RESUMEN
Secreted signaling peptides are central regulators of growth, development, and stress responses, but specific steps in the evolution of these peptides and their receptors are not well understood. Also, the molecular mechanisms of peptide-receptor binding are only known for a few examples, primarily owing to the limited availability of protein structural determination capabilities to few laboratories worldwide. Plants have evolved a multitude of secreted signaling peptides and corresponding transmembrane receptors. Stress-responsive SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES (SCOOPs) were recently identified. Bioactive SCOOPs are proteolytically processed by subtilases and are perceived by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. How SCOOPs and MIK2 have (co)evolved, and how SCOOPs bind to MIK2 are unknown. Using in silico analysis of 350 plant genomes and subsequent functional testing, we revealed the conservation of MIK2 as SCOOP receptor within the plant order Brassicales. We then leveraged AI-based structural modeling and comparative genomics to identify two conserved putative SCOOP-MIK2 binding pockets across Brassicales MIK2 homologues predicted to interact with the "SxS" motif of otherwise sequence-divergent SCOOPs. Mutagenesis of both predicted binding pockets compromised SCOOP binding to MIK2, SCOOP-induced complex formation between MIK2 and its coreceptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1, and SCOOP-induced reactive oxygen species production, thus, confirming our in silico predictions. Collectively, in addition to revealing the elusive SCOOP-MIK2 binding mechanism, our analytic pipeline combining phylogenomics, AI-based structural predictions, and experimental biochemical and physiological validation provides a blueprint for the elucidation of peptide ligand-receptor perception mechanisms.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/química , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Ligandos , Unión Proteica , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , Péptidos/metabolismo , Péptidos/química , Evolución Molecular , Modelos Moleculares , Transducción de Señal , FosfotransferasasRESUMEN
The articles in this special issue highlight how modern cellular, biochemical, biophysical and computational techniques are allowing deeper and more detailed studies of allosteric kinase regulation.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Quinasas , Regulación Alostérica , Humanos , Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas/química , Proteínas Quinasas/genética , Fosfotransferasas/metabolismo , Fosfotransferasas/químicaRESUMEN
Extracellular ATP (eATP) orchestrates vital processes in plants, akin to its role in animals. P2K1 is a crucial receptor mediating eATP effects. Immunoprecipitation tandem mass spectrometry data highlighted FERONIA's significant interaction with P2K1, driving us to explore its role in eATP signaling. Here, we investigated putative P2K1-interactor, FERONIA, which is a versatile receptor kinase pivotal in growth and stress responses. We employed a FERONIA loss-of-function mutant, fer-4, to dissect its effects on eATP signaling. Interestingly, fer-4 showed distinct calcium responses compared to wild type, while eATP-responsive genes were constitutively upregulated in fer-4. Additionally, fer-4 displayed insensitivity to eATP-regulated root growth and reduced cell wall accumulation. Together, these results uncover a role for FERONIA in regulating eATP signaling. Overall, our study deepens our understanding of eATP signaling, revealing the intricate interplay between P2K1 and FERONIA impacting the interface between growth and defense.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Raíces de Plantas , Transducción de Señal , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Fosfotransferasas , Proteínas Serina-Treonina QuinasasRESUMEN
Stroke is a significant public health issue, and research has consistently focused on studying the mechanisms of injury and identifying new targets. As a CDK5 activator, p39 plays a crucial role in various diseases. In this article, we will explore the role and mechanism of p39 in cerebral ischemic injury. We measured the level of p39 using western blot and QPCR at various time points following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The results indicated a significant reduction in the level of p39. TTC staining and behavioral results indicate that the knockout of p39 (p39KO) provides neuroprotection in the short-term. Interestingly, the behavioral dysfunction in p39KO mice was exacerbated after the repair phase of I/R. Further study revealed that this deterioration may be due to demyelination induced by elevated p35 levels. In summary, our study offers profound insights into the significance of p39 in both the acute and repair stages of ischemic injury recovery and a theoretical foundation for future therapeutic drug exploration.
