Management of severity lesions of hypomineralized molars (MIH) with different treatment alternatives: 9-month results of a clinical trial.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the 9-month clinical performance of different materials and treatment procedures in teeth with MIH in children, and to evaluate the effectiveness of Papacarie gel as a deproteinization agent. The study included 90 children (aged 8-15) who had 189 first permanent molars with MIH were restored randomly with 4 different materials/methods. Equia Forte HT (GC, Tokyo, Japan) was used in Group 1; In Group 2, G-eanial composite (GC, Tokyo, Japan) was used with a Fuji IX (GC, Tokyo, Japan) base; In Group 3 and Group 4, EverX Posterior (GC, Tokyo, Japan) base and G-eanial composite (GC, Tokyo, Japan) were used. In group 4, deproteinization was performed with Papacarie Duo gel (F&A, Sao Paulo, Brazil). The restorations were evaluated at 3-month intervals for 9 months using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. The overall recall rate was 94.1% for every 3-month clinical evaluation over 9 months. A total of 9 restorations were unsuccessful. Surface roughness of Group 1 was statistically different from all other groups in all control periods (p < 0.05). Marginal adaptation of Group 2 was found to be significantly different from Groups 3 and 4 at the both of 6th and 9th month controls. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of retention, color match, marginal discoloration and secondary caries in all control months. Restoration of MIH with Equia Forte HT is almost as successful as composites. The use of dentin replacement materials instead of glass ionomer cements as a base in composite restorations shows better results. Papacarie deproteinization showed similar success with other composite groups. This study was the first clinical study in which Papacarie was used for deproteinization in teeth with MIH and will thus contribute to the literature.

A randomized clinical trial of transdermal (gel) versus oral estrogen for endometrial preparation in frozen embryo transfer cycle.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare endometrial thickness with the use of transdermal estrogen (gel) versus oral estrogen (pills) for endometrial preparation in the frozen embryo transfer cycle and serum estrogen concentrations during the preparation cycle, side effects, and chemical and clinical pregnancy rates. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial of women undergoing endometrial preparation for cryopreserved blastocyst transfer. A total of 88 women were randomized, of which 82 completed the study protocol. Of this group, 44 received 6 mg/day of estradiol valerate orally (pills group) and 38 received 4.5 mg/day of estradiol hemihydrate transdermally (gel group). Endometrial thickness was measured using transvaginal ultrasound between the 7 and 10th day of the cycle. Serum estradiol concentrations were measured on the day of initiating the cycle, on control transvaginal ultrasounds, and on the day of embryo transfer. Side effects were documented at each study visit. p<0.05 were adopted as statistically significant. The groups were compared using Student's t-test for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. RESULTS: There were no significant group differences (p>0.05) in endometrial thickness, biochemical and clinical pregnancy rates, miscarriage rate, blood estradiol concentrations, duration of estradiol administration, or cycle cancellation rates. CONCLUSION: Endometrial preparation with transdermal estrogen yielded similar reproductive outcomes to oral estrogen with fewer side effects.

Development of plant-based whole egg analogs using emulsion technology.

RuBisCO is a plant protein that can be derived from abundant and sustainable natural resources (such as duckweed), which can be used as both an emulsifying and gelling agent. Consequently, it has the potential to formulate emulsion gels that can be used for the development of plant-based replacements of whole eggs. In this study, we investigated the ability of RuBisCO-based emulsion gels to mimic the desirable properties of whole eggs. The emulsion gels contained 12.5 wt% RuBisCO and 10 wt% corn oil to mimic the macronutrient composition of real whole eggs. Initially, an oil-in-water emulsion was formed, which was then heated to convert it into an emulsion gel. The impact of oil droplet diameter (∼15, 1, and 0.2 µm) on the physicochemical properties of the emulsion gels was investigated. The lightness and hardness of the emulsion gels increased as the droplet size decreased, which meant that their appearance and texture could be modified by controlling droplet size. Different concentrations of curcumin (3, 6, and 9 mg/g oil) were incorporated into the emulsions using a pH-driven approach. The curcumin was used as a natural dual functional ingredient (colorant and nutraceutical). The yellow-orange color of curcumin allowed us to match the appearance of raw and cooked whole eggs. This study shows that whole egg analogs can be formulated using plant-based emulsion gels containing natural pigments.

Rheological and gelling properties of atmospheric pressure cold plasma treated finger millet (Eleusine coracana) starch.

