RESUMEN
Fibrosis leads to organ failure and death, which is the final stage of many chronic diseases. Triptolide (TPL) is a terpenoid extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F (TwHF). Triptolide and its derivatives (Omtriptolide, Minnelide, (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide) have been proven to have a variety of pharmacological effects. This study comprehensively reviewed the antifibrotic mechanism of TPL and its derivatives, and discussed the application of advanced nanoparticles (NPs) drug delivery system in the treatment of fibrotic diseases by TPL. The results show that TPL can inhibit immune inflammatory response, relieve oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), regulate collagen deposition and inhibit myofibroblast production to play an anti-fibrosis effect and reduce organ injury. A low dose of TPL has no obvious toxicity. Under pathological conditions, a toxic dose of TPL has a protective effect on organs. The emergence of TPL derivatives (especially Minnelide) and NPs drug delivery systems promotes the anti-fibrosis effect of TPL and reduces its toxicity, which may be the main direction of anti-fibrosis research in the future.
Asunto(s)
Diterpenos , Compuestos Epoxi , Fibrosis , Fenantrenos , Diterpenos/farmacología , Diterpenos/química , Diterpenos/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Fenantrenos/química , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Epoxi/farmacología , Compuestos Epoxi/química , Compuestos Epoxi/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Fibrosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Antifibróticos/farmacología , Antifibróticos/químicaRESUMEN
Background: Salidroside (SAL) is the most effective component of Rhodiola rosea, a traditional Chinese medicine. Cryptotanshinone (CT) is the main fat-soluble extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza, exhibiting considerable potential for application in osteogenesis. Herein, a polycaprolactone/gelatin nanofiber membrane loaded with CT and SAL (PSGC membrane) was successfully fabricated via coaxial electrospinning and characterized. Methods and Results: This membrane capable of sustained and controlled drug release was employed in this study. Co-culturing the membrane with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells revealed excellent biocompatibility and demonstrated osteogenic and angiogenic capabilities. Furthermore, drug release from the PSGC membrane activated the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway and promoted osteogenic differentiation and vascularization. Evaluation of the membrane's vascularization and osteogenic capacities involved transplantation onto a rat's subcutaneous area and assessing rat cranium defects for bone regeneration, respectively. Microcomputed tomography, histological tests, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining confirmed the membrane's outstanding angiogenic capacity two weeks post-operation, with a higher incidence of osteogenesis observed in rat cranial defects eight weeks post-surgery. Conclusion: Overall, the SAL- and CT-loaded coaxial electrospun nanofiber membrane synergistically enhances bone repair and regeneration.
Asunto(s)
Gelatina , Glucósidos , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Nanofibras , Neovascularización Fisiológica , Osteogénesis , Fenantrenos , Fenoles , Poliésteres , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Osteogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Nanofibras/química , Gelatina/química , Poliésteres/química , Glucósidos/química , Glucósidos/farmacología , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/farmacología , Fenantrenos/química , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Fenantrenos/farmacocinética , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Neovascularización Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Ratas , Masculino , Regeneración Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Membranas Artificiales , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Liberación de Fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Minnelide is a water-soluble disodium salt variant of triptolide, an HSP70 inhibitor that can prevent tumor progression and induce apoptosis. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and antitumor activity of Minnelide alone and its combination with paclitaxel were evaluated in this open-label, single-center, dose-escalation phase I study (NCT05566834) in patients who were previously treated for advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Minnelide was administered orally using a 3 + 3 dose-escalation design as monotherapy (Regimen A), and in combination with paclitaxel (Regimen B & C). Our results show that no patients experienced dose limiting toxicity (DLT) in the combination group (Regimen B& C) while 2 patients experienced DLT from the Regimen A group (n = 11) (Minnelide 1.5 mg). The MTD was Minnelide 1.25 mg once daily for 21days Q4 weeks as monotherapy. The most common Grade ≥3 AEs were neutropenia (19.4 %) and abdominal pain (11.1 %). In Regimen C, 71.5 % achieved either a partial response or a stable disease with the median PFS of 4.5 months, and the median OS of 10.7 months. The combination of Minnelide plus paclitaxel as salvage treatment in AGC patients showed meaningful clinical activity with a manageable safety profile. Based on these encouraging results, a phase II study is being initiated to test the effectiveness of the combination regimen in patients with advanced gastric cancer.
