RESUMEN
Parasitic nematodes of Oesophagostomum spp., commonly known, as 'nodular worms' are emerging as the most widely distributed and prevalent zoonotic nematodes. Oesophagostomum infections are well documented in African non-human primates; however, the taxonomy, distribution and transmission of Oesophagostomum in Asian non-human primates are not adequately studied. To better understand which Oesophagostomum species infect Asian non-human primates and determine their phylogeny we analysed 55 faecal samples from 50 orangutan and 5 gibbon individuals from Borneo and Sumatra. Both microscopy and molecular results revealed that semi-wild animals had higher Oesophagostomum infection prevalence than free ranging animals. Based on sequence genotyping analysis targeting the Internal transcribed spacer 2 of rDNA, we report for the first time the presence of O. aculeatum in Sumatran apes. Population genetic analysis shows that there is significant genetic differentiation between Bornean and Sumatran O. aculeatum populations. Our results clearly reveal that O. aculeatum in free-ranging animals have a higher genetic variation than those in semi-wild animals, demonstrating that O. aculeatum is circulating naturally in wildlife and zoonotic transmission is possible. Further studies should be conducted to better understand the epidemiology and dynamics of Oesophagostomum transmission between humans, non-human primates and other wild species and livestock in Southeast Asia.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades del Simio Antropoideo , ADN de Helmintos/genética , Heces/parasitología , Hylobates/parasitología , Esofagostomiasis , Oesophagostomum/genética , Pongo pygmaeus/parasitología , Animales , Enfermedades del Simio Antropoideo/epidemiología , Enfermedades del Simio Antropoideo/genética , Enfermedades del Simio Antropoideo/parasitología , Indonesia/epidemiología , Esofagostomiasis/epidemiología , Esofagostomiasis/genética , Esofagostomiasis/veterinaria , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Giardia duodenalis is a common human and animal pathogen. It has been increasingly reported in wild and captive non-human primates (NHPs) in recent years. However, multilocus genotyping information for G. duodenalis infecting NHPs in southwestern China is limited. In the present study, the prevalence and multilocus genotypes (MLGs) of G. duodenalis in captive NHPs in southwestern China were determined. We examined 207 fecal samples from NHPs in Sichuan and Guizhou provinces, and 16 specimens were positive for G. duodenalis. The overall infection rate was 7.7%, and only assemblage B was identified. G. duodenalis was detect positive in northern white-cheeked gibbon (14/36, 38.9%), crab-eating macaque (1/60, 1.7%) and rhesus macaques (1/101, 0.9%). Multilocus sequence typing based on beta-giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) revealed nine different assemblage B MLGs (five known genotypes and four novel genotypes). Based on a phylogenetic analysis, one potentially zoonotic genotype of MLG SW7 was identified in a northern white-cheeked gibbon. A high degree of genetic diversity within assemblage B was observed in captive northern white-cheeked gibbons in Southwestern China, including a potentially zoonotic genotype, MLG SW7. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report using a MLGs approach to identify G. duodenalis in captive NHPs in Southwestern China.
Asunto(s)
Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardiasis/epidemiología , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus/métodos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/métodos , Animales , China , Heces/parasitología , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Giardia lamblia/aislamiento & purificación , Giardiasis/veterinaria , Humanos , Hylobates/parasitología , Macaca/parasitología , Macaca mulatta/parasitología , FilogeniaRESUMEN
Leaf swallowing behavior, known as a form of self-medication for the control of nematode and tapeworm infection, occurs widely in all the African great apes (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, P. t. troglodytes, P. t. verus, P. t. vellerosus, Pan paniscus, Gorilla gorilla graueri), except mountain gorillas. It is also reported to occur in a similar context across a wide array of other animal taxa including, domestic dogs, wolves, brown bears, and civets. Despite long-term research on Asian great and small apes, this is the first report of leaf swallowing in an Asian species, the white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) in Khao Yai National Park, central Thailand. We present the first evidence of leaf swallowing (Gironniera nervosa Planch CANNABACEA) behavior (N = 5 cases) and parasite (Streptopharagus pigmentatus) expulsion (N = 4 cases), recorded during 4,300 hr of direct animal observations during two distinct research projects. We recovered 4-18 rough, hairy, and hispid surfaced leaves from each sample, undigested and folded, from the freshly evacuated feces of five different individuals (2 males, 3 females, 5 to 34+ years old) living in three different social groups, between the hours of 06:00 to 10:30. Based on close inspection of the leaves, as observed in chimpanzees, it was clear that they were taken into the mouth, one at a time, folded and detached from the stem with the teeth before swallowing them whole. All instances occurred during the rainy season, the time when nematode worms were also found in the feces, although they were not found together with leaves in the same feces. These striking similarities in the details of leaf swallowing between white-handed gibbons and African great apes, and other animal species, suggest a similar self-medicative function.
