RESUMEN
Two unknown enantiomeric compounds, named (R)- and (S)-taeniolin, along with six known compounds, were isolated from the marine-associated fungus Taeniolella sp. BCC31839. Chemical structures were determined by NMR spectroscopic techniques, and the absolute configurations were confirmed by Mosher application together with CD spectral analyses. Both were inactive for antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) and bacteria (Mycobacerium tuberculosis and Bacillus cereus) at maximum tested concentration.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Cromonas/química , Hongos Mitospóricos/química , Animales , Antibacterianos/química , Antimaláricos/química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Bacillus cereus/efectos de los fármacos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cromonas/farmacología , Dicroismo Circular , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Estructura Molecular , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Células VeroRESUMEN
A new species, Botrytis polygoni, was isolated from several species of Polygonaceae in 2011 and 2012 in Tongwei County, Gansu Province, China. The species infects Fagopyrum esculentum, F. tataricum, and Fallopia convolvulus, causing brown leaf spots and large blotches with concentric rings in the field. Botrytis polygoni is morphologically characterized by conidia spherical, unicellular, hyaline to pale brown or brown, (10.2-)14.3-21.4(-23.5) µm; and sclerotia black, spherical to subspherical, allantoid, or irregular-shaped, 0.2-4.1 × 0.1-3.0 mm. Comparison of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) sequences confirmed its placement in the genus Botrytis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the protein-coding genes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit II (RPB2) showed that the new species is clustered close but separate from Botrytis pyriformis, which was distant from 37 other Botrytis species and 17 undescribed species. Pathogenicity tests showed that the new species has aggressive pathogenicity to four species of Polygonaceae, specifically Fag. tataricum, Fal. convolvulus, Polygonum sibiricum, and Pol. aviculare, weak pathogenicity to Vicia faba in the Fabaceae, and no pathogenicity to eight other tested plants: Amaranthus retroflexus, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Lagopsis supine, Mentha canadensis, Plantago asiatica, and Raphanus sativus.
Asunto(s)
Botrytis , Hongos Mitospóricos/clasificación , Polygonaceae/microbiología , Botrytis/clasificación , Botrytis/genética , Botrytis/aislamiento & purificación , Botrytis/patogenicidad , Chaperonina 60/genética , China , Clasificación , ADN de Hongos/genética , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/genética , Fabaceae/microbiología , Hongos Mitospóricos/genética , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Esporas FúngicasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Superficial fungal infections are often seen in day-to-day clinical practice, and their prevalence continues to rise worldwide. Over the years, a change in the pattern of dermatophytoses has been noted. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the epidemiologic profile of dermatophytes at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, from 2007 to 2013. METHODS: The retrospective study was carried out with a total of 4556 samples collected from 3607 patients suspected of superficial fungal infections during the 7-year study period. RESULTS: Among the 3607 suspected patients, 1951 (54.09%) were men and 1656 (45.91%) were women. Of 4556 samples, 703 (15.43%) samples were positive for fungal culture, which included 585 (83.21%) dermatophytes and 118 (16.79%) non-dermatophytes. Trichophyton (T.) rubrum was the most common isolated pathogen in 73.33% of the dermatophyte cases. Among dermatophyte-infected patients, men were most likely to be affected (63.48%) as well as those of higher age (61 to 80). The most commonly affected areas were nails (33.16%) and feet (33%). T rubrum was recurrently isolated in several regions with exception of the scalp where M canis (58.33%) was the most frequently isolated pathogen. About 16.04% of cases had a history of treatment taken prior to sampling. The majority of the affected individuals did not have any prior animal contact (77.26%). T benhamiae was exclusively associated with contact to guinea pigs. CONCLUSION: Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated pathogen in several regions except the scalp. New dermatophyte species emerged with time especially T benhamiae.
