RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: We quantified the linear trend in combustible tobacco smoking among adolescents in the United States from 2014 to 2020, and then compared these trends across racial and ethnic categories. We also tested the effect of e-cigarette use on these trends for all-youth and across racial and ethnic categories. AIMS AND METHODS: We pooled and analyzed seven years of National Youth Tobacco Survey data for nâ =â 124 151 middle and high school students from 2014 to 2020. Weighted logistic regression analyses calculated the annual change in combustible tobacco smoking (ie cigarettes, cigars, and hookah) from 2014 to 2020. Stratified analyses examined linear trends for non-Hispanic White (NHW), NH-Black (NHB), Hispanic/Latino, and NH-Other (NHO) youth. All-models controlled for sex, grade level, and past 30-day e-cigarette use. RESULTS: Combustible tobacco smoking from 2014 to 2020 dropped by more than 50% for NHW youth, more than 40% for Latino and NHO youth, compared to just 16% among NHB youth. From 2014 to 2020, the odds of combustible tobacco smoking declined by 21.5% per year for NHWs, which was significantly greater than Hispanic/Latinos (17% per year; pâ =â .025), NHOs (15.4% per year; pâ =â .01), and NHBs (5.1% per year; pâ <â .001), adjusting for sex, grade, and e-cigarette use. Trends and disparities in trends by race and ethnicity were observed independent of e-cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS: Combustible tobacco smoking declined for all-youth but at significantly different rates across races and ethnicities. Notably, declines in combustible tobacco smoking are lagging among NHB youth. Interventions are critically needed to address this disparity. IMPLICATIONS: A direct, evidence-based intervention to reduce combustible tobacco smoking among NHB youth is critically needed. Such tobacco control initiatives should follow the Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Framework, incorporating sustainable funding for school-based intervention, public health education, and adult cessation.
Asunto(s)
Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Adolescente , Masculino , Femenino , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar Tabaco/tendencias , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Fumar Tabaco/epidemiología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Tobacco smoking is classified as carcinogenic to humans (International Agency for Research on Cancer Group 1). We aimed to estimate the percentage and number of incident cancer cases diagnosed in Texas in 2015 that were attributable to tobacco smoking, and we examined differences in the proportions of smoking-attributable cancers between the major racial/ethnic subgroups of the population. METHODS: We calculated population-attributable fractions for cancers attributable to tobacco smoking using prevalence data from the Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and relative risks associated with smoking status from pooled analyses of cohort studies or meta-analyses. Cancer incidence data were collected from the Texas Cancer Registry. RESULTS: We estimated that 19,000 excess cancer cases or 18.4% of all cancers diagnosed in 2015 in Texans aged ≥ 25 years were caused by tobacco smoking. Males had a higher overall proportion of cancers attributable to tobacco smoking than females (male, 23.3%, 11,993 excess cases; female, 13.5%, 7,006 cases). Approximately 20% of cancer cases in non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks were attributable to tobacco smoking compared to 12.8% among Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS: Despite ongoing public health campaigns combatting tobacco use, this preventable behavior still contributes significantly to cancer incidence in Texas. Racial/ethnic differences in smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable cancer incidence should be considered when designing cancer prevention programs.
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Neoplasias/etnología , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias/etiología , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Sistema de Registros , Factores de Riesgo , Texas/epidemiología , Fumar Tabaco/efectos adversos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that tobacco smoking, a well-known driver of carcinogenesis, influences the gut microbiome; however, these relationships remain understudied in diverse populations. Thus, we performed an analysis of smoking and the gut microbiome in a subset of 803 adults from the multi-ethnic NYU FAMiLI study. METHODS: We assessed fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and clustered samples into Amplicon Sequence Variants using QIIME2. We evaluated inferred microbial pathway abundance using PICRUSt. We compared population ß-diversity, and relative taxonomic and functional pathway abundance, between never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers. RESULTS: We found that the overall composition of the fecal microbiome in former and current smokers differs significantly from that of never smokers. The taxa Prevotella and Veillonellaceae were enriched in current and former smokers, whereas the taxa Lachnospira and Tenericutes were depleted, relative to never smokers. These shifts were consistent across racial and ethnic subgroups. Relative to never smokers, the abundance of taxa enriched in current smokers were positively correlated with the imputed abundance of pathways involving smoking-associated toxin breakdown and response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest common mechanisms of smoking associated microbial change across racial subgroups, regardless of initial microbiome composition. The correlation of these differentials with ROS exposure pathways may suggest a role for these taxa in the known association between smoking, ROS and carcinogenesis. IMPACT: Smoking shifts in the microbiome may be independent of initial composition, stimulating further studies on the microbiome in carcinogenesis and cancer prevention.
