Salud, beneficencia y mutualismo: la colonia española en la Ciudad de México durante el Porfiriato / Health, beneficence and mutualism: the Spanish colony in Mexico City during the Porfirio Díaz regime

Resumen El artículo se acerca a las iniciativas de salud impulsadas por la colonia española en la capital mexicana durante el Porfiriato. Primero, se explica la importancia que adquirió la Sociedad de Beneficencia Española (SBE) durante este periodo. Se ubica la SBE en el contexto de expansión y profesionalización de los servicios médicos por el Estado, y la red de relaciones sociales, políticas y económicas entre los individuos prominentes de la colonia y el gobierno de Porfirio Díaz. Posteriormente, se indaga en las insatisfacciones que generó la SBE, que dio lugar a la fundación de un efímero proyecto de características mutuales, protagonizado por dependientes de comercio españoles: la Quinta de Salud.

Tuberculosis chemotherapy centre - The beginning.

OBJECTIVE: Establishment of a TB research centre with the aim of studying the feasibility of domiciliary treatment for the masses. METHODS: In-depth case study of the TB chemotherapy Centres's initial activities and development. RESULTS: Successful setting up of a research centre in 1956 at Madras. CONCLUSION: Four agencies collaborated successfully to demonstrate that domiciliary treatment for the masses is feasible.

Medical waste: the dark side of healthcare.

Hospitals and other health facilities generate an ever-increasing amount of waste, approximately 15% of which may be infectious, toxic, or radioactive. The World Health Organization has been addressing the issue since the 1980s. After initially focusing on high-income countries, it then focused on low-income countries, with unsafe disposal methods in landfills and inadequate incinerators as major concerns. Gradually, the understanding of the issue has undergone several shifts, including from a focus on the component of medical waste considered "hazardous" to all forms of waste, and from accepting medical waste as a necessary downside of high-quality healthcare to seeing the avoidance of healthcare waste as a component of high quality healthcare.

Medical waste: the dark side of healthcare / Resíduo hospitalar: o lado sombrio da assistência médica

Abstract Hospitals and other health facilities generate an ever-increasing amount of waste, approximately 15% of which may be infectious, toxic, or radioactive. The World Health Organization has been addressing the issue since the 1980s. After initially focusing on high-income countries, it then focused on low-income countries, with unsafe disposal methods in landfills and inadequate incinerators as major concerns. Gradually, the understanding of the issue has undergone several shifts, including from a focus on the component of medical waste considered "hazardous" to all forms of waste, and from accepting medical waste as a necessary downside of high-quality healthcare to seeing the avoidance of healthcare waste as a component of high quality healthcare.

Resumo Hospitais e outros centros de tratamento de saúde geram um volume de resíduos cada vez maior, dos quais cerca de 15% podem ser infecciosos, tóxicos ou radioativos. A Organização Mundial da Saúde começou a enfrentar o problema na década de 1980. Inicialmente, concentrou-se nos países ricos, depois mudou o foco para os países pobres, onde métodos de eliminação inseguros, como aterros sanitários e incineradores inadequados, preocupavam. Aos poucos, a compreensão do problema passou por mudanças, inclusive do enfoque no conteúdo do resíduo hospitalar considerado "perigoso", passando para todas as formas de resíduos, e da aceitação do resíduo médico como um inconveniente inerente aos cuidados de saúde de alta qualidade, até o conceito de que evitar a produção de resíduos hospitalares faz parte dos cuidados de saúde de alta qualidade.

The Character and Meaning of the Reorganization of the Medical Institutions in the Early Chosun Dynasty.

In this article, I first explored the process and its characteristics of the reorganization of the medical institution in the early Chosun Dynasty. In the early Chosun Dynasty, medical institutions of Naeuiwon, Jeonuigam, Hyeminseo, Hwalinseo, Jesaengwon were operated. From the examining the history, members, and roles of these institutions, it can be said that Chosun was aimed at Minbon Thought(For the people) of Neo-Confucianism and a one-sided centralized system. To understand the meaning of the change process of these medical institutions, we should pay attention to the social structure and ruling ideology of the late Koryo period. In other words, the autonomy and publicness of the people expanded in the land system of Koryo, while on the other hand, it became important to overcome the inefficiency of Buddhism, which was a dominant ideology. The movement to reflect the strengthened status of the people into the public national system by taking the Neo-Confucianism as the dominant ideology has been strengthened, and the medical rights of all the people have been guaranteed. But it did not mean that the Minbon Thought(For the people) of NeoConfucianism put the people first. The reason why the medical institution was organized in the order of Naeuiwon → Jeonuigam → Hyeminseo → Hwalinseo was because the theory of essence and end of Neo-Confucianism was projected. At the same time, this hierarchical structure was also coincided with the statusclass structure of Chosun, which peaked at the royal family as the highest ruling class. For this reason, the status of the medical institutions for the people, Hyeminseo and Hwalinseo was low.

[Lab coats, scalpels, and the art of politics]. / Entre jalecos, bisturis e a arte de fazer política.