Asunto(s)
Dermatomicosis/epidemiología , Hospitales Universitarios/estadística & datos numéricos , Hongos Mitospóricos/clasificación , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Dermatología , Dermatomicosis/microbiología , Femenino , Alemania/epidemiología , Cobayas/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The aggressive and timely treatment of post-traumatic fungal infections is the most efficacious way to reduce morbidity and mortality. Compared to the military trauma population, studies reporting on fungal infections in civilian trauma are not well described. The purpose of this study was to describe characteristics of civilian trauma patients who developed fungal infections and to identify common risk factors and report any delays between injury and treatment. METHODS: This was a five-year (1/1/2013-3/1/2018) retrospective, descriptive study across six level 1 trauma centers. All consecutively admitted trauma patients (≥18 years) with laboratory-confirmed fungal wound infections were included. Patients with solely candida wound isolates were excluded. Patient demographics, clinical wound and infection characteristics, organisms cultured, treatment modalities, length of stay, in-hospital mortality, and any diagnostic or treatment delays were described. RESULTS: Of the 54,521 trauma patients screened for fungal infection, 12 were identified. All patients suffered major injuries after blunt trauma (abbreviated injury score 3-5) and sustained wound contamination, and in nine patients, the cause of injury was motor vehicle. Six had open wounds/fractures on admission. The geographical region with the highest rate of fungal infection was Texas (n = 7), followed by Kansas (N = 3), then Missouri (N = 2). First symptoms of infection (leukocytosis or fever (n = 10)) presented a median of 6.3 (4.1-9.8) days after injury. Wound management entailed a combination of debridements (n = 8), negative pressure wound therapy (n = 9), amputation (n = 6), and antifungal treatment (n = 10). All fungal isolates identified from the wound site were hyphomycetes. A median of 2.1 (1.8-4.0) days passed from diagnosis to first antifungal treatment, and 3 patients died. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows the challenges surrounding diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections secondary to trauma. Non-specific fungal infection symptoms, such as leukocytosis and fever, typically presented a week after injury. Vigilance for investigating risk factors and infection symptoms may help clinicians with more timely management of trauma patients with a severe fungal infection.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Desbridamiento , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Micosis , Infección de Heridas , Heridas no Penetrantes/complicaciones , Adulto , Amputación Quirúrgica/métodos , Amputación Quirúrgica/estadística & datos numéricos , Desbridamiento/métodos , Desbridamiento/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Humanos , Puntaje de Gravedad del Traumatismo , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Micosis/diagnóstico , Micosis/epidemiología , Micosis/fisiopatología , Micosis/cirugía , Terapia de Presión Negativa para Heridas/métodos , Factores de Riesgo , Centros Traumatológicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Infección de Heridas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección de Heridas/epidemiología , Infección de Heridas/microbiología , Infección de Heridas/cirugía , Heridas no Penetrantes/diagnóstico , Heridas no Penetrantes/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The quest for novel sources of antibacterial compounds have necessitated the inclusion of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ERM) commonly found within the root of ericaceous plants. Agar-well diffusion method was used to detect antibacterial activity and was followed by the microbroth diffusion method [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)]. RESULTS: The results of the phytochemical screening indicated that only alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, cardiac glycosides and terpenoids were present, while steroids and tannins were absent. The MIC of the extracts ranged between 2 and 16 mg/mL, and the lowest MIC was obtained with Staphylococcus aureus. Also, the result of the MBC study indicated that the fungal extract was most active at concentrations of 2 and 4 mg/mL against Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This bioassay showed, for the first time, antibacterial activity of L. incrustata against some bacterial species. Subsequently, ERM fungi should be given attention when searching for antimicrobial agents because they could provide a solution to solve problems associated with conventional disease treatments (i.e. pathogenic microorganisms resistance).
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Ericaceae/microbiología , Hongos Mitospóricos/metabolismo , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética , Genes Fúngicos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Hongos Mitospóricos/clasificación , Hongos Mitospóricos/genética , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Micorrizas/metabolismo , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Riparian forests are important to aquatic ecosystems and produce large quantities of organic matter that are recycled by the microbial community that includes microscopic fungi. The aim of this study was to unveil and compare the diversity of aquatic hyphomycetes associated to submerged leaf litter of tropical lotic and lentic environments in the Atlantic Forest of Northeast Brazil. Six sampling events were carried out in six points of two study areas: Biological Reserve "Mata da Chuva" (MC) and Environmental Protection Area "Lagoa da Mata" (LM), in Pernambuco, Brazil. Twenty three taxa of hyphomycetes were identified resulting in 87 occurrences. In the lake LM, 13 taxa of hyphomycetes were identified with 34 occurrences and in the MC (stream), 20 taxa with 53 occurrences. Ten species were common to both areas. Diversity indices and fungal biomass (ergosterol) were mostly higher in the lotic system. The fungal community analysis did not show any structure regarding sampling periods or sampling points within an area, however the two areas are different. Although the turbulence of the water is considered important for the development of these aquatic fungi, it is possible to find a diverse community of hyphomycetes and considerable fungal biomass in the lentic environment.