Asunto(s)
Carcinogénesis/inmunología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Fumar Tabaco/efectos adversos , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Asiático/estadística & datos numéricos , Ex-Fumadores/estadística & datos numéricos , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias/etiología , Fumadores/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Fumar Tabaco/inmunología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
SETTING: The Indigenous Tobacco Program (ITP) operated by the Indigenous Cancer Care Unit at Cancer Care Ontario provides customized tobacco prevention workshops to First Nations youth across Ontario, in partnership with First Nations communities and partner organizations. INTERVENTION: First Nations youth in Canada are more likely than non-Indigenous youth to be smokers. The ITP aims to address the negative health impacts of commercial tobacco, using culturally relevant approaches, tools and resources while remaining respectful to the significance of sacred tobacco. This paper aims to determine whether a culturally tailored tobacco prevention workshop increases tobacco-related knowledge among First Nations youth in Ontario. OUTCOMES: The workshops exhibited promise in impacting First Nations youth knowledge on the harms of commercial tobacco, as after the workshop intervention, all indicators showed improved knowledge. Building strong and ongoing relationships with communities and partner organizations is vital to the success of the program. IMPLICATIONS: Culturally tailored workshops grounded in traditional knowledge and values provide an opportunity to increase the knowledge of the harms of commercial tobacco among First Nations youth in Ontario. With commercial tobacco use and exposure having tremendous health consequences, such interventions are essential.
RéSUMé: CADRE: Le Programme pour la lutte contre le tabagisme chez les peuples autochtones (PLTPA) administré par l'Unité des soins de cancérologie chez les peuples autochtones à Cancer Care Ontario dispense des ateliers personnalisés de prévention du tabagisme aux jeunes Autochtones dans tout l'Ontario, en partenariat avec les communautés et organismes partenaires des Premières Nations. INTERVENTION: Les jeunes des Premières Nations canadiennes sont plus susceptibles de fumer que les jeunes non autochtones. Le PLTPA vise à remédier aux effets négatifs sur la santé du tabac commercial à l'aide d'approches, d'outils et de ressources pertinents sur le plan culturel, tout en demeurant respectueux de l'importance du tabac sacré. Cet article vise à déterminer si un atelier de prévention adapté sur le plan culturel permet d'accroître les connaissances relatives au tabac parmi les jeunes des Premières Nations de l'Ontario. RéSULTATS: Les ateliers ont eu des répercussions prometteuses sur les connaissances des jeunes des Premières Nations ayant trait aux effets néfastes du tabac commercial, puisqu'à la suite de l'atelier d'intervention, tous les indicateurs dénotaient une amélioration des connaissances à ce sujet. L'entretien de relations solides et continues avec les communautés et organismes partenaires est essentiel à la réussite du programme. IMPLICATIONS: Les ateliers culturellement adaptés et fondés sur des connaissances et des valeurs traditionnelles permettent d'accroître les connaissances des jeunes des Premières Nations ontariennes ayant trait aux effets néfastes du tabac commercial. Au vu des impacts énormes sur la santé, liés à la consommation de tabac commercial et à l'exposition à celui-ci, de telles interventions sont essentielles.
Asunto(s)
Servicios de Salud del Indígena , Indígena Canadiense , Prevención del Hábito de Fumar , Fumar Tabaco , Adolescente , Competencia Cultural , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud/etnología , Humanos , Indígena Canadiense/psicología , Indígena Canadiense/estadística & datos numéricos , Ontario , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Prevención del Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Fumar Tabaco/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Smoking remains one of the leading preventable causes of death. Smoking leaves a strong signature on the blood methylome as shown in multiple studies using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Here, we explore novel blood methylation smoking signals on the Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip (EPIC) array, which also targets novel CpG-sites in enhancers. METHOD: A smoking-methylation meta-analysis was carried out using EPIC DNA methylation profiles in 1407 blood samples from four UK population-based cohorts, including the MRC National Survey for Health and Development (NSHD) or 1946 British birth cohort, the National Child Development Study (NCDS) or 1958 birth cohort, the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70), and the TwinsUK cohort (TwinsUK). The overall discovery sample included 269 current, 497 former, and 643 never smokers. Replication was pursued in 3425 trans-ethnic samples, including 2325 American Indian individuals participating in the Strong Heart Study (SHS) in 1989-1991 and 1100 African-American participants in the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy Study (GENOA). RESULTS: Altogether 952 CpG-sites in 500 genes were differentially methylated between smokers and never smokers after Bonferroni correction. There were 526 novel smoking-associated CpG-sites only profiled by the EPIC array, of which 486 (92%) replicated in a meta-analysis of the American Indian and African-American samples. Novel CpG sites mapped both to genes containing previously identified smoking-methylation signals and to 80 novel genes not previously linked to smoking, with the strongest novel signal in SLAMF7. Comparison of former versus never smokers identified that 37 of these sites were persistently differentially methylated after cessation, where 16 represented novel signals only profiled by the EPIC array. We observed a depletion of smoking-associated signals in CpG islands and an enrichment in enhancer regions, consistent with previous results. CONCLUSION: This study identified novel smoking-associated signals as possible biomarkers of exposure to smoking and may help improve our understanding of smoking-related disease risk.