Asunto(s)
Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Vaina de Mielina , Daño por Reperfusión , Animales , Masculino , Ratones , Isquemia Encefálica/genética , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/patología , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/genética , Infarto de la Arteria Cerebral Media/patología , Fosfotransferasas , Daño por Reperfusión/metabolismo , Daño por Reperfusión/patologíaRESUMEN
Drug discovery pipelines nowadays rely on machine learning models to explore and evaluate large chemical spaces. While including 3D structural information is considered beneficial, structural models are hindered by the availability of protein-ligand complex structures. Exemplified for kinase drug discovery, we address this issue by generating kinase-ligand complex data using template docking for the kinase compound subset of available ChEMBL assay data. To evaluate the benefit of the created complex data, we use it to train a structure-based E(3)-invariant graph neural network. Our evaluation shows that binding affinities can be predicted with significantly higher precision by models that take synthetic binding poses into account compared to ligand- or drug-target interaction models alone.
Asunto(s)
Aprendizaje Automático , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Ligandos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Redes Neurales de la Computación , Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas/química , Descubrimiento de Drogas/métodos , Unión Proteica , Conformación Proteica , Fosfotransferasas/metabolismo , Fosfotransferasas/química , Fosfotransferasas/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
The phytohormone auxin plays a pivotal role in governing plant growth and development. Although the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFB) receptors function in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, the mechanism governing the distribution of TIR1/AFBs between these cellular compartments remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that auxin-mediated oxidation of TIR1/AFB2 is essential for their targeting to the nucleus. We showed that small active molecules, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), are indispensable for the nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution of TIR1/AFB2 in trichoblasts and root hairs. Further studies revealed that this process is regulated by the FERONIA receptor kinase-NADPH oxidase signaling pathway. Interestingly, ROS and NO initiate oxidative modifications in TIR1C140/516 and AFB2C135/511, facilitating their subsequent nuclear import. The oxidized forms of TIR1C140/516 and AFB2C135/511 play a crucial role in enhancing the function of TIR1 and AFB2 in transcriptional auxin responses. Collectively, our study reveals a novel mechanism by which auxin stimulates the transport of TIR1/AFB2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, orchestrated by the FERONIA-ROS signaling pathway.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Proteínas F-Box , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Oxidación-Reducción , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas , Transducción de Señal , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas F-Box/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fosfotransferasas/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Receptores de Superficie Celular/metabolismoRESUMEN
U47 phosphorylation (Up47) is a novel tRNA modification discovered recently; it can confer thermal stability and nuclease resistance to tRNAs. U47 phosphorylation is catalyzed by Archaeal RNA kinase (Ark1) in an ATP-dependent manner. However, the structural basis for tRNA and/or ATP binding by Ark1 is unclear. Here, we report the expression, purification, and crystallization studies of Ark1 from G. acetivorans (GaArk1). In addition to the Apo-form structure, one GaArk1-ATP complex was also determined in atomic resolution and revealed the detailed basis for ATP binding by GaArk1. The GaArk1-ATP complex represents the only ATP-bound structure of the Ark1 protein. The majority of the ATP-binding residues are conserved, suggesting that GaArk1 and the homologous proteins share similar mechanism in ATP binding. Sequence and structural analysis further indicated that endogenous guanosine will only inhibit the activities of certain Ark1 proteins, such as Ark1 from T. kodakarensis.