Asunto(s)
Lagos/microbiología , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Ríos/microbiología , Biomasa , Brasil , Ecosistema , Lagos/química , Hongos Mitospóricos/clasificación , Hongos Mitospóricos/genética , Hongos Mitospóricos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Micobioma , Filogenia , Bosque Lluvioso , Ríos/químicaRESUMEN
We report a rare case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in an immunocompetent patient in Amazonas, Brazil. This dematiaceous fungus has been mainly associated with life-threatening infections affecting the central nervous systems of immunosuppressed patients. We present the clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic aspects, and in vitro susceptibility test results for different antifungal drugs. A brief review of the cases reported in the literature over the past 20 years has also been discussed. According to the literature review, the present case is the first report of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to C. bantiana in an immunocompetent patient in Latin America.
Asunto(s)
Ascomicetos/aislamiento & purificación , Feohifomicosis/diagnóstico , Feohifomicosis/microbiología , Antifúngicos/clasificación , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Biopsia , Brasil , Dermatomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Feohifomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Feohifomicosis/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Purpose: The aim of the study is to identify risk factors, clinical characteristics, causative fungi, and treatment outcome of dematiaceous fungal keratitis in North India. Methods: Consecutive cases of culture-proven dematiaceous fungal keratitis between January 2012 and June 2017 were retrieved from the medical record department. Risk factors, clinical signs, and outcome were registered. Results: Eighty-three patients were included. Identified dematiaceous fungal organism were Curvularia sp. (n = 55/83; 66.3%), Alternaria sp. (n = 12/83; 14.5%), Ulocladium sp. (n = 5/83; 6%), Bipolaris sp. (n = 5/83; 6.1%), Scedosporium sp. (n = 3/83; 3.6%), Acremonium sp. (n = 2/83; 2.4%), and Epicoccum sp. (n = 1/83; 1.2%). Male preponderance was reported. The most common predisposing factor was corneal trauma (67.4%). In cases associated with corneal trauma due to vegetative matter, sugarcane was the most common cause. In all, 89% of the patients were more than 30 years of age. The median infiltrate size was 8 mm2. The median time of antifungal therapy was 4.2 weeks (interquartile range [IQR]: 1-25 weeks). Complications were seen in 14 (n = 14/65; 21.5%) patients. Complete resolution of dematiaceous fungal keratitis was present in 27 (n = 27/65; 41.5%) eyes. Conclusion: Curvularia sp. and Alternaria sp. were the predominant pathogenic genera causing dematiaceous fungal keratitis. Among the causative fungi, infections due to Scedosporium sp. were associated with the worst outcomes. Ulocladium sp. and Epicoccum sp. were also identified. Both the species are not reported previously as a causal organism of dematiaceous fungal keratitis from North India.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/microbiología , Queratitis/microbiología , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Micosis/microbiología , Adulto , Córnea/microbiología , Córnea/patología , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/diagnóstico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/epidemiología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Incidencia , India/epidemiología , Queratitis/diagnóstico , Queratitis/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Micosis/diagnóstico , Micosis/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Lámpara de HendiduraRESUMEN
Epicoccum sorghinum isolates from sorghum grain grown in Brazil were characterized using a polyphasic approach based on morphological, genetic and physiologic features. A considerable intraspecific variability was observed. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the 53 isolates studied formed four distinct clades, and their morphological features revealed a high variability in culture. The four clades could not be distinguished clearly by morphology or enzyme production patterns. The tenuazonic acid (TeA) production capability of 11 isolates was also determined and revealed a good agreement with the phylogeny results. All of the 11 isolates were revealed as TeA producers, indicating a potential toxicological risk to sorghum crops. This is the first study to provide a detailed morphological description of E. sorghinum isolates from sorghum grains in Brazil and it clearly confirms the wide genetic and phenotypic variability previously reported for this species in other countries.