Asunto(s)
Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo/métodos , Familia de Moléculas Señalizadoras de la Activación Linfocitaria/genética , Fumar Tabaco/sangre , Fumar Tabaco/genética , Negro o Afroamericano/genética , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios de Cohortes , Islas de CpG , Metilación de ADN , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Epigénesis Genética , Epigenoma , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Fumadores/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Población Blanca/genética , Indio Americano o Nativo de Alaska/genéticaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Nondaily smoking is increasing in the United States and common among Hispanic/Latino smokers. We characterized factors related to longitudinal smoking transitions in Hispanic/Latino nondaily smokers. METHODS: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos is a population-based cohort study of Hispanics/Latinos aged 18-74 years. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the baseline factors (2008-2011) associated with follow-up smoking status (2014-2017) in nondaily smokers (n = 573), accounting for complex survey design. RESULTS: After â¼6 years, 41% of nondaily smokers became former smokers, 22% became daily smokers, and 37% remained nondaily smokers. Factors related to follow-up smoking status were number of days smoked in the previous month, household smokers, education, income, and insurance. Those smoking 16 or more of the last 30 days had increased risk of becoming a daily smoker [vs. < 4 days; relative risk ratio (RRR) = 5.65, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.96-16.33]. Greater education was inversely associated with transitioning to daily smoking [>high school vs. Asunto(s)
Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos
, Fumadores/estadística & datos numéricos
, Cese del Hábito de Fumar/estadística & datos numéricos
, Fumar Tabaco/etnología
, Tabaquismo/psicología
, Aculturación
, Adolescente
, Adulto
, Distribución por Edad
, Anciano
, Ansiedad
, Depresión
, Femenino
, Humanos
, Estudios Longitudinales
, Masculino
, Persona de Mediana Edad
, Distribución por Sexo
, Fumadores/psicología
, Fumar Tabaco/psicología
, Tabaquismo/etnología
, Estados Unidos/epidemiología
, Adulto Joven
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: We sought to review qualitative evidence on how smokers in different socioeconomic groups engage with non-combustible nicotine products (NCNP), including electronic cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapies, in order to provide insight into how these products might impact on smoking inequalities. METHODS: We searched ten electronic databases in February 2017 using terms relating to NCNP and socioeconomic status. We included qualitative studies that were published since 1980 and were available in English. We used guidelines adapted from the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for appraising qualitative research. RESULTS: The review only identified studies exploring the attitudes of socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers towards NCNP for harm reduction or cessation purposes (i.e. we did not identify any relevant studies of more advantaged socioeconomic groups). Using a lines-of-argument meta-ethnographic approach, we identified a predominantly pessimistic attitude to NCNP for harm reduction or cessation of smoking due to: wider circumstances of socioeconomic disadvantage; lack of a perceived advantage of alternative products over smoking; and a perceived lack of information about relative harms of NCNP compared to smoking. Optimistic findings, although fewer, suggested the potential of NCNP being taken up among smokers experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our review highlights the importance of considering the social, cultural and economic circumstances that influence experiences of smoking and of alternative product use.