Asunto(s)
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Diterpenos , Compuestos Epoxi , Dosis Máxima Tolerada , Paclitaxel , Fenantrenos , Neoplasias Gástricas , Humanos , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Paclitaxel/administración & dosificación , Paclitaxel/efectos adversos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Femenino , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Anciano , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/efectos adversos , Fenantrenos/uso terapéutico , Diterpenos/administración & dosificación , Diterpenos/efectos adversos , Adulto , Compuestos Epoxi/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Epoxi/efectos adversos , Resultado del Tratamiento , OrganofosfatosRESUMEN
Liposomes represent one of the most extensively studied nano-carriers due to their potential in targeted drug delivery. However, the complex in vivo fate, particularly under pathological conditions, presents challenges for clinical translation of liposomal therapeutics. Liver serves as the most important organ for liposome accumulation and metabolism. Unfortunately, the fate of liposomes under pathological liver conditions has been significantly overlooked. This study aimed to investigate the in vivo pharmacokinetic profile and biodistribution profile of liposomes under drug-induced liver injury (DILI) conditions. Two classic DILI animal models, i.e. acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury (AILI) and triptolide-induced subacute liver injury (TILI), were established to observe the effect of pathological liver conditions on the in vivo performance of liposomes. The study revealed significant changes in the in vivo fate of liposomes following DILI, including prolonged blood circulation and enhanced hepatic accumulation of liposomes. Changes in the composition of plasma proteins and mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)-related cell subpopulations collectively led to the altered in vivo fate of liposomes under liver injury conditions. Despite liver injury, macrophages remained the primary cells responsible for liposomes uptake in liver, with the recruited monocyte-derived macrophages exhibiting enhanced ability to phagocytose liposomes under pathological conditions. These findings indicated that high capture of liposomes by the recruited hepatic macrophages not only offered potential solutions for targeted delivery, but also warned the clinical application of patients under pathological liver conditions.
Asunto(s)
Acetaminofén , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Diterpenos , Liposomas , Hígado , Fenantrenos , Animales , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/etiología , Acetaminofén/farmacocinética , Ratones , Masculino , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Distribución Tisular , Fenantrenos/farmacocinética , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/toxicidad , Diterpenos/farmacocinética , Diterpenos/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Epoxi/farmacocinética , Compuestos Epoxi/administración & dosificación , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Joint destruction is a major burden and an unsolved problem in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. We designed an intra-articular mesoporous silica nanosystem (MSN-TP@PDA-GlcN) with anti-inflammatory and joint protection effects. The nanosystem was synthesized by encapsulating triptolide (TP) in mesoporous silica nanoparticles and coating it with pH-sensitive polydopamine (PDA) and glucosamine (GlcN) grafting on the PDA. The nano-drug delivery system with anti-inflammatory and joint protection effects should have good potency against RA. METHODS: A template method was used to synthesize mesoporous silica (MSN). MSN-TP@PDA-GlcN was synthesized via MSN loading with TP, coating with PDA and grafting of GlcN on PDA. The drug release behavior was tested. A cellular inflammatory model and a rat RA model were used to evaluate the effects on RA. In vivo imaging and microdialysis (MD) system were used to analyze the sustained release and pharmacokinetics in RA rats. RESULTS: TMSN-TP@PDA-GlcN was stable, had good biocompatibility, and exhibited sustained release of drugs in acidic environments. It had excellent anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. It also effectively repaired joint destruction in vivo without causing any tissue toxicity. In vivo imaging and pharmacokinetics experiments showed that the nanosystem prolonged the residence time, lowered the Cmax value and enhanced the relative bioavailability of TP. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that MSN-TP@PDA-GlcN sustained the release of drugs in inflammatory joints and produced effective anti-inflammatory and joint protection effects on RA. This study provides a new strategy for the treatment of RA.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios , Artritis Reumatoide , Diterpenos , Liberación de Fármacos , Indoles , Nanopartículas , Fenantrenos , Polímeros , Dióxido de Silicio , Animales , Dióxido de Silicio/química , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Nanopartículas/química , Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/farmacocinética , Fenantrenos/química , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/farmacocinética , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Ratas , Diterpenos/administración & dosificación , Diterpenos/química , Diterpenos/farmacocinética , Diterpenos/farmacología , Indoles/administración & dosificación , Indoles/química , Indoles/farmacocinética , Indoles/farmacología , Polímeros/química , Porosidad , Masculino , Compuestos Epoxi/química , Compuestos Epoxi/administración & dosificación , Glucosamina/química , Glucosamina/administración & dosificación , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Humanos , Ratones , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. Beside early detection, early diagnosis, and early surgery, it is urgent to try new strategies for the treatment of HCC. Triptolide (TPL) has been employed to treat HCC. However, its clinical applications were restricted by the narrow therapeutic window, severe toxicity, and poor water-solubility. In this study, we developed cancer cell membrane-camouflaged biomimetic PLGA nanoparticles loading TPL (TPL@mPLGA) with the homologous targeting property for the treatment of HCC. The TPL@mPLGA was successfully prepared with particle size of 195.5 ± 7.5 nm and zeta potential at -21.5 ± 0.2 mV with good stability. The drug loading (DL) of TPL@mPLGA was 2.94%. After Huh-7 cell membrane coating, the natural Huh-7 cell membrane proteins were found to be retained on TPL@mPLGA, thus endowing the TPL@mPLGA with enhanced accumulation at tumor site, and better anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo when compared with TPL or TPL@PLGA. The TPL@mPLGA showed enhanced anti-tumor effects and reduced toxicity of TPL, which could be adopted for the treatment of HCC.