Interest in exploring alternative starch sources like finger millet is rising due to wide starch applications. However, native starch often lacks desired qualities, including rheological properties. Modification is thus necessary for specific end uses. Plasma treatment as a greener and sustainable method for starch modification was therefore, studied for its ability to impact rheological properties of finger millet starch (FMS). Considerable changes in the rheological properties on FMS was noted, a significant decrease and increase (p < 0.05) in the peak viscosity (from 3.35 to 0.553 Pa.s) and paste clarity respectively was observed, indicating occurrence of depolymerization. However, intermediate plasma-treated samples (200 V) observed a decrease in paste clarity attributed to aggregate formation and cross-linking. Cross-linking was also confirmed by findings of frequency sweep where a continuous decrease in G' values of plasma treated FMS gel was interrupted by sudden increase. Despite depolymerization causing alteration of rheological behaviour such as decrease in shear thinning properties, gel strength observed a contradictory increase. This was attributed to incorporation of functional group and absence of shear responsible for network formation giving higher gel strength to FMS gels. This is elaborated in detail in the study. The study thus concluded that cold plasma significantly impacted all the rheological properties of the FMS and hence can prove to be beneficial for modification of starch rheological parameters.

Different interfaces for stabilizing liquid-liquid, liquid-gel and gel-gel emulsions: Design, comparison, and challenges.

Interfaces play essential roles in the stability and functions of emulsion systems. The quick development of novel emulsion systems (e.g., water-water emulsions, water-oleogel emulsions, hydrogel-oleogel emulsions) has brought great progress in interfacial engineering. These new interfaces, which are different from the traditional water-oil interfaces, and are also different from each other, have widened the applications of food emulsions, and also brought in challenges to stabilize the emulsions. We presented a comprehensive summary of various structured interfaces (stabilized by mixed-layers, multilayers, particles, nanodroplets, microgels etc.), and their characteristics, and designing strategies. We also discussed the applicability of these interfaces in stabilizing liquid-liquid (water-oil, water-water, oil-oil, alcohol-oil, etc.), liquid-gel, and gel-gel emulsion systems. Challenges and future research aspects were also proposed regarding interfacial engineering for different emulsions. Emulsions are interface-dominated materials, and the interfaces have dynamic natures, as the compositions and structures are not constant. Biopolymers, particles, nanodroplets, and microgels differed in their capacity to get absorbed onto the interface, to adjust their structures at the interface, to lower interfacial tension, and to stabilize different emulsions. The interactions between the interface and the bulk phases not only affected the properties of the interface, but also the two phases, leading to different functions of the emulsions. These structured interfaces have been used individually or cooperatively to achieve effective stabilization or better applications of different emulsion systems. However, dynamic changes of the interface during digestion are only poorly understood, and it is still challenging to fully characterize the interfaces.

A macromolecular cross-linked alginate aerogel with excellent concentrating effect for rapid hemostasis.

Alginate-based materials present promising potential for emergency hemostasis due to their excellent properties, such as procoagulant capability, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and cost-effectiveness. However, the inherent deficiencies in water solubility and mechanical strength pose a threat to hemostatic efficiency. Here, we innovatively developed a macromolecular cross-linked alginate aerogel based on norbornene- and thiol-functionalized alginates through a combined thiol-ene cross-linking/freeze-drying process. The resulting aerogel features an interconnected macroporous structure with remarkable water-uptake capacity (approximately 9000 % in weight ratio), contributing to efficient blood absorption, while the enhanced mechanical strength of the aerogel ensures stability and durability during the hemostatic process. Comprehensive hemostasis-relevant assays demonstrated that the aerogel possessed outstanding coagulation capability, which is attributed to the synergistic impacts on concentrating effect, platelet enrichment, and intrinsic coagulation pathway. Upon application to in vivo uncontrolled hemorrhage models of tail amputation and hepatic injury, the aerogel demonstrated significantly superior performance compared to commercial alginate hemostatic agent, yielding reductions in clotting time and blood loss of up to 80 % and 85 %, respectively. Collectively, our work illustrated that the alginate porous aerogel overcomes the deficiencies of alginate materials while exhibiting exceptional performance in hemorrhage, rendering it an appealing candidate for rapid hemostasis.