Asunto(s)
Antropología Cultural , Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumadores/psicología , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/psicología , Prevención del Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Fumar Tabaco/terapia , Dispositivos para Dejar de Fumar Tabaco/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Reducción del Daño , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nicotina/efectos adversos , Investigación Cualitativa , Fumadores/estadística & datos numéricos , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/etnología , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/estadística & datos numéricos , Clase Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Fumar Tabaco/etnologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Smoking is the most preventable cause of most chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Dyslipidemia is also an important risk factor for CVD. Yet, research has provided contradicting findings regarding the association between smoking and blood lipids. This paper examines the relationship between dyslipidemia and smoking based on the results of a cross-sectional sample of a Kurdish population in western Iran. METHODS: This population-based study was derived from the recruitment phase of Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study. Logistic regression model adjusted by confounding variables was used to determine the relationship between smoking and blood lipid components. In addition, dose-response relationship between blood lipids and the number of smoked cigarettes was evaluated. RESULTS: For the purpose of this study, 7586 participants were examined. The lifetime prevalence of smoking was 19.9%, and 11.8% were current smokers. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in current smokers (54.9%) was higher than former smokers (43.9%) and in turn former smokers higher than non-smokers (38.0%). Current smokers had greater risk of abnormal HDL cholesterol [OR (95% CI), 2.28(1.98 -2.62)] and triglyceride [OR (95% CI), 1.37(1.15 -1.67)] compared to non-smokers. There was no significant difference in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol between the two groups. A dose-response relationship was found between the number of cigarettes smoked and HDL-C and TG but no relationship was observed in terms of total cholesterol and LDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: As compared to non-smokers, current smokers and former smokers had abnormal HDL-C and triglyceride and abnormal total cholesterol and triglyceride, respectively. After quitting smoking, heavy smokers showed a more normal HDL-C and total cholesterol levels than the people who tended to smoke a lower number of cigarettes per day.
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Dislipidemias/etnología , Lípidos/sangre , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Adulto , Anciano , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Estudios de Cohortes , Factores de Confusión Epidemiológicos , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Irán/epidemiología , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The opioid epidemic in the United States increasingly affects women of reproductive age and has resulted in a rise in concurrent polydrug use. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of this polydrug use on preterm birth in a multiethnic birth cohort. METHODS: We analyzed data from 8261 mothers enrolled in the Boston Birth Cohort from 1998 to 2018 in Boston, Massachusetts. We grouped substances used during pregnancy based on their primary effects (stimulant or depressant) and assessed independent and combined associations with smoking on preterm birth. RESULTS: Of 8261 mothers, 131 used stimulant drugs and 193 used depressant drugs during pregnancy. The preterm birth rate was 27.5% (2271 of 8261) in the sample. Mothers who smoked had 35% increased odds of preterm birth across adjusted models. Mothers who used stimulant drugs without smoking were not at increased risk of preterm delivery compared with mothers who used neither (odds ratio [OR] = 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19-1.98), whereas mothers who used depressant drugs without smoking had more than twice the odds of having preterm delivery (OR = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.19-4.44), and infants were at risk of a 1-week reduction in gestational age (OR = -1.05; 95% CI, -2.07 to -0.03). Concurrently smoking and using depressant drugs was associated with increased odds of preterm birth (OR = 1.83; 95% CI, 1.28-2.61), as was concurrently smoking and using stimulant drugs (OR = 1.73; 95% CI, 1.14-2.59). CONCLUSIONS: Using stimulant drugs and depressant drugs during pregnancy is a risk factor for preterm birth. The individual and combined effects of using these drugs with smoking must be considered together to reduce the risk of preterm birth in the United States.
Asunto(s)
Nacimiento Prematuro/etnología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/etnología , Adulto , Boston , Depresores del Sistema Nervioso Central/administración & dosificación , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/administración & dosificación , Etnicidad , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Oportunidad Relativa , Pobreza , Embarazo , Nacimiento Prematuro/epidemiología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/etnología , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
AIM: To determine the contribution of smoking-related deaths to the life expectancy gap in both Maori and Pacific people compared with non-Maori/non-Pacific people in New Zealand. METHODS: Death registration and population data between 2013 and 2015 were used to calculate life expectancy. To determine the contribution of smoking to the life expectancy gap, population attributable fractions for all causes of death where smoking is a casual risk factor were calculated using age- and ethnic-specific smoking data from the 2013 New Zealand Census and relative risk estimates from the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II. Population attributable fractions were applied to all deaths registered in New Zealand for the 2013-15 period to estimate the number of deaths attributable to tobacco smoking. The life expectancy gap was decomposed using the Arriaga method. The gap was decomposed both overall and by specific smoking attributable causes of death. RESULTS: Between 2013 and 2015 an estimated 12,421 (13.4% of all deaths) were attributable to smoking. Nearly one in four (22.6%) deaths among Maori were attributable to smoking (2,199 out of 9,717 deaths) and nearly one in seven (13.8%) among Pacific people (512 out of 3,720 deaths). Among non-Maori/non-Pacific people, one in eight (12.3%) deaths were attributable to smoking (9,710 out of 78,759 deaths). Higher rates of smoking attributable mortality were responsible for 2.1 years of the life expectancy gap in Maori men, 2.3 years in Maori women, 1.4 years in Pacific men and 0.3 years among Pacific women. Cancers of the trachea, bronchus and lung, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ischaemic heart disease were the leading smoking attributable causes of death contributing to the gap. CONCLUSION: Smoking is an important preventable risk factor contributing to ethnic inequities in life expectancy for Maori men and women, and Pacific men. Dramatic declines in smoking-attributable deaths can be achieved by reducing smoking prevalence rates. Preventing smoking initiation and increasing cessation rates must remain a top priority for the Ministry of Health and District Health Boards. Smokefree initiatives should be reoriented to be Tiriti o Waitangi (Treaty of Waitangi) compliant and better meet the needs of Maori and Pacific people who smoke. Addressing the residual risk in ex-smokers through equitable early diagnosis and treatment of smoking-related conditions will further assist a more rapid closing of life expectancy gaps for Maori men and women and Pacific men. The next five years provide the opportunity to demonstrate commitment to achieving a smokefree Aotearoa for all: an aspiration, based on the current trajectory, which is most probably out of reach.