Asunto(s)
Archaeoglobus , Modelos Moleculares , Fosfotransferasas , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Proteínas Arqueales/química , Proteínas Arqueales/metabolismo , Proteínas Arqueales/genética , Sitios de Unión , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Unión Proteica , Conformación Proteica , Archaeoglobus/enzimología , Fosfotransferasas/químicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical phenotype and genetic etiology of a child with Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 1 (MCAHS1). METHODS: Clinical data of a 2-year-old boy who had presented at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University in March 2023 for "intermittent limb twitching for 2 years" was collected. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the child and his parents for whole-exome sequencing (WES). Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). RESULTS: The child had manifested with distinctive facial features, limb deformities, hypotonia, motor and intellectual delays, and epileptic seizures. WES revealed that he has harbored compound heterozygous variants of the PIGN gene, namely c.963G>A (p.Q321=) and c.994A>T (p.I332F), which were inherited from his phenotypically normal mother and father, respectively. Based on the ACMG guidelines, the c.963G>A was classified as a pathogenic variant (PVS1+PM2_Supporting+PM3), whilst the c.994A>T was classified as a variant of uncertain significance (PM2_Supporting+PP3). CONCLUSION: Above discovery has expanded the mutational spectrum of the PIGN gene variants associated with MCAHS1, which may facilitate delineation of its genotype-phenotype correlation.
Asunto(s)
Anomalías Múltiples , Secuenciación del Exoma , Hipotonía Muscular , Fosfotransferasas , Humanos , Masculino , Preescolar , Hipotonía Muscular/genética , Anomalías Múltiples/genética , Convulsiones/genética , Mutación , Fenotipo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Pruebas Genéticas , Discapacidad Intelectual/genéticaRESUMEN
The authors' previous research has shown the pivotal roles of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and its regulatory protein p35 in nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation of sympathetic neurons in PC12 cells. During the process of differentiation, neurons are susceptible to environmental influences, including the effects of drugs. Metformin is commonly used in the treatment of diabetes and its associated symptoms, particularly in diabetic neuropathy, which is characterized by dysregulation of the sympathetic neurons. However, the impacts of metformin on sympathetic neuronal differentiation remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the impact of metformin on NGF-induced sympathetic neuronal differentiation using rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells as a model. We examined the regulation of TrkA-p35/CDK5 signaling in NGF-induced PC12 differentiation. Our results demonstrate that metformin reduces NGF-induced PC12 differentiation by inactivating the TrkA receptor, subsequently inhibiting ERK and EGR1. Inhibition of this cascade ultimately leads to the downregulation of p35/CDK5 in PC12 cells. Furthermore, metformin inhibits the activation of the presynaptic protein Synapsin-I, a substrate of CDK5, in PC12 differentiation. In addition, metformin alters axonal and synaptic bouton formation by inhibiting p35 at both the axons and axon terminals in fully differentiated PC12 cells. In summary, our study elucidates that metformin inhibits sympathetic neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells by disrupting TrkA/ERK/EGR1 and p35/CDK5 signaling. This research contributes to uncovering a novel signaling mechanism in drug response during sympathetic neuronal differentiation, enhancing our understanding of the intricate molecular processes governing this critical aspect of neurodevelopment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study unveils a novel mechanism influenced by metformin during sympathetic neuronal differentiation. By elucidating its inhibitory effects from the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor, TrkA, to the p35/CDK5 signaling pathways, we advance our understanding of metformin's mechanisms of action and emphasize its potential significance in the context of drug responses during sympathetic neuronal differentiation.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular , Quinasa 5 Dependiente de la Ciclina , Metformina , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso , Neuronas , Receptor trkA , Animales , Metformina/farmacología , Ratas , Células PC12 , Quinasa 5 Dependiente de la Ciclina/metabolismo , Quinasa 5 Dependiente de la Ciclina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso/farmacología , Receptor trkA/metabolismo , Receptor trkA/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Neurogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína 1 de la Respuesta de Crecimiento Precoz/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de la Respuesta de Crecimiento Precoz/genética , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , FosfotransferasasRESUMEN