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Diterpenos , Compuestos Epoxi , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Nanopartículas , Fenantrenos , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico-Ácido Poliglicólico , Diterpenos/administración & dosificación , Diterpenos/farmacología , Diterpenos/química , Diterpenos/farmacocinética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Compuestos Epoxi/química , Compuestos Epoxi/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Epoxi/farmacología , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Fenantrenos/química , Fenantrenos/farmacocinética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Humanos , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico-Ácido Poliglicólico/química , Nanopartículas/química , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ratones , Membrana Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Tamaño de la Partícula , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Ratones Desnudos , Materiales Biomiméticos/química , Materiales Biomiméticos/farmacología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB CRESUMEN
Neovascular eye diseases, including proliferative diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity, is a major cause of blindness. Laser ablation and intravitreal anti-VEGF injection have shown their limitations in treatment of retinal neovascularization. Identification of a new therapeutic strategies is in urgent need. Our study aims to assess the effects of Cryptotanshinone (CPT), a natural compound derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, in retina neovascularization and explore its potential mechanism. Our study demonstrated that CPT did not cause retina tissue toxicity at the tested concentrations. Intravitreal injections of CPT reduced pathological angiogenesis and promoted physical angiogenesis in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. CPT improve visual function in OIR mice and reduced cell apoptosis. Moreover, we also revealed that CPT diminishes the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the OIR retina. In vitro, the administration of CPT effectively inhibited endothelial cells proliferation, migration, sprouting, and tube formation induced by the stimulation of human retinal vascular endothelial cells (HRVECs) with VEGF165. Mechanistically, CPT blocking the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and downstream targeting pathway. After all, the findings demonstrated that CPT exhibits potent anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects in OIR mice, and it has therapeutic potential for the treatment of neovascular retinal diseases.
Asunto(s)
Inyecciones Intravítreas , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Fenantrenos , Neovascularización Retiniana , Animales , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Neovascularización Retiniana/tratamiento farmacológico , Neovascularización Retiniana/patología , Neovascularización Retiniana/metabolismo , Humanos , Ratones , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/administración & dosificación , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Retina/efectos de los fármacos , Retina/metabolismo , Retina/patologíaRESUMEN
Immunotherapy is an emerging approach for the treatment of solid tumors. Although chemotherapy is generally considered immunosuppressive, specific chemotherapeutic agents can induce tumor immunity. In this study, we developed a targeted, acid-sensitive peptide nanoparticle (DT/Pep1) to deliver doxorubicin (DOX) and triptolide (TPL) to breast cancer cells via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and the breast cancer-targeting effect of peptide D8. Compared with administration of the free drugs, treatment with the DT/Pep1 system increased the accumulation of DOX and TPL at the tumor site and achieved deeper penetration into the tumor tissue. In an acidic environment, DT/Pep1 transformed from spherical nanoparticles to aggregates with a high aspect ratio, which successfully extended the retention of the drugs in the tumor cells and bolstered the anticancer effect. In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, DT/Pep1 effectively blocked the cell cycle and induced apoptosis. Importantly, the DT/Pep1 system efficiently suppressed tumor development in mice bearing 4T1 tumors while simultaneously promoting immune system activation. Thus, the results of this study provide a system for breast cancer therapy and offer a novel and promising platform for peptide nanocarrier-based drug delivery.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos , Apoptosis , Diterpenos , Doxorrubicina , Péptidos , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Doxorrubicina/farmacología , Doxorrubicina/química , Doxorrubicina/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Péptidos/farmacología , Péptidos/química , Péptidos/administración & dosificación , Ratones , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Línea Celular Tumoral , Diterpenos/farmacología , Diterpenos/química , Diterpenos/administración & dosificación , Inmunomodulación/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos Epoxi/farmacología , Compuestos Epoxi/química , Compuestos Epoxi/administración & dosificación , Nanopartículas/química , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Fenantrenos/química , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama/inmunología , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Ratones Endogámicos BALB CRESUMEN
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic, progressive and irreversible interstitial lung disease that seriously threatens human life and health. Our previous study demonstrated the unique superiority of traditional Chinese medicine cryptotanshinone (CTS) combined with sustained pulmonary drug delivery for treating PF. In this study, we aimed to enhance the selectivity, targeting efficiency and sustained-release capability based on this delivery system. To this end, we developed and evaluated CTS-loaded modified liposomes-chitosan (CS) microspheres SM(CT-lipo) and liposome-exosome hybrid bionic vesicles-CS microspheres SM(LE). The prepared nano-in-micro particles system integrates the advantages of the carriers and complements each other. SM(CT-lipo) and SM(LE) achieved lung myofibroblast-specific targeting through CREKA peptide binding specifically to fibronectin (FN) and the homing effect of exosomes on parent cells, respectively, facilitating efficient delivery of anti-fibrosis drugs to lung lesions. Furthermore, compared with daily administration of conventional microspheres SM(NC) and positive control drug pirfenidone (PFD), inhaled administration of SM(CT-lipo) and SM(LE) every two days still attained similar efficacy, exhibiting excellent sustained drug release ability. In summary, our findings suggest that the developed SM(CT-lipo) and SM(LE) delivery strategies could achieve more accurate, efficient and safe therapy, providing novel insights into the treatment of chronic PF.