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Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Esperanza de Vida/etnología , Nativos de Hawái y Otras Islas del Pacífico/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Nueva Zelanda/epidemiología , Fumar Tabaco/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is highest among population groups which are the most socially disadvantaged. Internet-based smoking cessation programs have been found to be effective, though rates of internet access are not well known in these groups. This study describes the rates of internet use and types of technology used to access the internet by a population of socially disadvantaged smokers. The study also examined relationships between sociodemographic and smoking behaviours with amount of internet use and type of device used. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 369 clients (response rate 77%) from two non-government community service organisations in metropolitan New South Wales, Australia was conducted using touchscreen computers. Descriptive statistics and logistic regressions were used to examine results. RESULTS: Eligible participants ranged from 19 to 88 years old current tobacco users. Over half (58%) of the participants reported weekly or more frequent use of the internet with less than a third (28%) not having any access. The odds of using the internet at least weekly decreased with age and as heaviness of smoking increased (OR = 0.94, p < 0.001; OR = 0.81, p = 0.022, respectively). Odds of internet use were higher as income increased (OR = 2.74, p < 0.001 for individuals earning $201-$400 per week; OR = 2.83, p = 0.006 for individuals earning > $400 per week). Device use differed for age and income. CONCLUSIONS: Internet-based interventions appear to reach the majority of socially disadvantaged populations. It is expected that this reach will continue to grow, making internet-based interventions a potential platform for providing care to low socioeconomic individuals who smoke, however inequalities may be exacerbated for those individual without internet access. IMPLICATIONS: Internet use among socially disadvantaged tobacco users is moderate (58%). An internet-based smoking cessation intervention for socially disadvantaged tobacco users may be an effective intervention however, older, heavier tobacco users may not benefit as easily due to limited internet access and therefore acknowledging these limitations when developing an intervention can help to acknowledge limitation of intervention reach.
Asunto(s)
Internet/estadística & datos numéricos , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Fumar Tabaco/epidemiología , Poblaciones Vulnerables/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Computadoras de Mano/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nativos de Hawái y Otras Islas del Pacífico , Nueva Gales del Sur , Factores Sexuales , Teléfono Inteligente/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Stress is robustly associated with tobacco smoking and relapse. African Americans experience greater difficulty quitting compared to whites, yet no studies have examined race differences in physiological stress biomarkers during a quit attempt. This pilot study compared cortisol levels among treatment-seeking African American and white smokers, and relapse rates. Adult smokers (N = 115; n = 72 African American, n = 43 White) received eight sessions of group cognitive behavioral therapy plus transdermal nicotine patches. Assessments included demographics, salivary cortisol (collected at session 1, the end-of-therapy [EOT], and one-month post-therapy), and carbon monoxide-verified smoking relapse. Overall, cortisol levels declined over the course of the day at baseline, the EOT, and the one-month follow-up. African Americans exhibited lower cortisol levels compared to Whites at baseline and the EOT, but not at the one-month follow-up. In addition, African American smokers exhibited flatter slopes compared to Whites at each time point. Relapse rates were greater among African Americans at the EOT and one-month follow-up. The attenuated cortisol pattern observed in African Americans may indicate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) exhaustion and aid our understanding of tobacco-related disparities. There is a need to focus on stress mechanisms and specific intervention approaches in order to eliminate racial/ethnic differences.