Asunto(s)
Deglución , Hylobates/parasitología , Adaptación Fisiológica , Animales , Femenino , Hominidae , Hylobates/fisiología , Masculino , Parásitos , Estaciones del Año , TailandiaRESUMEN
Roundworms (Ascaridida: Nematoda), one of the most common soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), can cause ascariasis in various hosts worldwide, ranging from wild to domestic animals and humans. Despite the veterinary and health importance of the Ascaridida species, little or no attention has been paid to roundworms infecting wild animals including non-human primates due to the current taxon sampling and survey bias in this order. Importantly, there has been considerable controversy over the years as to whether Ascaris species infecting non-human primates are the same as or distinct from Ascaris lumbricoides infecting humans. Herein, we first characterized the complete mitochondrial genomes of two representative Ascaris isolates derived from two non-human primates, namely, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gibbons (Hylobates hoolock), in a zoological garden of southwest China and compared them with those of A. lumbricoides and the congeneric Ascaris suum as well as other related species in the same order, and then used comparative mitogenomics, genome-wide nucleotide sequence identity analysis, and phylogeny to determine whether the parasites from chimpanzees and gibbons represent a single species and share genetic similarity with A. lumbricoides. Taken together, our results yielded strong statistical support for the hypothesis that the chimpanzee- and gibbon-derived Ascaris represent a single species that is genetically similar to A. lumbricoides, consistent with the results of previous morphological and molecular studies. Our finding should enhance public alertness to roundworms originating from chimpanzees and gibbons and the mtDNA data presented here also serves to enrich the resource of markers that can be used in molecular diagnostic, systematic, population genetic, and evolutionary biological studies of parasitic nematodes from either wild or domestic hosts.
Asunto(s)
Animales de Zoológico/parasitología , Ascaris/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial , Hylobates/parasitología , Pan troglodytes/parasitología , Animales , Ascariasis/parasitología , Ascariasis/veterinaria , Secuencia de Bases , China , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Femenino , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico/genética , ARN de Transferencia/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
A 36-yr-old male captive siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) was evaluated for mange in the form of generalized alopecia, flaky skin, and pruritus of 1 mo duration. Multiple skin scrapings and biopsies revealed high numbers of trombidiiform mites identified as Psorobia (formerly Psorergates) sp. near cercopitheci (Acarina: Psorergatidae) based on morphologic characteristics. Prolonged repetitive treatment with ivermectin killed the mites and resolved the clinical signs. Psorergatid mites should be considered as a cause of dry flaky skin in even long-term captive siamangs or other primates. This is the first record of psorergatid mites from a primate host in the family Hylobatidae.
