectores , Animales , Humanos , Mosquitos Vectores/genética , Control de Mosquitos/métodos , Malaria/epidemiología , Malaria/transmisión , Malaria/prevención & control , Tecnología de Genética Dirigida/métodos , Biología Computacional/métodos , Culicidae/genética , Algoritmos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/transmisión , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/prevención & control , Dinámica PoblacionalAsunto(s)
Infecciones por Arbovirus , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Humanos , Infecciones por Arbovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Arbovirus/transmisión , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Américas/epidemiología , Animales , ArbovirusRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Climate change, particularly increasing temperature, changes in rainfall, extreme weather events and changes in vector ecology, impacts the transmission of many climate-sensitive infectious diseases. Asia is the world's most populous, rapidly evolving and diverse continent, and it is already experiencing the effects of climate change. Climate change intersects with population, sociodemographic and geographical factors, amplifying the public health impact of infectious diseases and potentially widening existing disparities. In this narrative review, we outline the evidence of the impact of climate change on infectious diseases of importance in Asia, including vector-borne diseases, food- and water-borne diseases, antimicrobial resistance and other infectious diseases. We also highlight the imperative need for strategic intersectoral collaboration at the national and global levels and for the health sector to implement adaptation and mitigation measures, including responsibility for its own greenhouse gas emissions.
Asunto(s)
Cambio Climático , Enfermedades Transmisibles , Humanos , Asia/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Salud Pública , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Animales , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por el Agua/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) affecting dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) have considerable importance in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) because of the consequences associated with production decline and economic losses. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of selected VBDs in camels in the UAE and identify risk factors. This research is currently affected by the low number of epidemiological molecular surveys addressing this issue. Blood samples were obtained from 425 dromedary camels from different locations across the UAE. Whole genomic DNA was isolated, and PCR screening was done to detect piroplasmids (Babesia/Theileria spp.), Trypanosoma spp., and Anaplasmataceae spp. (Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia and Wolbachia spp.). Amplicons were sequenced, and phylogenetic trees were constructed. Trypanosoma sequences were identified as T. brucei evansi, whereas Anaplasmataceae sequences were identified as A. platys-like. All camels were negative for Babesia/Theileria spp. (0%); however, 18 camels were positive for T. b. evansi (4%) and 52 were positive for A. platys-like (12%). Mixed infection with T. b. evansi and A. platys-like was found in one camel. Statistical analyses revealed that camels with a brown coat colour were significantly more prone to acquire the A. platys-like strain compared with those having a clearer coat. A similar finding was observed when comparing urban moving camels with desert indoor and urban indoor camels. Continuous disease surveillance is required to ensure and maintain the good health status of the camels in the UAE. Nonetheless, the risk of disease outbreak remains if the misuse of drugs continues.
Asunto(s)
Camelus , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Animales , Emiratos Árabes Unidos/epidemiología , Camelus/parasitología , Prevalencia , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/parasitología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/veterinaria , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/microbiología , Femenino , Masculino , Babesia/aislamiento & purificación , Babesia/genética , Filogenia , Trypanosoma/aislamiento & purificación , Trypanosoma/genética , Trypanosoma/clasificación , Anaplasmataceae/aislamiento & purificación , Anaplasmataceae/genética , Babesiosis/epidemiología , Babesiosis/parasitología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
In this Perspective, Shlomit Paz discusses the link between climate change and transmission of vector-borne diseases in non-endemic areas.
Asunto(s)
Cambio Climático , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Humanos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Vector-borne disease incidence and burden are on the rise. Weather events and climate patterns are known to influence vector populations and disease distribution and incidence. Changes in weather trends and climatic factors can shift seasonal vector activity and host behavior, thus altering pathogen distribution and introducing diseases to new geographic regions. With the upward trend in global temperature, changes in the incidence and distribution of disease vectors possibly linked to climate change have been documented. Forecasting and modeling efforts are valuable for incorporating climate into predicting changes in vector and vector-borne disease distribution. These predictions serve to optimize disease outbreak preparedness and response. The purpose of this scoping review was to describe the use of climate data in vector-borne disease prediction in North America between 2000 and 2022. The most investigated diseases were West Nile virus infection, Lyme disease, and dengue. The uneven geographical distribution of publications could suggest regional differences in the availability of surveillance data required for vector-borne disease predictions and forecasts across the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Studies incorporated environmental data from ground-based sources, satellite data, previously existing data, and field-collected data. While environmental data such as meteorological and topographic factors were well-represented, further research is warranted to ascertain if relationships with less common variables, such as oceanographic characteristics and drought, hold among various vector populations and throughout wider geographical areas. This review provides a catalogue of recently used climatic data that can inform future assessments of the value of such data in vector-borne disease models.