Human kinases play essential and diverse roles in the cellular activities of maintaining homeostasis and growth. Genetic mutations in the genes encoding the kinases (or phosphotransferases) have been linked with various types of cancers. In this study, we cataloged mutations in 500 kinases genes in >65,000 individuals of global populations from the Human Genetic Diversity Project (HGDP) and ExAC databases, and assessed their potentially deleterious impact by using the in silico tools SIFT, Polyphen2, and CADD. The analysis highlighted 35 deleterious non-synonymous SNVs in the ExAC and 5 SNVs in the HGDP project. Notably, a higher number of deleterious mutations was observed in the Non-Finnish Europeans (26 SNVs), followed by the Africans (14 SNVs), East Asians (13 SNVs), and South Asians (12 SNVs). The gene set enrichment analysis highlighted NTRK1 and FGFR3 being most significantly enriched among the kinases. The gene expression analysis revealed over-expression of NTRK1 in liver cancer, whereas, FGFR3 was found over-expressed in lung, breast, and liver cancers compared to their expression in the respective normal tissues. Also, 13 potential drugs were identified that target the NTRK1 protein, whereas 6 potential drugs for the FGFR3 target were identified. Taken together, the study provides a framework for exploring the predisposing germline mutations in kinases to suggest the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in cancers. The potential drugs are also suggested for personalized cancer management.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias , Humanos , Neoplasias/genética , Mutación , Mutación de Línea Germinal , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Fosfotransferasas/genéticaRESUMEN
Plants live in a highly dynamic environment and require to rapidly respond to a plethora of environmental stimuli, so that to maintain their optimal growth and development. A small plant peptide, rapid alkalization factor (RALF), can rapidly increase the pH value of the extracellular matrix in plant cells. RALFs always function with its corresponding receptors. Mechanistically, effective amount of RALF is induced and released at the critical period of plant growth and development or under different external environmental factors. Recent studies also highlighted the role of RALF peptides as important regulators in plant intercellular communications, as well as their operation in signal perception and as ligands for different receptor kinases on the surface of the plasma membrane, to integrate various environmental cues. In this context, understanding the fine-print of above processes may be essential to solve the problems of crop adaptation to various harsh environments under current climate trends scenarios, by genetic means. This paper summarizes the current knowledge about the structure and diversity of RALF peptides and their roles in plant development and response to stresses, highlighting unanswered questions and problems to be solved.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Plantas , Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas/genética , Plantas/metabolismo , Péptidos , Fosfotransferasas/metabolismo , Desarrollo de la PlantaRESUMEN
Thousand and one amino acid kinase 1 (TAOK1) is a sterile 20 family Serine/Threonine kinase linked to microtubule dynamics, checkpoint signaling, DNA damage response, and neurological functions. Molecular-level alterations of TAOK1 have been associated with neurodevelopment disorders and cancers. Despite their known involvement in physiological and pathophysiological processes, and as a core member of the hippo signaling pathway, the phosphoregulatory network of TAOK1 has not been visualized. Aimed to explore this network, we first analyzed the predominantly detected and differentially regulated TAOK1 phosphosites in global phosphoproteome datasets across diverse experimental conditions. Based on 709 qualitative and 210 quantitative differential cellular phosphoproteome datasets that were systematically assembled, we identified that phosphorylation at Ser421, Ser9, Ser965, and Ser445 predominantly represented TAOK1 in almost 75% of these datasets. Surprisingly, the functional role of all these phosphosites in TAOK1 remains unexplored. Hence, we employed a robust strategy to extract the phosphosites in proteins that significantly correlated in expression with predominant TAOK1 phosphosites. This led to the first categorization of the phosphosites including those in the currently known and predicted interactors, kinases, and substrates, that positively/negatively correlated with the expression status of each predominant TAOK1 phosphosites. Subsequently, we also analyzed the phosphosites in core proteins of the hippo signaling pathway. Based on the TAOK1 phosphoregulatory network analysis, we inferred the potential role of the predominant TAOK1 phosphosites. Especially, we propose pSer9 as an autophosphorylation and TAOK1 kinase activity-associated phosphosite and pS421, the most frequently detected phosphosite in TAOK1, as a significant regulatory phosphosite involved in the maintenance of genome integrity. Considering that the impact of all phosphosites that predominantly represent each kinase is essential for the efficient interpretation of global phosphoproteome datasets, we believe that the approach undertaken in this study is suitable to be extended to other kinases for accelerated research.