Asunto(s)
Ascomicetos/aislamiento & purificación , Ascomicetos/metabolismo , Sorghum/microbiología , Ácido Tenuazónico/biosíntesis , Ascomicetos/clasificación , Brasil , Grano Comestible/microbiología , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Hongos Mitospóricos/metabolismo , FilogeniaRESUMEN
An investigation was undertaken for screening and isolating nematophagous-fungi from the faecal samples of various grazing animals and soils in Malaysia. Total of 111 faeces and 50 soil samples were collected and the samples were cultured on 2% water agar plates. The growth of nematophagous-fungi was stimulated by sprinkling-baiting technique. The conidia of suspected nematophagous-fungi were inoculated on 2% water agar plates. All isolated were maintained on 2% cornmeal agar plates. Verticillium spp., Fusarium spp. and Arthrobotrys spp. were identified from the faecal and soil samples. 62.5% of the faecal samples and 100% of the soil samples were shown to be positive with nematophagous-fungi. This study highlights the present of nematophagous-fungi population in faecal and soil samples. Much study remains to be done to better understanding some fungi especially their mode of action and their predatory behaviour against parasitic nematodes.
Asunto(s)
Heces/microbiología , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Microbiología del Suelo , Animales , Bovinos , Ciervos , Cabras , Caballos , Malasia , Hongos Mitospóricos/clasificación , Nematodos , Control Biológico de Vectores , SueloRESUMEN
Abstract We report a rare case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in an immunocompetent patient in Amazonas, Brazil. This dematiaceous fungus has been mainly associated with life-threatening infections affecting the central nervous systems of immunosuppressed patients. We present the clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic aspects, and in vitro susceptibility test results for different antifungal drugs. A brief review of the cases reported in the literature over the past 20 years has also been discussed. According to the literature review, the present case is the first report of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to C. bantiana in an immunocompetent patient in Latin America.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Ascomicetos/aislamiento & purificación , Feohifomicosis , Feohifomicosis/diagnóstico , Biopsia , Brasil , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Dermatomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Feohifomicosis/inmunología , Feohifomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Antifúngicos/clasificación , Antifúngicos/uso terapéuticoAsunto(s)
Ascomicetos/fisiología , Endoftalmitis/diagnóstico , Endoftalmitis/microbiología , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/diagnóstico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/microbiología , Administración Oral , Ascomicetos/efectos de los fármacos , Ascomicetos/aislamiento & purificación , Ascomicetos/patogenicidad , Ceftazidima/administración & dosificación , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Endoftalmitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Inyecciones Intravítreas , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hongos Mitospóricos/efectos de los fármacos , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Hongos Mitospóricos/patogenicidad , Hongos Mitospóricos/fisiología , Vancomicina/administración & dosificación , Voriconazol/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Rapid detection and identification of crop pathogens is essential for improving crop yield. Typical pathogen assaying methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are time-consuming and destructive to the sample. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a noninvasive nondestructive analytical technique that provides insight on the chemical structure of the specimen. In this study, we demonstrate that using a hand-held Raman spectrometer, in combination with chemometric analyses, we can distinguish between healthy and diseased maize ( Zea mays) kernels, as well as between different diseases with 100% accuracy. Our analysis is portable and sample-agnostic, suggesting that it could be retooled for other crops and conducted autonomously.
Asunto(s)
Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Semillas/microbiología , Espectrometría Raman/métodos , Zea mays/microbiología , Hongos Mitospóricos/química , Espectrometría Raman/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
En esta nota micológica, se comentan los aspectos taxonómicos, ecológicos y fisiológicos de la especie fúngica Stenocephalopsis subalutacea, la cual fue aislada desde el aire del museo de historia natural de Valparaíso, Chile. Se confirma su identificación mediante observación de las características morfológicas.
In this mycological note, we discuss taxonomical, ecological and physiological aspects of Stenocephalopsis subalutacea fungus. This species was isolated from the air of the Natural History Museum of Valparaíso, Chile. We confirms its identification through morphology characteristic observation.