Thermosensitive and mucoadhesive gels containing solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with fluconazole and niosomes loaded with clindamycin for the treatment of periodontal diseases: a laboratory experiment.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal diseases may benefit more from topical treatments with nanoparticles rather than systemic treatments due to advantages such as higher stability and controlled release profile. This study investigated the preparation and characterization of thermosensitive gel formulations containing clindamycin-loaded niosomes and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with fluconazole (FLZ), as well as their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal effects in the treatment of common microorganisms that cause periodontal diseases. METHODS: This study loaded niosomes and SLNs with clindamycin and FLZ, respectively, and assessed their loading efficiency, particle size, and zeta potential. The particles were characterized using a variety of methods such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Thermosensitive gels were formulated by combining these particles and their viscosity, gelation temperature, in-vitro release profile, as well as antibacterial and antifungal effects were evaluated. RESULTS: Both types of these nanoparticles were found to be spherical (TEM) with a mean particle size of 243.03 nm in niosomes and 171.97 nm in SLNs (DLS), and respective zeta potentials of -23.3 and -15. The loading rate was 98% in niosomes and 51% in SLNs. The release profiles of niosomal formulations were slower than those of the SLNs. Both formulations allowed the release of the drug by first-order kinetic. Additionally, the gel formulation presented a slower release of both drugs compared to niosomes and SLNs suspensions. CONCLUSION: Thermosensitive gels containing clindamycin-loaded niosomes and/or FLZ-SLNs were found to effectively fight the periodontitis-causing bacteria and fungi.

Novel strategy to raise the content of aglycone isoflavones in soymilk and gel: Effect of germination on the physicochemical properties.

Germination holds the key to nutritional equilibrium in plant grains. In this study, the effect of soybean germination on the processing of soymilk (SM) and glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) induced soymilk gel (SG) was investigated. Germination promoted soybean sprout (SS) growth by activating the energy metabolism system. The energy metabolism was high during the three-day germination and was the most vigorous on the second day of germination. After germination, protein dissolution was improved in SM, and endogenous enzymes produced small molecule proteins. Small molecule proteins were more likely to aggregate to produce SM protein particles. Germination increased the water-holding capacity of SG induced by GDL but weakened the strength. Furthermore, the dynamic fluctuations in isoflavone content were closely monitored throughout the processing of soybean products, including SS, SM, and SG. Although the total amount of isoflavones in SM and SG processed from germinated soybeans decreased, a significant enrichment in the content of aglycone isoflavones was observed. The content of aglycone isoflavones in SG processed from germinated soybeans on the second day of germination was 736.17 ± 28.49 µg/g DW, which was 83.19 % higher than that of the control group. This study demonstrates that germination can enhance the nutritional value of soybean products, providing innovative opportunities for the development of health-promoting soybean-based products.

Early Experience with a Novel Treatment for Menière's Disease: A Long Acting Dexamethasone Formulation for Precise Delivery to the Round Window Membrane.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and feasibility of precise delivery of a long-acting gel formulation containing 6% dexamethasone (SPT-2101) to the round window membrane for the treatment of Menière's disease. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, unblinded, cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary care neurotology clinic. PATIENTS: Adults 18 to 85 years with a diagnosis of unilateral definite Menière's disease per Barany society criteria. INTERVENTIONS: A single injection of a long-acting gel formulation under direct visualization into the round window niche. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Procedure success rate, adverse events, and vertigo control. Vertigo control was measured with definitive vertigo days (DVDs), defined as any day with a vertigo attack lasting 20 minutes or longer. RESULTS: Ten subjects with unilateral Menière's disease were enrolled. Precise placement of SPT-2101 at the round window was achieved in all subjects with in-office microendoscopy. Adverse events included one tympanic membrane perforation, which healed spontaneously after the study, and two instances of otitis media, which resolved with antibiotics. The average number of DVDs was 7.6 during the baseline month, decreasing to 3.3 by month 1, 3.7 by month 2, and 1.9 by month 3. Seventy percent of subjects had zero DVDs during the third month after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: SPT-2101 delivery to the round window is safe and feasible, and controlled trials are warranted to formally assess efficacy.

Facile Synthesis of Fe-Doped, Algae Residue-Derived Carbon Aerogels for Electrochemical Dopamine Biosensors.