Asunto(s)
Dermatitis/veterinaria , Hylobates , Insecticidas/uso terapéutico , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Infestaciones por Ácaros/veterinaria , Ácaros y Garrapatas/efectos de los fármacos , Ácaros y Garrapatas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Dermatitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Dermatitis/parasitología , Hylobates/parasitología , Masculino , Infestaciones por Ácaros/diagnóstico , Infestaciones por Ácaros/tratamiento farmacológico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Parastrongylus (=Angiostrongylus) costaricensis was first reported in the United States from cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus, in Texas in 1979. Here, we report the findings of P. costaricensis in a siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) from the Miami MetroZoo, in 2 Ma's night monkeys (Aotus nancymaae) from the DuMond Conservancy located at Monkey Jungle in Miami, in 4 raccoons (Procyon lotor) trapped near the MetroZoo, and in an opossum (Didelphis virginiana) trapped at the MetroZoo. These records are the first records of P. costaricensis from all 4 species of hosts. All of the primates were zoo-born, and the raccoons and opossum were native, indicating that this parasite is now endemic at these 2 sites.
Asunto(s)
Angiostrongylus/aislamiento & purificación , Aotidae/parasitología , Hylobates/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Monos/parasitología , Zarigüeyas/parasitología , Mapaches/parasitología , Infecciones por Strongylida/veterinaria , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Animales de Zoológico , Femenino , Florida/epidemiología , Masculino , Enfermedades de los Monos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Monos/epidemiología , Infecciones por Strongylida/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Strongylida/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Parastrongylus (= Angiostrongylus) cantonensis is a parasitic nematode of Norway rats throughout tropical regions. This parasite is neurotropic and causes disease and death in humans and other mammals. We report the first identification of P. cantonensis as the cause of a debilitating neurologic disease in a captive primate in Florida.
Asunto(s)
Angiostrongylus cantonensis , Animales de Zoológico/parasitología , Hylobates/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Primates/parasitología , Infecciones por Strongylida/veterinaria , Animales , Florida , Masculino , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/parasitología , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/veterinaria , Infecciones por Strongylida/diagnósticoRESUMEN
An adult white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) at a zoo in eastern Kansas was euthanized after developing a head tremor, generalized motor incoordination, and partial paresis of the right arm that persisted over 2 yr. Magnetic resonance imaging early in the course of the disease demonstrated a localized left frontal lobe cerebritis. Larvae morphologically consistent with a Baylisascaris species were seen in tissue sections of the cerebrum and cerebellum. Epizootiologic investigation, which included qualitative fecal flotations, evaluation of soil samples for nematode eggs, and necropsy examination of livetrapped raccoons (Procyon lotor), indicated that Baylisascaris procyonis was most likely to have caused the cerebrospinal nematodiasis in this gibbon.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Ascaridida/veterinaria , Ascaridoidea/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central/veterinaria , Hylobates/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Primates/parasitología , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Infecciones por Ascaridida/parasitología , Infecciones por Ascaridida/patología , Encéfalo/parasitología , Encéfalo/patología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central/parasitología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Cerebelo/parasitología , Cerebelo/patología , Femenino , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Examen Neurológico/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Primates/patología , MapachesRESUMEN
Examination of faecal samples from several diarrhoeic siamangs Hylobates syndactylus (Anthropoidea: Hylobatidae) revealed the presence of numerous entodiniomorphid ciliates whose morphological and ultrastructural characteristics were consistent with those of Troglodytella abrassarti previously recorded from chimpanzees, orangutans and gorillas (Anthropoidea: Pongidae).
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Cilióforos/veterinaria , Cilióforos/aislamiento & purificación , Diarrea/veterinaria , Hylobates/parasitología , Animales , Infecciones por Cilióforos/parasitología , Diarrea/parasitología , Heces/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Fatal eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis is reported in captive non-human primates. A howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) at the Audubon Park and Zoological Gardens, New Orleans, LA, died 21 days after initial clinical symptoms. A white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) died at the Ardastra Gardens and Zoo, Nassau, Bahamas, 17 days after onset of symptoms. Both had access to free-ranging gastropods within the zoos. These are the first reported cases of natural infection by A. cantonensis in non-human primates in the western hemisphere.