Asunto(s)
Quitosano , Exosomas , Fibronectinas , Liposomas , Fibrosis Pulmonar , Animales , Humanos , Masculino , Administración por Inhalación , Antifibróticos/administración & dosificación , Antifibróticos/química , Quitosano/química , Quitosano/administración & dosificación , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Liberación de Fármacos , Exosomas/química , Fibronectinas/administración & dosificación , Liposomas/química , Pulmón/metabolismo , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Microesferas , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/química , Fenantrenos/farmacocinética , Fibrosis Pulmonar/tratamiento farmacológico , Piridonas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , RatasRESUMEN
Individuals who are overweight or obese are at increased risk of developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, yet the direct molecular mechanisms that connect diabetes to obesity are not clear. Chronic, sustained inflammation is considered a strong risk factor in these interactions, directed in part by the short-lived gene expression programs encoding for cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators. In this study, we show that triptolide administration in the C57BL/6 diet-induced obese mice at up to 10 µg/kg/day for 10 weeks attenuated the development of insulin resistance and diabetes, but not obesity, in these animals. Significant reductions in adipose tissue inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity were observed in the absence of changes in food intake, body weight, body composition, or energy expenditure. Analysis of the core cluster of biomarkers that drives pro-inflammatory responses in the metabolic tissues suggested TNF-α as a critical point that affected the co-development of inflammation and insulin resistance, but also pointed to the putatively protective roles of increased COX-2 and IL-17A signaling in the mediation of these pathophysiological states. Our results show that reduction of diet-induced inflammation confers partial protection against insulin resistance, but not obesity, and suggest the possibility of achieving overweight phenotypes that are accompanied by minimal insulin resistance if inflammation is controlled.
Asunto(s)
Diterpenos , Compuestos Epoxi , Resistencia a la Insulina , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Obesidad , Fenantrenos , Animales , Compuestos Epoxi/farmacología , Compuestos Epoxi/administración & dosificación , Diterpenos/farmacología , Diterpenos/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Obesidad/metabolismo , Obesidad/inmunología , Ratones , Masculino , Inflamación/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/genética , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/inmunología , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 2/genética , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
In recent years, the drainage of fluids, immune cells, antigens, fluorescent tracers, and other solutes from the brain has been demonstrated to occur along lymphatic outflow pathways to the deep cervical lymph nodes in the neck. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have evaluated the lymphatic transport of therapeutics from the brain. The objective of this study was to determine the lymphatic transport of model therapeutics of different molecular weights and lipophilicity from the brain using cervical lymph cannulation and ligation models in rats. To do this, anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated at the carotid artery and cannulated, ligated, or left intact at the cervical lymph duct. Rats were administered 14C-ibuprofen (206.29 g/mol, logP 3.84), 3H-halofantrine HCl (536.89 g/mol, logP 8.06), or 3H-albumin (â¼65,000 g/mol) via direct injection into the brain striatum at a rate of 0.5 µL/min over 16 min. Plasma or cervical lymph samples were collected for up to 6-8 h following dosing, and brain and lymph nodes were collected at 6 or 8 h. Samples were subsequently analyzed for radioactivity levels via scintillation counting. For 14C-ibuprofen, plasma concentrations over time (plasma AUC0-6h) were >2 fold higher in lymph-ligated rats than in lymph-intact rats, suggesting that ibuprofen is cleared from the brain primarily via nonlymphatic routes (e.g., across the blood-brain barrier) but that this clearance is influenced by changes in lymphatic flow. For 3H-halofantrine, >73% of the dose was retained at the brain dosing site in lymph-intact and lymph-ligated groups, and plasma AUC0-8h values were low in both groups (<0.3% dose.h/mL), consistent with the high retention in the brain. It was therefore not possible to determine whether halofantrine undergoes lymphatic transport from the brain within the duration of the study. For 3H-albumin, plasma AUC0-8h values were not significantly different between lymph-intact, lymph-ligated, and lymph-cannulated rats. However, >4% of the dose was recovered in cervical lymph over 8 h. Lymph/plasma concentration ratios of 3H-albumin were also very high (up to 53:1). Together, these results indicate that 3H-albumin is transported from the brain not only via lymphatic routes but also via the blood. Similar to other tissues, the lymphatics may thus play a significant role in the transport of macromolecules, including therapeutic proteins, from the brain but are unlikely to be a major transport pathway from the brain for small molecule drugs that are not lipophilic. Our rat cervical lymph cannulation model can be used to quantify the lymphatic drainage of different molecules and factors from the brain.