An abnormal level of dopamine (DA), a kind of neurotransmitter, correlates with a series of diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Willis-Ekbom disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Hence, it is imperative to achieve a precise, rapid detection method in clinical medicine. In this study, we synthesized nanocomposite carbon aerogels (CAs) doped with iron and iron carbide, based on algae residue-derived biomass materials, using Fe(NO3)3 as the iron source. The modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for DA detection, denoted as CAs-Fe/GCE, was prepared through surface modification with this composite material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction characterization confirmed the successful doping of iron into the as-prepared CAs. Additionally, the electrochemical behavior of DA on the modified electrode surface was investigated and the results demonstrate that the addition of the CAs-Fe promoted the electron transfer rate, thereby enhancing their sensing performance. The fabricated electrochemical DA biosensor exhibits an accurate detection of DA in the concentration within the range of 0.01~200 µM, with a detection limit of 0.0033 µM. Furthermore, the proposed biosensor is validated in real samples, showing its high applicability for the detection of DA in beverages.

Formulation and evaluation of miconazole lipogel for enhanced drug permeation.

Hydrophilic drugs could be incorporated into the skin surface by manes of Lipogel. This study aimed to prepare miconazole lipogel with natural ingredients to enhance drug permeability using dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO). The miconazole lipogels, A1 (without DMSO) and A2 (with DMSO) were formulated and evaluated for organoleptic evaluation, pH, viscosity, stability studies, freeze-thawing, drug release profile and drug permeation enhancement. Results had stated that prepared lipogel's pH falls within the acceptable range required for topical delivery (4 to 6) while both formulations show good results in organoleptic evaluation. The A2 formulation containing DMSO shows better permeation of miconazole (84.76%) on the artificial skin membrane as compared to A1 lipogel formulation (50.64%). In in-vitro drug release studies, A2 for-mulation showed 87.48% drug release while A1 showed just 60.1% drug release from lipogel. Stability studies were performed on model formulations under environmental conditions and both showed good spreadibility, stable pH, free of grittiness and good consistency in formulation. The results concluded that A2 formulation containing DMSO shows better results as compared to DMSO-free drug lipogel.

[Dental gel Cholisal at the stage of conservative treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases]. / Klinicheskaya effektivnost' konservativnogo lecheniya patsientov s khronicheskim generalizovannym parodontitom s primeneniem gelya Kholisal.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To study the effectiveness of the drug Cholisal as part of the conservative treatment of chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We selected 100 patients aged 35 to 65 years of both sexes with a diagnosis of moderate chronic periodontitis in the acute stage with a periodontal pocket depth of 3.5-5 mm. Depending on the tactics of conservative treatment of periodontitis, patients were divided into two groups of 50 people. In the main group, Cholisal dental gel was used as part of complex conservative treatment, and in the control group, Metrogil-denta gel was used. To assess the effectiveness of treatment, a dental examination of patients was carried out with an index assessment of the condition of periodontal tissues and a biochemical analysis of the content of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 in gingival blood, comparing the indicators before treatment and 14 days after the start of treatment. RESULTS: When the drug Cholisal was included in complex treatment, 14 days from the start of treatment, patients experienced a statistically significant decrease in the depth of periodontal pockets from 4.7±0.32 mm to 3.6±0.19, and the Green-Vermillion hygiene index by 60.7%, Silness-Loe plaque index by 73.1%, PMA index by 68.8%, Muhlemann-Cowell bleeding index by 68.0% (p<0.001 compared to baseline). When Metrogil-denta gel was used in complex therapy, the effectiveness of treatment was lower: the depth of periodontal pockets did not change significantly (from 4.5±0.22 mm to 4.2±0.17 mm, p>0.05), reduction in the hygiene index Green-Vermillion was 51.9%, Silness-Loe plaque index - 64.0%, PMA index - 43.7%, Muhlemann-Cowell bleeding index - 45.8% (p<0.001 compared to baseline, p<0.001 compared to the main group). A laboratory study showed that in patients of the main group, after completing a course of conservative treatment, the content of biomarkers of inflammation significantly decreased compared to the initial level (p<0.05), while in patients of the control group the content of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 in the gingival blood during the study period did not change significantly (p>0.05 compared to the initial level). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the drug Cholisal in the conservative treatment of chronic periodontitis has demonstrated more pronounced positive dynamics of clinical and biochemical parameters compared to traditional therapy, which suggests its high effectiveness.

Ionic-physical-chemical triple cross-linked all-biomass-based aerogel for thermal insulation applications.