Asunto(s)
Alouatta/parasitología , Cebidae/parasitología , Hominidae/parasitología , Hylobates/parasitología , Meningoencefalitis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Monos/etiología , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Angiostrongylus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Bahamas , Causas de Muerte , Eosinofilia/veterinaria , Femenino , Louisiana , Masculino , Meningoencefalitis/etiología , Meningoencefalitis/mortalidad , Enfermedades de los Monos/mortalidad , Infecciones por Nematodos/etiología , Infecciones por Nematodos/mortalidadRESUMEN
Microcysts were first observed in histological sections of the placenta of a gibbon, the uterus of a Microcebus, showing a pyometra, the placenta, spleen and lung of a new born mangabey which died soon after birth from an interstitial pneumonia. Plasmodial forms were also discovered in the sections, either encysted or infiltrating the tissues. Cultures from all the above mentioned pathological material were attempted on a special medium, the composition of which will be given later. All cultures shew myxamoeba-like organisms aggregating and merging into pseudoplasmodial forms that produced microcysts. Attention is drawn to the pathogenic rôle of this new kind of parasites in order that they should be searched for, in every case of genital troubles not ascribable to other causes.
Asunto(s)
Eucariontes/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Genitales Femeninos/veterinaria , Hominidae/parasitología , Hylobates/parasitología , Lemuridae/parasitología , Pulmón/patología , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales , Animales , Cercopithecidae/parasitología , Eucariontes/patogenicidad , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Genitales Femeninos/patología , Placenta/patología , Embarazo , Infecciones por Protozoos/patología , Bazo/patología , Útero/patologíaRESUMEN
The primary objective of this project was to study the life cycle and ecology of Plasmodium pitheci, a malaria parasite of the orang-utan. The field work was based on the orang-utan rehabilitation centre in the Sepilok Forest Reserve of eastern Sabah. Two visits were made to Sepilok, the first in February and March, 1972, and the second (by W.P.) in January 1974. On the first visit two species of "surrogate host" were taken to Sabah, i.e. chimpanzees and Aotus monkeys for experimental work. The arboreal habitat of the orang-utan in the dipterocarp forests of eastern Sabah is described. In the Sepilok Forest Reserve dwell gibbons and leaf-monkeys, in addition to a small population of semi-domesticated and wild, free-ranging orang-utans of various ages. Although numerous species of anopheline mosquitoes have been collected in eastern Sabah, longitudinal studies are not available. Anopheles balabacensis was caught both attracted to orang-utans and to man at Sepilok. This species which is the main vector of human malaria in the north of Borneo, is suspected also of transmitting orang-utan malaria in this part of Sabah. Repeated blood examinations have been made on a number of orang-utans in the centre since 1966 and a high prevalence of infection was recorded with Plasmodium pitheci. In 1966 10 out of 19 animals had demonstrable parasitaemia. Detailed case histories are presented to show the course of parasitaemia in several orang-utans. Infections of P. pitheci were found to run a very chronic course. During the 1972 expedition a second, previously undescribed malaria parasite of the orang-utan was discovered, and was named P. silvaticum. The new parasite was successfully transmitted both by blood inoculation and, later, by sporozoite inoculation, into splenectomized chimpanzees. Although both species of malaria parasite may cause transitory signs of illness, orang-utans in general appear to be little discomforted by the infection. The animals do however suffer from other infectious diseases such as amoebic and balantidial dysentery, and melioidosis is a serious natural hazard which may have accounted for several deaths of wild orang-utans. An unidentified, intraerythrocytic structure that appeared in the blood of one chimpanzee, which had been inoculated with blood from an orang-utan, may have contributed to its death. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of P. pitheci and P. silvaticum are given. All stages of the life cycle of P. silvaticum are known (the tissue stages having been described in the liver of a "surrogate host", the chimpanzee) but only the blood and sporogonic stages of P. pitheci have been seen. This species was not infective to a chimpanzee, although there is an earlier report of a transient infection in this host by other workers. In the blood both parasites showed a tertian periodicity. From the appearance of the tissue schizonts on the seventh day it was estimated that the complete pre-erythrocytic cycle of P. silvaticum in the chimpanzee would occupy 8 days. P...