Asunto(s)
Microbiología del Aire , Museos , Hongos Mitospóricos/clasificación , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Hongos Mitospóricos/fisiología , ChileRESUMEN
Ensuring hygiene and health protection is one of the basic construction requirements. Such requirements are examined when commissioning new constructions and examining defects in constructions already in use. One substantial defect is biocorrosion which represents a synergistic process with a complex variety of factors. It is caused by biochemical manifestations of various micro-organisms (micromycetes). Micromycetes producing mycotoxins therefore play an important role regarding the so-called 'Sick Building Syndrome' that has become a global problem nowadays. The case study presented here aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of the diagnostic methods used in assessing the presence of micromycetes in a building's internal atmosphere and on the internal surfaces of a construction built using traditional construction methods. The methodology of comparing methods is based on their effectiveness, taking into account the identification of type and intensity of micromycetes presence in the air and on the material surfaces in the monitored areas.
Asunto(s)
Microbiología del Aire , Contaminación del Aire Interior/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , EslovaquiaRESUMEN
Aspergillus and Fusarium are the most common fungi causing mycotic keratitis. Injury to the eye with vegetable matter, cow tail injury, long-term use of topical steroids are some of the risk factors for mycotic keratitis. There are few case reports of keratitis caused by Bipolaris. The human pathogenic species in the genus are Bipolaris spicifera, Bipolaris hawaiiensis, Bipolaris papendorfii, and Bipolaris australiensis. Most commonly reported keratitis is caused by B. hawaiiensis, followed by B. spicifera. Literature review showed only one case report of keratitis due to B. australiensis reported from Australia. We present a first case report of keratitis due to B. australiensis (currently Curvularia australienis) from India.
Asunto(s)
Úlcera de la Córnea/microbiología , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/microbiología , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Micosis/etiología , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Úlcera de la Córnea/diagnóstico , Úlcera de la Córnea/terapia , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/diagnóstico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Micosis/diagnóstico , Micosis/terapiaRESUMEN
Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare or Cenchrus ciliaris) is a perennial grass that has become highly invasive in the Sonoran Desert of southern Arizona. In the search for novel control strategies against this weed, strains of the foliar fungal pathogen Cochliobolus australiensis from buffelgrass have been screened for their ability to produce phytotoxic metabolites that could potentially be used as natural herbicides in an integrated pest management strategy. A new phytotoxin, named cochliotoxin, was isolated from liquid culture of this fungus together with radicinin, radicinol, and their 3-epimers. Cochliotoxin was characterized, essentially by spectroscopic methods, as 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-7-(3-methyloxiranyl)-2,3-dihydropyrano[4,3-b]pyran-4,5-dione. Its relative stereochemistry was assigned by 1H NMR techniques, while the absolute configuration (2S,3S) was determined applying the advanced Mosher's method by esterification of its hydroxy group at C-3. When bioassayed in a buffelgrass coleoptile elongation test and by leaf puncture bioassay against the host weed and two nontarget grasses, cochliotoxin showed strong phytotoxicity. In the same tests, radicinin and 3-epi-radicinin also showed phytotoxic activity, while radicinol and 3-epi-radicinol were largely inactive. All five compounds were more active in leaf puncture bioassays on buffelgrass than on the nontarget grass tanglehead (Heteropogon contortus), while the nontarget grass Arizona cottontop (Digitaria californica) was more sensitive to radicinin and 3-epi-radicinin. Cochliotoxin at low concentration was significantly more active on buffelgrass than on either native grass, but the difference was small.