Aerogels, as a unique porous material, are expected to be used as insulation materials to solve the global environmental and energy crisis. Using chitosan, citric acid, pectin and phytic acid as raw materials, an all-biomass-based aerogel with high modulus was prepared by the triple strategy of ionic, physical and chemical cross-linking through directional freezing technique. Based on this three-dimensional network, the aerogel exhibited excellent compressive modulus (24.89 ± 1.76 MPa) over a wide temperature range and thermal insulation properties. In the presence of chitosan, citric acid and phytic acid, the aerogel obtained excellent fire safety (LOI value up to 31.2%) and antibacterial properties (antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli reached 81.98% and 67.43%). In addition, the modified aerogel exhibited excellent hydrophobicity (hydrophobic angle of 146°) and oil-water separation properties. More importantly, the aerogel exhibited a biodegradation rate of up to 40.31% for 35 days due to its all-biomass nature. This work provides a green and sustainable strategy for the production of highly environmentally friendly thermal insulation materials with high strength, flame retardant, antibacterial and hydrophobic properties.

Rinse, gel, and foam - is there any evidence for a difference in their effectiveness in preventing infections?

BACKGROUND: Following publication of the 2009 World Health Organizations Guidelines for Hand Hygiene in Health Care, a debate has emerged regarding the relative antimicrobial efficacy of the different formats (rinse, gel, foam) of ABHRs and their ability to contribute to reduction of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). METHODS: Data regarding the in-vivo antimicrobial efficacy of ABHRs and other factors that likely affect their effectiveness in reducing HAIs were reviewed, and a comprehensive review of studies that reported the effectiveness of each of the three ABHR formats to improve hand hygiene compliance and reduce HAIs was conducted. RESULTS: The amount of rubbing time it takes for hands to feel dry (dry time) is the major driver of ABHR antimicrobial efficacy. ABHR format is not a major factor, and several studies found that rinse, gel, and foam ABHRs have comparable in-vivo antimicrobial efficacy. Other factors that likely impact the ability of ABHRs to reduce transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens and HAIs include ABHR formulation, the volume applied to hands, aesthetic characteristics, skin tolerance, acceptance by healthcare personnel, and hand hygiene compliance rates. When accompanied by complementary strategies, promoting the use of each of the three ABHR formats has been associated with improvements in hand hygiene compliance rates. A review of 67 studies failed to identify an ABHR format that was significantly more effective in yielding statistically significant reductions in transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens or HAIs. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence is insufficient to definitively determine if one ABHR format is more effective in reducing transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens and HAIs. More rigorous studies such as multicenter randomized controlled trials comparing the different formats are needed to establish if one format is significantly more effective in reducing HAIs.

AuNi bimetallic aerogel with ultra-high stability applied in smart and portable biosensing.

Glucose detection is of significant importance in providing information to the human health management. However, conventional enzymatic glucose sensors suffer from a limited long-term stability due to the losing activity of the enzymes. In this work, the AuNi bimetallic aerogel with a well-defined nanowire network is synthesized and applied as the sensing nanomaterial in the non-enzymatic glucose detection. The three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical porous structure of the AuNi bimetallic aerogel ensures the high sensitivity of the sensor (40.34 µA mM-1 cm-2). Theoretical investigation unveiled the mechanism of the boosting electrocatalytic activity of the AuNi bimetallic aerogel toward glucose. A better adhesion between the sensing nanomaterial and the screen-printing electrodes (SPEs) is obtained after the introduction of Ni. On the basis of a wide linearity in the range of 0.1-5 mM, an excellent selectivity, an outstanding long-term stability (90 days) as well as the help of the signal processing circuit and an M5stack development board, the as-prepared glucose sensor successfully realizes remote monitoring of the glucose concentration. We speculate that this work is favorable to motivating the technological innovations of the non-enzymatic glucose sensors and intelligent sensing devices.

Biocompatible Tough Ionogels with Reversible Supramolecular Adhesion.

Cohesive and interfacial adhesion energies are difficult to balance to obtain reversible adhesives with both high mechanical strength and high adhesion strength, although various methods have been extensively investigated. Here, a biocompatible citric acid/L-(-)-carnitine (CAC)-based ionic liquid was developed as a solvent to prepare tough and high adhesion strength ionogels for reversible engineered and biological adhesives. The prepared ionogels exhibited good mechanical properties, including tensile strength (14.4 MPa), Young's modulus (48.1 MPa), toughness (115.2 MJ m-3), and high adhesion strength on the glass substrate (24.4 MPa). Furthermore, the ionogels can form mechanically matched tough adhesion at the interface of wet biological tissues (interfacial toughness about 191 J m-2) and can be detached by saline solution on demand, thus extending potential applications in various clinical scenarios such as wound adhesion and nondestructive transfer of organs.