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo , Ibuprofeno , Ganglios Linfáticos , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Animales , Ratas , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Masculino , Ganglios Linfáticos/metabolismo , Ibuprofeno/farmacocinética , Ibuprofeno/administración & dosificación , Ibuprofeno/química , Fenantrenos/farmacocinética , Fenantrenos/química , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Transporte Biológico/fisiología , Albúminas/farmacocinética , Albúminas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Breast cancer has overtaken lung cancer as the number one cancer worldwide. Paclitaxel (PTX) is a widely used first-line anti-cancer drug, but it is not very effective in clinical breast cancer therapy. It has been reported that triptolide (TPL) can enhance the anticancer effect of paclitaxel, and better synergistic therapeutic effects are seen with concomitant administration of PTX and TPL. In this study, we developed pH-responsive polymeric micelles for co-delivery of PTX and TPL, which disassembling in acidic tumour microenvironments to target drug release and effectively kill breast cancer cells. Firstly, we synthesized amphiphilic copolymer mPEG2000-PBAE through Michael addition reaction, confirmed by various characterizations. Polymer micelles loaded with TPL and PTX (TPL/PTX-PMs) were prepared by the thin film dispersion method. The average particle size of TPL/PTX-PMs was 97.29 ± 1.63 nm, with PDI of 0.237 ± 0.003 and Zeta potential of 9.57 ± 0.80 mV, LC% was 6.19 ± 0.21%, EE% was 88.67 ± 3.06%. Carrier material biocompatibility and loaded micelle cytotoxicity were assessed using the CCK-8 method, demonstrating excellent biocompatibility. Under the same drug concentration, TPL/PTX-PMs were the most toxic to tumour cells and had the strongest proliferation inhibitory effect. Cellular uptake assays revealed that TPL/PTX-PMs significantly increased intracellular drug concentration and enhanced antitumor activity. Overall, pH-responsive micellar co-delivery of TPL and PTX is a promising approach for breast cancer therapy.
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Neoplasias de la Mama , Diterpenos , Compuestos Epoxi , Micelas , Paclitaxel , Fenantrenos , Polímeros , Diterpenos/farmacología , Diterpenos/química , Diterpenos/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Epoxi/química , Fenantrenos/química , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Paclitaxel/farmacología , Paclitaxel/administración & dosificación , Paclitaxel/uso terapéutico , Paclitaxel/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Femenino , Polímeros/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Células MCF-7 , Liberación de Fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Polietilenglicoles/química , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The incidence of gastric cancer (GC) ranks fourth among all malignant tumors worldwide, and the fatality rate ranks second among all malignant tumors. Several Chinese traditional medicines have been used in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. This study aims to investigate the effect of combinational use of natural product cryptotanshinone (CTS) with anti-cancer drug trifluorothymidine (FTD) in GC. METHODS: Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect of the combinational or separate use of FTD and CTS on the growth of HGC-27 and AGS GC cells. The combined index of FTD and CTS was calculated using CompuSyn software. To understand the mechanism, we applied flow cytometry to study the cell cycle and cell apoptosis after treatment. We also investigated the amount of FTD incorporated into the DNA by immunofluorescence assay. The expression of relevant proteins was monitored using western blot. Furthermore, the effect of using TAS-102 in combination with CTS was studied in xenograft tumor nude mice model. RESULTS: FTD and CTS inhibited the growth of GC cells in a dose-dependent manner, respectively. They both exhibited low to sub-micromolar potency in HGC-27 and AGS cells. The combination of FTD and CTS showed synergistic anticancer effect in HGC-27 cells and AGS cells. Our mechanism studies indicate that FTD could block HGC-27 cells at G2/M phase, while CTS could block HGC-27 cells at G1/G0 phase, while FTD combined with CTS could mainly block HGC-27 cells at G2 phase. FTD in combination with CTS significantly increased the apoptosis of HGC-27 cells. We observed that CTS treatment increased the incorporation of FTD into the DNA HGC-27 cell. FTD treatment activated STAT3 phosphorylation in HGC-27 cells, while CTS treatment down-regulated the concentration of p-STAT3. Interestingly, the combination of CTS and FTD reduced STAT3 phosphorylation induced by FTD. In the in vivo experiments, we observed that the combination of TAS-102 with CTS was significantly more potent than TAS-102 on tumor growth inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: FTD combined with CTS has a synergistic anti-gastric cancer effect as shown by in vitro and in vivo experiments, and the combined treatment of FTD and CTS will be a promising treatment option for advanced gastric cancer.