Asunto(s)
Ascomicetos/química , Cenchrus/química , Herbicidas/aislamiento & purificación , Herbicidas/farmacología , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Micotoxinas/aislamiento & purificación , Micotoxinas/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Poaceae/química , Pironas/química , Pironas/aislamiento & purificación , Pironas/farmacología , Arizona , Ascomicetos/aislamiento & purificación , Herbicidas/química , Hongos Mitospóricos/química , Estructura Molecular , Micotoxinas/químicaRESUMEN
AIMS To examine the agreement between spore counts of Pithomyces chartarum measured in a single aliquot of wash water with counts from multiple aliquots from the same 60â g pasture sample, and between spore counts measured in an individual 60â g pasture sample with counts from three 60â g pasture samples selected from the same 200â g paddock sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four Waikato dairy farms were visited once weekly from early January to late May 2013. One paddock, with 40 sampling sites, was selected per farm. At each visit, â¼200â g of pasture was collected per site. Spore counting was undertaken using a standard method, except that three separate 60â g pasture samples per 200â g paddock sample was counted; and for each 60â g pasture sample, spores were counted in 10 aliquots of wash water. The relationship between the results of a single aliquot and 6-10 aliquots of wash water from the same 60â g grass sample were assessed by calculating 95% prediction intervals. Limits of agreement analysis was used to assess the agreement between counts from one, two or three aliquots per 60â g pasture sample compared with 10 aliquots, and between counts from one and three 60â g pasture samples from the same 200â g paddock sample. RESULTS Comparing spore counts from individual aliquots with multiple aliquots resulted in large prediction intervals and 95% limits of agreement, which increased with increasing spore count. For an individual aliquot count of 2 spores, the 95% prediction interval for the count from 10 aliquots was 3-49 spores, and for an individual count of 10 spores the 95% prediction interval was 28-222 spores. Increasing the number of aliquots counted improved agreement. For a total count of 10 spores measured in 10 aliquots, the 95% limits of agreement, based on a single aliquot, were 2-50 spores, and for three aliquots were 5-20 spores. The agreement in spore counts measured in one compared with three 60â g pasture samples was moderate and also decreased with increasing spore count; the 95% limits of agreement were 4-14.5 for a mean spore count of 10. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Measuring the spore counts of three aliquots of wash water per 60â g grass sample improved repeatability, and should be used as the standard technique, particularly when determining whether to start or finish facial eczema control programmes.
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Recuento de Colonia Microbiana/veterinaria , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Poaceae/microbiología , Esporas Fúngicas/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana/métodos , Industria Lechera , Eccema/microbiología , Eccema/veterinaria , Nueva Zelanda , Esporidesminas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
The opportunistic black yeast are particularly known through the genus Exophiala, characterised by annellidic budding cells. However, this phenotype is polyphyletic within the order Chaetothyriales. Seventeen generic names are available in the family Herpotrichiellaceae, one of which is Exophiala. Future taxonomy will be based on molecular phylogeny; each multi-species clade may qualify for one of these names. This paper focuses on the genus Nadsoniella, which is the oldest valid name in the Herpotrichiellaceae. Despite its exophiala-like phenotype, the type species of Nadsoniella clusters in the jeanselmei-clade, competing with the sympodial genus Rhinocladiella. In contrast, Exophiala competes with morphologically pronounced genera Thysanorea and Veronaea. Replacing the current phenotypic system for phylogenetic nomenclature requires highly stable phylogenies, which currently are not available.
Asunto(s)
Exophiala/clasificación , Filogenia , ADN de Hongos/genética , Exophiala/genética , Exophiala/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Hongos Mitospóricos/clasificación , Hongos Mitospóricos/genética , Hongos Mitospóricos/aislamiento & purificación , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Culture-based methods were employed to recover 3929 isolates of fungi from soils collected in May and July 2014 from mound nests of Formica ulkei and adjacent non-nest sites. The abundance, diversity, and richness of species from nest mounds exceeded those of non-mound soils, particularly in July. Communities of fungi from mounds were more similar to those from mounds than non-mounds; this was also the case for non-mound soils with the exception of one non-mound site in July. Species of Aspergillus, Paecilomyces, and Penicillium were dominant in nest soils and represented up to 81.8% of the taxa recovered. Members of the genus Aspergillus accounted for the majority of Trichocomaceae from nests and were represented almost exclusively by Aspergillus navahoensis and Aspergillus pseudodeflectus. Dominant fungi from non-mound sites included Cladosporium cladosporioides, Geomyces pannorum, and species of Acremonium, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Phoma. Although mound nests were warmer than adjacent soils, the dominance of xerotolerant Aspergillus in soils from mounds and the isolation of the majority of Trichocomaceae at 25 and 35 °C suggests that both temperature and water availability may be determinants of fungal community structure in nests of F. ulkei.