Asunto(s)
Fumadores/psicología , Cese del Hábito de Fumar , Estrés Fisiológico , Fumar Tabaco , Tabaquismo , Adulto , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , Etnicidad , Femenino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Grupos Raciales , Recurrencia , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/etnología , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/psicología , Fumar Tabaco/sangre , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Fumar Tabaco/psicología , Fumar Tabaco/terapia , Dispositivos para Dejar de Fumar Tabaco , Tabaquismo/sangre , Tabaquismo/etnología , Tabaquismo/psicología , Tabaquismo/terapiaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of e-cigarette use in New Zealand in a nationally representative sample aged 15â¯years and over. METHODS: The Health and Lifestyles Survey (HLS) is a biennial face-to-face in-house survey of New Zealand adults aged 15â¯years or over. The HLS was completed by 3854 participants in 2016. RESULTS: 17% of adults have tried e-cigarettes, while only 2% reported current use. The prevalence of ever use of e-cigarettes was greater in young and middle-aged adults, compared with older adults, Maori compared with NZ European, and current and former smokers, compared to never smokers. Current smokers and recent quitters displayed the highest levels of e-cigarette use, with never smokers reporting low ever use (2.8%) and no regular use. Following adjusted analyses only current smokers and recent quitters were more likely to report current or daily e-cigarette use. CONCLUSION: Although 17% of adults report having tried e-cigarettes, very few report current use. It is possible that difficulty of use, compounded by lack of support, is preventing conversion to regular use or successful use as a quitting aid. Public health initiatives should inform individuals how to correctly use e-cigarettes optimally for smoking cessation, ideally targeting this messaging toward younger and middle-aged adults, Maori, current smokers, and recent quitters.
Asunto(s)
Cese del Hábito de Fumar/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar Tabaco/epidemiología , Vapeo/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Femenino , Humanos , Pueblos Indígenas , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nativos de Hawái y Otras Islas del Pacífico/estadística & datos numéricos , Nueva Zelanda/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Vapeo/etnología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: There is strong interest in the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) globally. Not much is known about the dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible tobacco cigarettes, or if there are demographic differences among dual users and e-cigarette only users. This paper reports on the demographics of dual users and e-cigarette only users in New Zealand in a nationally representative sample. METHODS: The Health and Lifestyles Survey (HLS) is a biennial face-to-face in-house survey of New Zealand adults aged 15 years or over. The HLS was completed by 3,854 participants in 2016. RESULTS: There is clear evidence of significant dual use in the current sample: most current e-cigarette users (63.9%) were dual users. Respondents 45 years and older were twice as likely to be dual users as those aged 15 to 34 years. CONCLUSION: The current study found evidence for substantial dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible tobacco cigarettes among adult e-cigarette users, particularly among users aged 45 years and over. Implications for public health: Public health initiatives should provide clear advice that e-cigarettes should be used as a smoking cessation tool and not as a way to allow the consumption of combustible tobacco to continue.
Asunto(s)
Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Vapeo/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nueva Zelanda/epidemiología , Nicotina/administración & dosificación , Prevalencia , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Certain sub-populations (e.g., those living in poverty, racial/ethnic minorities, sexual minorities, and people with mental health conditions) experience profound tobacco-related health disparities. Ongoing surveillance of use of various combustible tobacco products by priority populations of cigarette smokers is needed, particularly in the changing U.S. tobacco regulatory landscape. In 2018 the FDA announced their consideration of a tobacco product standard that would limit the level of nicotine in combustible cigarettes, and such regulations should consider potential effects on tobacco-related disparities. If certain subgroups of cigarette smokers are also using other combustible products, they may be particularly likely to continue dual use or switch to exclusive use of those products if a nicotine reduction standard only applies to cigarettes. Accordingly, this study provided recent U.S. nationally representative data on use of other combustible tobacco products among current cigarette smokers by sociodemographic characteristics. Data were drawn from current cigarette smokers (nâ¯=â¯2559) in 2016 and 2017 U.S. nationally representative surveys. Associations between sociodemographic variables (poverty status, education, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and mental health status) with use of little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs), traditional cigars, and hookah were examined. Among current cigarette smokers, those living in poverty, racial/ethnic minorities, and those with mental health conditions were particularly likely to use LCCs. Racial/ethnic minority smokers were more likely to smoke traditional cigars. Non-heterosexual smokers, Hispanic smokers, and smokers with mental health conditions were particularly likely to use hookah. These findings have important implications for tobacco regulatory policy and other efforts to combat tobacco-related disparities.