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Fenantrenos , Neoplasias Gástricas , Trifluridina , Humanos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Animales , Ratones , Xenoinjertos , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Trifluridina/administración & dosificación , Trifluridina/farmacología , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones Desnudos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Background: Pancreatic cancer comprises not only cancer cells but also a collection of cross-talking noncancerous cells within tumor. Therefore, selective delivery of cytotoxic agents towards cancer cells and limiting the collateral damage to tumor suppressive benign cells, such as effector lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, is of great value. Methods: Pancreatic cancer cells harbor oncogenic KRAS which induces a constitutively high level of macropinocytosis. Inspired by such uniquity, we sought to explore the targeting potential of dextran, a biomaterial presumed to be endocytosed in the macropinocytosis dependent manner. Cell entry preference, mechanism and subcellular sorting of dextran with different molecular weights were firstly examined. Triptolide (TP), a potent cytotoxin was then set as the model payload for dextran conjugation. KRAS selectivity and the therapeutic effects of dextran-conjugated TP were investigated via both in vitro cellular studies and in vivo tumor model assessment. Results: Dextran, with a specific molecular weight of 70 kDa rather than other weights, was identified as a robust KRAS-responsive intracellular delivery carrier with enhanced entry upon KRAS mutation. The 70 kDa dextran-conjugated TP (DEX-TP) displayed greater efficacy and cellular deposition efficiency towards KRAS mutant cells than KRAS wild-type cells. Treatment with DEX-TP suppressed tumor progression in KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer orthotopic mouse models with reduced toxicity and significantly extended mouse survival time. Furthermore, the conjugate attained a more favorable therapeutic outcome in the tumor immune microenvironment than the free drug, preserving the fraction of T cells and their effector cytokines. Conclusions: In summary, macropinocytic dextran was able to provide drug delivery selectivity towards KRAS mutant cancer cells and reduce tumor immunity depletion caused by the cytotoxic drug in pancreatic cancer.
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Dextranos , Diterpenos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Fenantrenos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras) , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Dextranos/administración & dosificación , Diterpenos/administración & dosificación , Diterpenos/farmacología , Compuestos Epoxi/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Epoxi/farmacología , Ratones , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Mutación , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/inmunología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/inmunología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMEN
Transient receptor potential melastatin-4 (TRPM4) is activated by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and is expressed on smooth muscle cells (SMCs). It is implicated in the myogenic constriction of cerebral arteries. We hypothesized that TRPM4 has a general role in intracellular Ca2+ signal amplification in a wide range of blood vessels. TRPM4 function was tested with the TRPM4 antagonist 9-phenanthrol and the TRPM4 activator A23187 on the cardiovascular responses of the rat, in vivo and in isolated basilar, mesenteric, and skeletal muscle arteries. TRPM4 inhibition by 9-phenanthrol resulted in hypotension and a decreased heart rate in the rat. TRPM4 inhibition completely antagonized myogenic tone development and norepinephrine-evoked vasoconstriction, and depolarization (high extracellular KCl concentration) evoked vasoconstriction in a wide range of peripheral arteries. Vasorelaxation caused by TRPM4 inhibition was accompanied by a significant decrease in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, suggesting an inhibition of Ca2+ signal amplification. Immunohistochemistry confirmed TRPM4 expression in the smooth muscle cells of the peripheral arteries. Finally, TRPM4 activation by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 was competitively inhibited by 9-phenanthrol. In summary, TRPM4 was identified as an essential Ca2+-amplifying channel in peripheral arteries, contributing to both myogenic tone and agonist responses. These results suggest an important role for TRPM4 in the circulation. The modulation of TRPM4 activity may be a therapeutic target for hypertension. Furthermore, the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 was identified as the first high-affinity (nanomolar) direct activator of TRPM4, acting on the 9-phenanthrol binding site.