Asunto(s)
Cambio Climático , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/transmisión , América del Norte/epidemiología , Animales , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , PredicciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The long-term impact of COVID-19-associated public health interventions on zoonotic and vector-borne infectious diseases (ZVBs) remains uncertain. This study sought to examine the changes in ZVBs in China during the COVID-19 pandemic and predict their future trends. METHODS: Monthly incidents of seven ZVBs (Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome [HFRS], Rabies, Dengue fever [DF], Human brucellosis [HB], Leptospirosis, Malaria, and Schistosomiasis) were gathered from January 2004 to July 2023. An autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (ARFIMA) by incorporating the COVID-19-associated public health intervention variables was developed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of interventions and forecast ZVBs epidemics from August 2023 to December 2025. RESULTS: Over the study period, there were 1,599,647 ZVBs incidents. HFRS and rabies exhibited declining trends, HB showed an upward trajectory, while the others remained relatively stable. The ARFIMA, incorporating a pulse pattern, estimated the average monthly number of changes of - 83 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 353-189) cases, - 3 (95% CI - 33-29) cases, - 468 (95% CI - 1531-597) cases, 2191 (95% CI 1056-3326) cases, 7 (95% CI - 24-38) cases, - 84 (95% CI - 222-55) cases, and - 214 (95% CI - 1036-608) cases for HFRS, rabies, DF, HB, leptospirosis, malaria, and schistosomiasis, respectively, although these changes were not statistically significant besides HB. ARFIMA predicted a decrease in HB cases between August 2023 and December 2025, while indicating a relative plateau for the others. CONCLUSIONS: China's dynamic zero COVID-19 strategy may have exerted a lasting influence on HFRS, rabies, DF, malaria, and schistosomiasis, beyond immediate consequences, but not affect HB and leptospirosis. ARFIMA emerges as a potent tool for intervention analysis, providing valuable insights into the sustained effectiveness of interventions. Consequently, the application of ARFIMA contributes to informed decision-making, the design of effective interventions, and advancements across various fields.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Fiebre Hemorrágica con Síndrome Renal , Leptospirosis , Malaria , Rabia , Esquistosomiasis , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Humanos , Estaciones del Año , Fiebre Hemorrágica con Síndrome Renal/epidemiología , Salud Pública , Análisis de Series de Tiempo Interrumpido , Pandemias , Rabia/epidemiología , Rabia/prevención & control , Incidencia , COVID-19/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , China/epidemiología , Leptospirosis/epidemiología , Esquistosomiasis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
We develop a multi-group and multi-patch model to study the effects of population dispersal on the spatial spread of vector-borne diseases across a heterogeneous environment. The movement of host and/or vector is described by Lagrangian approach in which the origin or identity of each individual stays unchanged regardless of movement. The basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] of the model is defined and the strong connectivity of the host-vector network is succinctly characterized by the residence times matrices of hosts and vectors. Furthermore, the definition and criterion of the strong connectivity of general infectious disease networks are given and applied to establish the global stability of the disease-free equilibrium. The global dynamics of the model system are shown to be entirely determined by its basic reproduction number. We then obtain several biologically meaningful upper and lower bounds on the basic reproduction number which are independent or dependent of the residence times matrices. In particular, the heterogeneous mixing of hosts and vectors in a homogeneous environment always increases the basic reproduction number. There is a substantial difference on the upper bound of [Formula: see text] between Lagrangian and Eulerian modeling approaches. When only host movement between two patches is concerned, the subdivision of hosts (more host groups) can lead to a larger basic reproduction number. In addition, we numerically investigate the dependence of the basic reproduction number and the total number of infected hosts on the residence times matrix of hosts, and compare the impact of different vector control strategies on disease transmission.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Humanos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Número Básico de Reproducción , MovimientoRESUMEN
Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) causing vector-borne diseases (VBDs) can circulate among humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, with cattle in particular serving as an important source of exposure risk to humans. The close associations between humans and cattle can facilitate the transmission of numerous VBPs, impacting public health and economic security. Published studies demonstrate that cattle can influence human exposure risk positively, negatively, or have no effect. There is a critical need to synthesize the information in the scientific literature on this subject, in order to illuminate the various ecological mechanisms that can affect VBP exposure risk in humans. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to review the scientific literature, provide a synthesis of the possible effects of cattle on VBP risk to humans, and propose future directions for research. This study was performed according to the PRISMA 2020 extension guidelines for systematic review. After screening 470 peer-reviewed articles published between 1999-2019 using the databases Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed Central, CABI Global Health, and Google Scholar, and utilizing forward and backward search techniques, we identified 127 papers that met inclusion criteria. Results of the systematic review indicate that cattle can be beneficial or harmful to human health with respect to VBDs depending on vector and pathogen ecology and livestock management practices. Cattle can increase risk of exposure to infections spread by tsetse flies and ticks, followed by sandflies and mosquitoes, through a variety of mechanisms. However, cattle can have a protective effect when the vector prefers to feed on cattle instead of humans and when chemical control measures (e.g., acaricides/insecticides), semio-chemicals, and other integrated vector control measures are utilized in the community. We highlight that further research is needed to determine ways in which these mechanisms may be exploited to reduce VBD risk in humans.