Asunto(s)
Fosfotransferasas , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas , Fosfotransferasas/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Ubiquitin modifications alter protein function and stability, thereby regulating cell homeostasis and viability, particularly under stress. Ischemic stroke induces protein ubiquitination at the ischemic periphery, wherein cells remain viable, however the identity of ubiquitinated proteins is unknown. Here, we employed a proteomics approach to identify these proteins in mice undergoing ischemic stroke. The data are available in a searchable web interface ( https://hochrainerlab.shinyapps.io/StrokeUbiOmics/ ). We detected increased ubiquitination of 198 proteins, many of which localize to the postsynaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic neurons. Among these were proteins essential for maintaining PSD architecture, such as PSD95, as well as NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits. The largest enzymatic group at the PSD with elevated post-ischemic ubiquitination were kinases, such as CaMKII, PKC, Cdk5, and Pyk2, whose aberrant activities are well-known to contribute to post-ischemic neuronal death. Concurrent phospho-proteomics revealed altered PSD-associated phosphorylation patterns, indicative of modified kinase activities following stroke. PSD-located CaMKII, PKC, and Cdk5 activities were decreased while Pyk2 activity was increased after stroke. Removal of ubiquitin restored kinase activities to pre-stroke levels, identifying ubiquitination as the responsible molecular mechanism for post-ischemic kinase regulation. These findings unveil a previously unrecognized role of ubiquitination in the regulation of essential kinases involved in ischemic injury.
Asunto(s)
Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico , Accidente Cerebrovascular , Ratones , Animales , Homólogo 4 de la Proteína Discs Large , Proteína Quinasa Tipo 2 Dependiente de Calcio Calmodulina , Quinasa 2 de Adhesión Focal , Densidad Postsináptica , Fosfotransferasas , Ubiquitinación , Isquemia , UbiquitinaRESUMEN
Deep learning is a machine learning technique to model high-level abstractions in data by utilizing a graph composed of multiple processing layers that experience various linear and non-linear transformations. This technique has been shown to perform well for applications in drug discovery, utilizing structural features of small molecules to predict activity. Here, we report a large-scale study to predict the activity of small molecules across the human kinome-a major family of drug targets, particularly in anti-cancer agents. While small-molecule kinase inhibitors exhibit impressive clinical efficacy in several different diseases, resistance often arises through adaptive kinome reprogramming or subpopulation diversity. Polypharmacology and combination therapies offer potential therapeutic strategies for patients with resistant diseases. Their development would benefit from a more comprehensive and dense knowledge of small-molecule inhibition across the human kinome. Leveraging over 650,000 bioactivity annotations for more than 300,000 small molecules, we evaluated multiple machine learning methods to predict the small-molecule inhibition of 342 kinases across the human kinome. Our results demonstrated that multi-task deep neural networks outperformed classical single-task methods, offering the potential for conducting large-scale virtual screening, predicting activity profiles, and bridging the gaps in the available data.
Asunto(s)
Aprendizaje Profundo , Humanos , Fosfotransferasas , Descubrimiento de Drogas/métodos , Polifarmacología , Aprendizaje AutomáticoRESUMEN
In staple crops, such as rice (Oryza sativa L.), pollen plays a crucial role in seed production. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying rice pollen germination and tube growth remain underexplored. Notably, we recently uncovered the redundant expression and mutual interaction of two rice genes encoding cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs), OsCNGC4 and OsCNGC5, in mature pollen. Building on these findings, the current study focused on clarifying the functional roles of these two genes in pollen germination and tube growth. To overcome functional redundancy, we produced gene-edited rice plants with mutations in both genes using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The resulting homozygous OsCNGC4 and OsCNGC5 gene-edited mutants (oscngc4/5) exhibited significantly lower pollen germination rates than the wild type (WT), along with severely reduced fertility. Transcriptome analysis of the double oscngc4/5 mutant revealed downregulation of genes related to receptor kinases, transporters, and cell wall metabolism. To identify the direct regulators of OsCNGC4, which form a heterodimer with OsCNGC5, we screened a yeast two-hybrid library containing rice cDNAs from mature anthers. Subsequently, we identified two calmodulin isoforms (CaM1-1 and CaM1-2), NETWORKED 2 A (NET2A), and proline-rich extension-like receptor kinase 13 (PERK13) proteins as interactors of OsCNGC4, suggesting its roles in regulating Ca2+ channel activity and F-actin organization. Overall, our results suggest that OsCNGC4 and OsCNGC5 may play critical roles in pollen germination and elongation by regulating the Ca2+ gradient in growing pollen tubes.