Asunto(s)
Fumar Puros/epidemiología , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Pobreza/estadística & datos numéricos , Productos de Tabaco/legislación & jurisprudencia , Fumar en Pipa de Agua/epidemiología , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar Puros/etnología , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Grupos Minoritarios/estadística & datos numéricos , Minorías Sexuales y de Género/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar Tabaco/epidemiología , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Fumar en Pipa de Agua/etnologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Smoking in young adults identifies the population at risk for future tobacco-related disease. We investigated smoking in a young adult population and within high-risk groups using emergency department (ED) data in a metropolitan area. METHODS: Using the electronic health record, we performed a retrospective study of smoking in adults aged 18-30 years presenting to the ED. RESULTS: Smoking status was available for 55,777 subjects (90.9% of the total ED cohort); 60.8% were women, 55.0% were black, 35.3% were white, and 8.1% were Hispanic; 34.4% were uninsured. Most smokers used cigarettes (95.1%). Prevalence of current smoking was 21.7% for women and 42.5% for men. The electronic health record contains data about diagnosis and social history that can be used to investigate smoking status for high-risk populations. Smoking prevalence was highest for substance use disorder (58.0%), psychiatric illness (41.3%) and alcohol use (39.1%), and lowest for pregnancy (13.5%). In multivariable analyses, male gender, white race, lack of health insurance, alcohol use, and illicit drug use were independently associated with smoking. Smoking risk among alcohol and drug users varied by gender, race, and/or age. CONCLUSIONS: The ED provides access to a large, demographically diverse population, and supports investigation of smoking risk in young adults.
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Población Negra/estadística & datos numéricos , Registros Electrónicos de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Productos de Tabaco , Fumar Tabaco/epidemiología , Uso de Tabaco/epidemiología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Nueva Orleans/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Distribución por Sexo , Fumar Tabaco/efectos adversos , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Población Urbana , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Smoking among New Zealand (NZ) adolescents has declined since 2000, but ethnic disparities remain pronounced. To inform prevention efforts, we investigated exposure to and relative importance of known predictors of adolescent smoking and how these have changed over time, for Maori (NZ's indigenous population) and adolescents overall. METHODS: We used repeat cross-sectional data, 2003-2015, from a national survey of 14- to 15-year olds (N = 20 443-31 696 per year). For the overall sample and for Maori and non-Maori, we calculated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) to assess the association between regular smoking and risk factors each year: one or more parents smoke, best friend smokes, older sibling(s) smoke, and past week exposure to smoking in the home. We calculated population attributable risk (PAR) for risk factors in 2003 and 2015. RESULTS: Between 2003 and 2015, aORs for exposure to smoking in the home increased from 1.7 (95% CI 1.6% to 1.8%) to 2.6 (2.1% to 3.1%) overall and from 1.8 (1.6% to 2.1%) to 3.4 (2.5% to 4.5%) for Maori; aORs for "best friend smokes" also increased, while aORs for sibling smoking and parental smoking did not change meaningfully. PAR for exposure to smoking in the home increased from 17% to 31% overall and from 28% to 57% for Maori, while PARs for other risk factors decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to smoking in the home has become more strongly associated with adolescent smoking over time and is an increasingly important risk factor at the population level (independent of parental smoking), particularly for Maori. IMPLICATIONS: Our findings have implications for reducing smoking uptake and ethnic disparities in NZ, and potentially elsewhere, given the similarity in risk factors and trends for adolescent smoking internationally. Our findings suggest that reducing second-hand smoke exposure in homes will likely reduce uptake of smoking. Because Maori children are both more exposed and appear to be more strongly influenced by exposure to smoking in the home, interventions to reduce indoor smoking could have differentially positive effects for Maori. Greater research and policy attention to reducing smoking in homes is warranted.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/etnología , Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Etnicidad/psicología , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Fumar Tabaco/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Amigos/psicología , Humanos , Masculino , Nueva Zelanda/epidemiología , Padres/psicología , Factores de Riesgo , Fumar Tabaco/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Tobacco smoking is one of the most significant modifiable behavioral health risk factors worldwide. Although smoking rates in some high-income countries (HIC) have declined, rates in many low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC) remain high. Adolescence is a key developmental risk period for smoking initiation. Research indicates that a major adolescent risk factor for tobacco smoking is antisocial deviance, which includes such behaviors as aggression, risk-taking, and rule-breaking. The linkages between antisocial deviance and smoking suggest that these behaviors and their underlying attitudes can be important targets for smoking prevention programs, but for public health efficiency it is important to target the components of antisocial deviance most closely linked smoking. However, although 80% of smokers live in LMIC, most relevant research has been conducted in HIC and its applicability to LMIC is unclear, given cultural differences between many HIC and LMIC. The purpose of the present study was to assess cross-cultural variations in relations among components of antisocial deviance and self-reported tobacco smoking among 2,724 10th and 11th grade Vietnamese, Vietnamese-American, and European-American students. Within the combined sample the relation between self-reported smoking and overall antisocial deviance was ß = 0.33. However, the component of antisocial deviance most strongly related to smoking varied across groups, with Risk-taking most strongly related to smoking for Vietnamese-American (ß = 0.37) and Vietnamese (ß = 0.36) adolescents, and Rule-breaking Behavior most strongly related to smoking for European-American (ß = 0.51) adolescents. These and other findings suggest the possible importance of culturally-tailored foci for smoking prevention programs emphasizing different aspects of antisocial deviance.