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Señalización del Calcio , Canales Catiónicos TRPM/metabolismo , Vasoconstricción , Administración Intravenosa , Animales , Arterias/efectos de los fármacos , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Calcimicina/farmacología , Calcio/metabolismo , Señalización del Calcio/efectos de los fármacos , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Endotelio Vascular/fisiología , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Ionóforos/farmacología , Masculino , Desarrollo de Músculos/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/irrigación sanguínea , Músculo Liso Vascular/patología , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/efectos de los fármacos , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Norepinefrina/farmacología , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Cloruro de Potasio/farmacología , Ratas Wistar , Canales Catiónicos TRPM/agonistas , Vasoconstricción/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Cryptotanshinone (CTS) is a promising therapeutic option for pulmonary fibrosis (PF). However, clinical applications of CTS are limited owing to high photosensitivity and poor oral bioavailability. Pulmonary drug delivery, especially sustained pulmonary drug delivery, is promising for local treatment of chronic lung diseases. In this study, CTS was encapsulated in an optimized chitosan/L-leucine-based swellable microparticles (SMs) system, which exhibited an appropriate aerosolization performance, sustained release and storage stability. SMs enhanced the in vitro anti-fibrosis efficacy of CTS as shown by the improved cellular uptake. The effect of PF status on in vivo fate of the pulmonary delivered drug was also assessed. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of oral and pulmonary delivery CTS in bleomycin-induced PF rats were compared. Pulmonary delivery exhibited high drug concentrations in pulmonary lesion areas, with reduced exposure to blood and non-targeted tissues after administration at a significantly lower dose compared with oral delivery. Moreover, PF pathological status enhanced activity of SMs, implying that pulmonary delivery was highly effective for PF treatment. Compared to oral delivery, Inhaled SMs showed comparable or even better efficacies at approximately 60-fold low dose compared with oral delivery. A sustained efficacy was observed under a prolonged administration interval (corresponding to half the total dose). Inhalation safety of SMs was established, and important mechanism-related signaling pathways against PF were investigated in vitro and in vivo. In summary, the findings showed that the developed CTS-loaded sustained pulmonary delivery system is a safe and effective strategy for chronic PF treatment.
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Fenantrenos , Fibrosis Pulmonar , Factor de Transcripción STAT3 , Sirtuina 3 , Proteína smad3 , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1 , Administración por Inhalación , Animales , Bleomicina , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Fibrosis Pulmonar/inducido químicamente , Fibrosis Pulmonar/tratamiento farmacológico , Fibrosis Pulmonar/metabolismo , Ratas , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Sirtuina 3/metabolismo , Sirtuinas/metabolismo , Proteína smad3/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/metabolismoRESUMEN
Salmonids are known to be among the most sensitive fish to dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), but very little is known about the sensitivity of the brown trout (Salmo trutta), which has declined and is endangered in several countries of Europe and Western Asia. We investigated the sensitivity of brown trout larvae to a widespread dioxin-like PAH, retene (3.2 to 320 µg.L-1), compared to the larvae of a salmonid commonly used in toxicology studies, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Mortality, growth, cyp1a induction and the occurrence of deformities were measured after 15 days of exposure. Brown trout larvae showed a significantly higher mortality at 320 µg.L-1 compared to rainbow trout larvae. While the occurrence of deformities was only significantly increased at 320 µg.L-1 for the rainbow trout, brown trout larvae displayed pericardial edemas and hemorrhages already at 10 or 100 µg.L-1. cyp1a induction was increased significantly already at ≥3.2 µg.L-1 for the brown trout, versus ≥32 µg.L-1 for the rainbow trout. Least square regression analysis of the concentration-response relationships suggested that S. trutta larvae were at least 2 times more sensitive than O. mykiss larvae for cyp1a induction. The present study suggests that S. trutta larvae are more sensitive than O. mykiss larvae to a potent DLC, retene. As it is possible that S. trutta populations have declined partly because of pollution by DLCs, we recommend generating more data regarding the sensitivity of threatened fish populations, in order to ensure better risk assessment.
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Oncorhynchus mykiss , Fenantrenos/toxicidad , Salmonidae , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Hidrocarburo de Aril Hidroxilasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Hidrocarburo de Aril Hidroxilasas/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , ARN , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
White matter injury is the major pathological alteration of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD) caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. It is characterized by progressive demyelination, apoptosis of oligodendrocytes and microglial activation, which leads to impairment of cognitive function. Triptolide exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammation, immunosuppression and antitumor, etc. In this study, we investigated the effects of triptolide on white matter injury and cognitive impairments in mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by the right unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (rUCCAO). We showed that triptolide administration alleviated the demyelination, axonal injury, and oligodendrocyte loss in the mice. Triptolide also improved cognitive function in novel object recognition test and Morris water maze test. In primary oligodendrocytes following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), application of triptolide (0.001-0.1 nM) exerted concentration-dependent protection. We revealed that the protective effect of triptolide resulted from its inhibition of oligodendrocyte apoptosis via increasing the phosphorylation of the Src/Akt/GSK3ß pathway. Moreover, triptolide suppressed microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokines expression after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in mice and in BV2 microglial cells following OGD, which also contributing to its alleviation of white matter injury. Importantly, mice received triptolide at the dose of 20 µg·kg-1·d-1 did not show hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity even after chronic treatment. Thus, our results highlight that triptolide alleviates whiter matter injury induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion through direct protection against oligodendrocyte apoptosis and indirect protection by inhibition of microglial inflammation. Triptolide may have novel indication in clinic such as the treatment of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced SIVD.