Asunto(s)
Oryza , Oryza/fisiología , Canales Catiónicos Regulados por Nucleótidos Cíclicos/genética , Germinación/genética , Polen/metabolismo , Tubo Polínico/genética , Calmodulina/genética , Calmodulina/metabolismo , Fosfotransferasas , Nucleótidos Cíclicos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Family with sequence similarity 20, member A (FAM20A) is a pseudo-kinase in the secretory pathway and is essential for enamel formation in humans. Here we examine if FAM20A is a membrane-associated protein. We show that the full-length FAM20A can be purified from HEK293 cells transfected with a FAM20A-expresing construct. Further, it is only found in the membrane fraction, but not in the soluble fraction, of cell lysate. Consistently, it is not secreted out of the expressing cells. Moreover, it is co-localized with GM130, a cis-Golgi network marker, and membrane topology analysis indicates that it has its C-terminus oriented towards the lumen of the organelle. Our results support that FAM20A is a Type II transmembrane protein within the secretory compartments.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas del Esmalte Dental , Proteínas de la Membrana , Humanos , Células HEK293 , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Fosfotransferasas/metabolismo , Aparato de Golgi/metabolismo , Proteínas del Esmalte Dental/metabolismoRESUMEN
Initially identified as a key regulator of female fertility in Arabidopsis, the FERONIA (FER) receptor kinase is now recognized as crucial for almost all aspects of plant growth and survival. FER partners with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein of the LLG family to act as coreceptors on the cell surface. The FER-LLG coreceptor interacts with different RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptide ligands to function in various growth and developmental processes and to respond to challenges from the environment. The RALF-FER-LLG signaling modules interact with molecules in the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus and mediate an interwoven signaling network. Multiple FER-LLG modules, each anchored by FER or a FER-related receptor kinase, have been studied, illustrating the functional diversity and the mechanistic complexity of the FER family signaling modules. The challenges going forward are to distill from this complexity the unifying schemes where possible and attain precision and refinement in the knowledge of critical details upon which future investigations can be built. By focusing on the extensively characterized FER, this review provides foundational information to guide the next phase of research on FER in model as well as crop species and potential applications for improving plant growth and resilience.
Asunto(s)
Transducción de Señal , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Fosfotransferasas/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/enzimología , Arabidopsis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/fisiología , Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas/fisiología , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina QuinasasRESUMEN
The plant rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) peptides function as key regulators in cell growth and immune responses through the receptor kinase FERONIA (FER). In this study, we report that the transcription factor FgPacC binds directly to the promoter of FgRALF gene, which encodes a functional homologue of the plant RALF peptides from the wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum (FgRALF). More importantly, FgPacC promotes fungal infection via host immune suppression by activating the expression of FgRALF. The FgRALF peptide also exhibited typical activities of plant RALF functions, such as inducing plant alkalinization and inhibiting cell growth, including wheat (Triticum aestivum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Arabidopsis thaliana. We further identified the wheat receptor kinase FERONIA (TaFER), which is capable of restoring the defects of the A. thaliana FER mutant. In addition, we found that FgRALF peptide binds to the extracellular malectin-like domain (ECD) of TaFER (TaFERECD) to suppress the PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and cell growth. Overexpression of TaFERECD in A. thaliana confers plant resistance to F. graminearum and protects from FgRALF-induced cell growth inhibition. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the fungal pathogen-secreted RALF mimic suppresses host immunity and inhibits cell growth via plant FER receptor. This establishes a novel pathway for the development of disease-resistant crops in the future without compromising their yield potential.