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Conducta del Adolescente/etnología , Asiático/estadística & datos numéricos , Comparación Transcultural , Delincuencia Juvenil/etnología , Asunción de Riesgos , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estados Unidos/etnología , Vietnam/etnología , Población Blanca/etnologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Harm perceptions of menthol cigarettes may contribute to their appeal and use. African-Americans, women, and younger smokers disproportionately use menthol cigarettes, and may misperceive harm of menthol cigarettes. METHODS: Data were from Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Weighted analyses of current adult smokers (18 and older) were used to estimate the correlates of menthol smoking among all cigarette brands and separately for the top three cigarette brands (Newport, Camel, and Marlboro). Adjusted models examined the main effect of menthol smoking on harm perceptions of one's own brand of cigarette and interactions with race/ethnicity, age, and gender. RESULTS: Menthol cigarettes were used by nearly 40% of current smokers, although the prevalence of menthol smoking differed across the top three brands (94% Newport, 46% Camel, and 18% Marlboro). Among menthol smokers, 80% perceived their cigarette as equally harmful, 14% perceived their brand as more harmful, and 7% perceived their brand as less harmful. In adjusted models, menthol smokers were more likely than nonmenthol smokers to misperceive their own brand as more harmful than other brands (compared to no difference in harm). Race and gender emerged as moderators of the association between menthol brand preference and harm perceptions. CONCLUSIONS: In adjusted analyses, menthol smokers were more likely than nonmenthol smokers to perceive their brand as more harmful than other brands, with differences by sub-groups who disproportionately use menthol. IMPLICATIONS: Menthol cigarettes have been historically marketed with messages conveying lower harm than other cigarettes. Little is known about how contemporary adult menthol smokers perceive the harm of their usual brand, and potential differences by race, gender, and young adult versus older adult age group. After adjusting for other factors, menthol smokers were more likely than nonmenthol smokers to perceive their cigarette brand as more harmful than other brands. Further, the association between menthol smoking and harm perceptions differed by race and gender, but not by age group (young adult vs. older adult). This type of large-scale study identifies critical links between menthol smoking and harm perceptions among vulnerable smokers that will inform regulatory actions designed to decrease smoking-related harm.
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad , Reducción del Daño , Mentol , Grupos Raciales/etnología , Productos de Tabaco , Fumar Tabaco/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Etnicidad/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Grupos Raciales/psicología , Factores Sexuales , Fumar Tabaco/psicología , Estados Unidos/etnología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Accurate estimates of substance use in the teenage years by race/ethnicity may help identify when to intervene to prevent long-term substance use disparities. We examined trends in past 30-day use of marijuana, cigarette, and alcohol among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in Washington State, which passed a recreational marijuana law in 2012 and initiated retail marijuana sales in 2014. Data are from the 2004-2016 Washington Healthy Youth Surveys (n = 161,992). We used time series regression models to assess linear and quadratic trends in substance use for the full sample and stratified on race/ethnicity and grade level and examined relative differences in prevalence of use by race/ethnicity. In Washington, across all racial/ethnic groups, marijuana use peaked in 2012. Although there was not a significant overall change in marijuana use for the full sample across the study period, there was a statistically significant increase in use among 12th graders and a statistically significant decrease among 8th graders. Relative to Whites, Asians had a lower prevalence of marijuana use, whereas all other race/ethnicity groups had a higher prevalence of use. Prevalence of marijuana use is particularly high among American Indian/Alaska Native and Black youth and has increased most rapidly among 12th grade Hispanic/Latinx youth. There were large and statistically significant decreases in alcohol and cigarette use across the study period for the full sample, as well as for each race/ethnicity group. These findings highlight the need for continued monitoring of trends in use among these groups and potentially warrant consideration of selective interventions that specifically focus on students of color and that include developmentally-appropriate strategies relevant to each grade.