Asunto(s)
Insecticidas , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Humanos , Animales , Bovinos , Mosquitos Vectores , Animales Salvajes , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/prevención & control , Control de PlagasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Anemia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs. Further understanding of the prevalence of vector borne diseases (VBD) in anemic dogs is needed. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the rate of exposure to or infection with VBD among anemic dogs presented to a teaching hospital in North Carolina and to further characterize the anemia in dogs with VBD exposure. ANIMALS: A total of 597 anemic dogs that were concurrently tested for VBD were examined at a referral veterinary hospital between January 2012 and December 2018. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study. Demographic, clinicopathologic, and VBD testing data were obtained from medical records. RESULTS: Of the 597 anemic dogs examined, 180 (30.15%; 95% CI: 26.49-34.01%) tested positive for one or more VBD. There was no difference in the severity of anemia or the proportion of dogs displaying a regenerative anemia between dogs testing positive and negative for VBD. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of anemic dogs from this region test positive for exposure to or infection with VBD. Our study supported the use of PCR and serology run in parallel to maximize the chance of detecting exposure to or infection with VBD compared to either serology or PCR alone. At this time, it is unknown whether infection with VBD contributed to the development of anemia in these patients. However, given the prevalence of VBD exposure in anemic dogs, testing for VBD in anemic patients from this region of the United States is warranted.
Asunto(s)
Anemia , Enfermedades de los Perros , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Humanos , Animales , Perros , Estudios Retrospectivos , North Carolina/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Anemia/epidemiología , Anemia/veterinaria , Anemia/complicaciones , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Many infectious diseases cannot be transmitted from human to human directly, and the transmission needs to be done via a vector. It is well known that vectors' life cycles are highly dependent on their living environment. In order to investigate dynamics of vector-borne diseases under environment influence, we propose a vector-borne disease model with almost periodic coefficients. We derive the basic reproductive number [Formula: see text] for this model and establish a threshold type result on its global dynamics in terms of [Formula: see text]. As an illustrative example, we consider an almost periodic model of malaria transmission. Our numerical simulation results show that the basic reproductive number may be underestimated if almost periodic coefficients are replaced by their average values . Finally, we use our model to study the dengue fever transmission in Guangdong, China. The parameters are chosen to fit the reported data available for Guangdong. Numerical simulations indicate that the annual dengue fever case in Guangdong will increase steadily in the near future unless more effective control measures are implemented. Sensitivity analysis implies that the parameters with strong impact on the outcome are recovery rate, mosquito recruitment rate, mosquito mortality rate, baseline transmission rates between mosquito and human. This suggests that the effective control strategies may include intensive treatment, mosquito control, decreasing human contact number with mosquitoes (e.g., using bed nets and preventing mosquito bites), and environmental modification.
Asunto(s)
Dengue , Malaria , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Animales , Humanos , Mosquitos Vectores , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/prevención & control , Malaria/epidemiología , Malaria/prevención & control , Simulación por Computador , Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/prevención & controlRESUMEN
To explore the influence of spatial heterogeneity on mosquito-borne diseases, we formulate a reaction-diffusion model with general incidence rates. The basic reproduction ratio [Formula: see text] for this model is introduced and the threshold dynamics in terms of [Formula: see text] are obtained. In the case where the model is spatially homogeneous, the global asymptotic stability of the endemic equilibrium is proved when [Formula: see text]. Under appropriate conditions, we establish the asymptotic profiles of [Formula: see text] in the case of small or large diffusion rates, and investigate the monotonicity of [Formula: see text] with respect to the heterogeneous diffusion coefficients. Numerically, the proposed model is applied to study the dengue fever transmission. Via performing simulations on the impacts of certain factors on [Formula: see text] and disease dynamics, we find some novel and interesting phenomena which can provide valuable information for the targeted implementation of disease control measures.