Organogels: "GelVolution" in Topical Drug Delivery - Present and Beyond.

Topical drug delivery holds immense significance in dermatological treatments due to its non-invasive nature and direct application to the target site. Organogels, a promising class of topical drug delivery systems, have acquired substantial attention for enhancing drug delivery efficiency. This review article aims to explore the advantages of organogels, including enhanced drug solubility, controlled release, improved skin penetration, non-greasy formulations, and ease of application. The mechanism of organogel permeation into the skin is discussed, along with formulation strategies, which encompass the selection of gelling agents, cogelling agents, and additives while considering the influence of temperature and pH on gel formation. Various types of organogelators and organogels and their properties, such as viscoelasticity, non-birefringence, thermal stability, and optical clarity, are presented. Moreover, the biomedical applications of organogels in targeting skin cancer, anti-inflammatory drug delivery, and antifungal drug delivery are discussed. Characterization parameters, biocompatibility, safety considerations, and future directions in optimizing skin permeation, ensuring long-term stability, addressing regulatory challenges, and exploring potential combination therapies are thoroughly examined. Overall, this review highlights the immense potential of organogels in redefining topical drug delivery and their significant impact on the field of dermatological treatments, thus paving the way for exciting prospects in the domain.

An in vitro assessment of teething gels' effects on human gingival mesenchymal stem cells.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to examine the cytotoxic effects of dental gels with different contents, which are frequently used during teething, on gingival mesenchymal stem cells (G-MSCs). METHOD: The teething gels used in this study were Dentinox, Gengigel, Osanite, and Jack and Jill. The human gingival mesenchimal stem cells (hG-MSCs) were incubated with these teething gel solutions (0.1%, 50% and 80% concentrations). Reproductive behavior of G-MSCs was monitored in real time for 72 h using the xCELLigence real-time cell analyzer (RTCA) system. Two-way repeated Anova test and post hoc Bonferroni test were used to evaluate the effect of concentration and dental gel on 0-hour and 72-hour viability. Significance was evaluated at p < 0.05 level. RESULTS: Teething gels prepared at 50% concentration are added to the G-MSC culture, the "cell index" value of G-MSCs to which Dentinox brand gel is added is significantly lower than all other groups (p = 0.05). There is a statistically significant difference between the concentrations in terms of cell index values at the 72nd hour compared to the 0th hour (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The local anesthetic dental gels used in children have a more negative effect on cell viability as concentration increases.

In Situ Sprayed Exosome-Cross-Linked Gel as Artificial Lymph Nodes for Postoperative Glioblastoma Immunotherapy.

One key challenge in postoperative glioblastoma immunotherapy is to guarantee a potent and durable T-cell response, which is restricted by the immunosuppressive microenvironment within the lymph nodes (LNs). Here, we develop an in situ sprayed exosome-cross-linked gel that acts as an artificial LN structure to directly activate the tumor-infiltrating T cells for prevention of glioma recurrence. Briefly, this gel is generated by a bio-orthogonal reaction between azide-modified chimeric exosomes and alkyne-modified alginate polymers. Particularly, these chimeric exosomes are generated from dendritic cell (DC)-tumor hybrid cells, allowing for direct and robust T-cell activation. The gel structure with chimeric exosomes as cross-linking points avoids the quick clearance by the immune system and thus prolongs the durability of antitumor T-cell immunity. Importantly, this exosome-containing immunotherapeutic gel provides chances for ameliorating functions of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through accommodating different intracellular-acting adjuvants, such as stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists. This further enhances the antitumor T-cell response, resulting in the almost complete elimination of residual lesions after surgery. Our findings provide a promising strategy for postsurgical glioma immunotherapy that warrants further exploration in the clinical arena.

Bracketed Stability Evaluation of Methimazole USP in PLO Gel Mediflo™30 Pre-Mixed.

Extemporaneously compounded Methimazole 1% and 10% in PLO Gel Mediflo™30 Pre-Mixed were studied to assess physical, chemical and microbial stability over time. The formulations were stored at room temperature in tightly closed, light resistant plastic containers. Chemical stability was evaluated using a validated, stability indicating HPLC analysis and physical stability was evaluated through observation of organoleptic appearance and pH measurement at predetermined time points. Lastly, antimicrobial effectiveness testing was conducted per USP <51> guidelines. The results indicate that compounded Methimazole remained within the stability criteria for the duration of the study and can be assigned an extended beyond-use-date of 120 days under the studied conditions.