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Disfunción Cognitiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Diterpenos/farmacología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Sustancia Blanca/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Disfunción Cognitiva/metabolismo , Disfunción Cognitiva/patología , Diterpenos/administración & dosificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Compuestos Epoxi/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Epoxi/farmacología , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Estructura Molecular , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sustancia Blanca/metabolismo , Sustancia Blanca/patologíaRESUMEN
The polarization of macrophages plays a critical role in the physiological and pathological progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Activated M1 macrophages overexpress folate receptors in arthritic joints. Hence, we developed folic acid (FA)-modified liposomes (FA-Lips) to encapsulate triptolide (TP) (FA-Lips/TP) for the targeted therapy of RA. FA-Lips exhibited significantly higher internalization efficiency in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells than liposomes (Lips) in the absence of folate. Next, an adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model was established to explore the biodistribution profiles of FA-Lips which showed markedly selective accumulation in inflammatory paws. Moreover, FA-Lips/TP exhibited greatly improved therapeutic efficacy and low toxicity in AIA rats by targeting M1 macrophages and repolarizing macrophages from M1 to M2 subtypes. Overall, a safe FA-modified liposomal delivery system encapsulating TP was shown to achieve inflammation-targeted therapy against RA via macrophage repolarization.
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Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diterpenos/uso terapéutico , Ácido Fólico/uso terapéutico , Liposomas/química , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Fenantrenos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Artritis Reumatoide/patología , Química Farmacéutica , Citocinas/efectos de los fármacos , Diterpenos/administración & dosificación , Diterpenos/efectos adversos , Diterpenos/farmacología , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Liberación de Fármacos , Compuestos Epoxi/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Epoxi/efectos adversos , Compuestos Epoxi/farmacología , Compuestos Epoxi/uso terapéutico , Ácido Fólico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Fólico/efectos adversos , Ácido Fólico/farmacología , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Masculino , Ratones , Fenantrenos/administración & dosificación , Fenantrenos/efectos adversos , Fenantrenos/farmacología , Células RAW 264.7 , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
To investigate the first-line treatment of recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma treprimcab combined with chemotherapy. From January 2019 to January 2020, 48 patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (RNPC) were treated in our hospital. According to the method of the random number, 24 patients were divided into the combined group and the Control Group. The patients in the combined group were given the Combined Treatment of triptolide and chemotherapy. While the Control Group only received chemotherapy. The therapeutic effects and adverse reactions of the two groups were compared, the levels of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) were measured before and after treatment. The total effective rate of the combined group was 79.17% higher than that of the control group (62.50%). The total effective rate of the two groups was statistically significant (P & Lt; 0.05). The incidence of grade i/ii adverse reaction in the control group was lower than that in the combined group, such as nausea and vomiting, oral mucositis, Leukopenia, liver and kidney function damage, central granulocyte count reduction, anaemia adverse reaction. The incidence of grade iii/iv Adr in the control group was higher than that in the combined group. The incidence of grade i/ii Adr in the thrombocytopenia group was higher than that in the combined group, and the incidence of grade iii/iv Adr in the control group was lower than that in the combined group. The side effects of nausea and vomiting and oral mucositis in the control group and the combined group were statistically significant (P & Lt; 0.05). There was no significant difference between the control group and the combined group in the incidence of Leukopenia, liver and kidney injury, neutrophil, anaemia and Thrombocytopenia (P & GT; 0.05). The level of CD4 + / CD8 + in control group and combined group before treatment was higher than that after treatment (P & Lt; 0.05). The quality of life of the combined group was 91.67% higher than that of the control group (70.83%). The quality of life of the control group was significantly higher than that of the combined group (P & Lt; 0.05). The levels of CEA and CA19-9 in the two groups after treatment were lower than those before treatment, and the levels of CEA and CA19-9 in the combined group were lower than those in the control group (P & Lt; 0.05). The first-line treatment of recurrent nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with triprimmab combined with chemotherapy has a good clinical effect and has a broad clinical research prospect.