Asunto(s)
Arabidopsis , Fusarium , Inmunidad de la Planta , Arabidopsis/inmunología , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/microbiología , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/inmunología , Triticum/microbiología , Triticum/genética , Triticum/inmunología , Triticum/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Fosfotransferasas/metabolismo , Fosfotransferasas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/inmunología , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina QuinasasRESUMEN
Artificial insemination (AI) technology has greatly promoted the development of the chicken industry. Recently, AI technology has also begun to be used in the duck industry, but there are some problems. Numerous researchers have shown that microbes colonizing in semen can degrade semen quality, and AI can increase the harmful microbial load in hen's reproductive tract. Different from the degraded external genitalia of roosters, drakes have well-developed external genitalia, which may cause drake semen to be more susceptible to microbial contamination. However, information on the compositions, sources, and effects of semen microbes on semen quality remains unknown in drakes. In the current study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to detect microbial communities in drake semen, environmental swabs, cloacal swabs, and the spermaduct after quantifying the semen quality of drakes to investigate the effects of microbes in the environment, cloaca, and spermaduct on semen microbiota and the relationships between semen microbes and semen quality. Taxonomic analysis showed that the microbes in the semen, environment, cloaca, and spermaduct samples were all classified into 4 phyla and 25 genera. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla. Phyllobacterium only existed in the environment, while Marinococcus did not exist in the cloaca. Of the 24 genera present in semen: Brachybacterium, Brochothrix, Chryseobacterium, Kocuria, Marinococcus, Micrococcus, Rothia, Salinicoccus, and Staphylococcus originated from the environment; Achromobacter, Aerococcus, Corynebacterium, Desemzia, Enterococcus, Jeotgalicoccus, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, and Turicibacter originated from the cloaca; and Agrobacterium, Carnobacterium, Chelativorans, Devosia, Halomonas, and Oceanicaulis originated from the spermaduct. In addition, K-means clustering analysis showed that semen samples could be divided into 2 clusters based on microbial compositions, and compared with cluster 1, the counts of Chelativorans (P < 0.05), Devosia (P < 0.01), Halomonas (P < 0.05), and Oceanicaulis (P < 0.05) were higher in cluster 2, while the sperm viability (P < 0.05), total sperm number (P < 0.01), and semen quality factor (SQF) (P < 0.01) were lower in cluster 2. Furthermore, functional prediction analysis of microbes showed that the activities of starch and sucrose metabolism, phosphotransferase system, ABC transporters, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, and quorum sensing pathways between cluster 1 and cluster 2 were significantly different (P < 0.05). Overall, environmental/cloacal microbes resulted in semen contamination, and microbes from the Chelativorans, Devosia, Halomonas, and Oceanicaulis genera may have negative effects on semen quality in drakes by affecting the activities of starch and sucrose metabolism, phosphotransferase system, ABC transporters, and quorum sensing pathways that are associated with carbohydrate metabolism. These data will provide a basis for developing strategies to prevent microbial contamination of drake semen.
Asunto(s)
Pollos , Análisis de Semen , Masculino , Animales , Femenino , Análisis de Semen/veterinaria , Semillas , Transportadoras de Casetes de Unión a ATP , Fosfotransferasas , Almidón , SacarosaRESUMEN
Symbiosis receptor-like kinase SYMRK is required for root nodule symbiosis between legume plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. To understand symbiotic signaling from SYMRK, we determined the crystal structure to 1.95 Å and mapped the phosphorylation sites onto the intracellular domain. We identified four serine residues in a conserved "alpha-I" motif, located on the border between the kinase core domain and the flexible C-terminal tail, that, when phosphorylated, drives organogenesis. Substituting the four serines with alanines abolished symbiotic signaling, while substituting them with phosphorylation-mimicking aspartates induced the formation of spontaneous nodules in the absence of bacteria. These findings show that the signaling pathway controlling root nodule organogenesis is mediated by SYMRK phosphorylation, which may help when engineering this trait into non-legume plants.