The article analyzes the social and historical conditions of the development of medicine as a space for professional activity and domination of a specific occupational field in the state of Sergipe, from the early decades of the twentieth century to the 1960s. One of the main findings is that the process of consolidation in medicine should be understood as part of the changes that guided the restructuring of local agrarian elites to avoid their own decline. The strong rivalry produced within this kinship and consequent fragmentation resulting from conflict led to the expansion of ties and specific targeting for the connections produced in the professional world.

O artigo analisa as condições sociais e históricas de desenvolvimento da medicina como espaço de atuação profissional e domínio sobre determinado território ocupacional, no estado de Sergipe, das primeiras décadas do século XX aos anos 1960. Uma das principais constatações da investigação é a de que o processo de consolidação da medicina deve ser compreendido como parte das mudanças que nortearam a reestruturação das elites agrárias locais para evitar o declínio de sua condição. A forte rivalidade produzida no interior das parentelas e sua fragmentação, decorrente dos conflitos, conduziram a expansão dos vínculos e um direcionamento para os laços produzidos a partir do universo profissional.

Entre jalecos, bisturis e a arte de fazer política / Lab coats, scalpels, and the art of politics

Resumo O artigo analisa as condições sociais e históricas de desenvolvimento da medicina como espaço de atuação profissional e domínio sobre determinado território ocupacional, no estado de Sergipe, das primeiras décadas do século XX aos anos 1960. Uma das principais constatações da investigação é a de que o processo de consolidação da medicina deve ser compreendido como parte das mudanças que nortearam a reestruturação das elites agrárias locais para evitar o declínio de sua condição. A forte rivalidade produzida no interior das parentelas e sua fragmentação, decorrente dos conflitos, conduziram a expansão dos vínculos e um direcionamento para os laços produzidos a partir do universo profissional.

Abstract The article analyzes the social and historical conditions of the development of medicine as a space for professional activity and domination of a specific occupational field in the state of Sergipe, from the early decades of the twentieth century to the 1960s. One of the main findings is that the process of consolidation in medicine should be understood as part of the changes that guided the restructuring of local agrarian elites to avoid their own decline. The strong rivalry produced within this kinship and consequent fragmentation resulting from conflict led to the expansion of ties and specific targeting for the connections produced in the professional world.

[Machines and artisanal health workers]. / Máquinas y arte-sanos.

This work discusses the dominant models and tensions within the health field regarding the conceptualization of the human body (as a machine), the process of health work (industrial and artisanal models), institutions (hospitals and health centers) and primary agents (the medical corporation and the medical industrial complex). The context of analysis is the United States from the end of the 19th century to the present. Economic-political, ideological-cultural, and scientific-technical dimensions are discussed, which permeate the historicity of the field. The purpose is to illustrate how the health field has transformed over time, as well as the role instrumental reason and financial capital has played in this process, to the detriment of relational aspects.

Este trabajo discute los modelos dominantes y las tensiones, al interior del campo de la salud, entre la concepción del cuerpo humano (máquina); el proceso de trabajo médico (modelos industriales o artesanales); las institucionalidades (hospitales y centros de salud) y los principales agentes (corporación médica y complejo médico industrial). El análisis se contextualiza en EEUU desde fines del siglo XIX a la actualidad. Se discuten dimensiones económico-políticas, ideológico-culturales y científico-técnicas, que atraviesan la historicidad del campo. El propósito es elucidar cómo se viene transformando el campo de la salud, y qué peso tiene la razón instrumental y el capital financiero en ese proceso, en detrimento de lo relacional.

Máquinas y arte-sanos / Machines and artisanal health workers

RESUMEN Este trabajo discute los modelos dominantes y las tensiones, al interior del campo de la salud, entre la concepción del cuerpo humano (máquina); el proceso de trabajo médico (modelos industriales o artesanales); las institucionalidades (hospitales y centros de salud) y los principales agentes (corporación médica y complejo médico industrial). El análisis se contextualiza en EEUU desde fines del siglo XIX a la actualidad. Se discuten dimensiones económico-políticas, ideológico-culturales y científico-técnicas, que atraviesan la historicidad del campo. El propósito es elucidar cómo se viene transformando el campo de la salud, y qué peso tiene la razón instrumental y el capital financiero en ese proceso, en detrimento de lo relacional.

ABSTRACT This work discusses the dominant models and tensions within the health field regarding the conceptualization of the human body (as a machine), the process of health work (industrial and artisanal models), institutions (hospitals and health centers) and primary agents (the medical corporation and the medical industrial complex). The context of analysis is the United States from the end of the 19th century to the present. Economic-political, ideological-cultural, and scientific-technical dimensions are discussed, which permeate the historicity of the field. The purpose is to illustrate how the health field has transformed over time, as well as the role instrumental reason and financial capital has played in this process, to the detriment of relational aspects.

Matanzas: en los inicios de la Ciencia en Cuba / Matanzas: at the begining of the Science in Cuba

No puede relatarse el desarrollo de la ciencia cubana, sin la valoración justa y aceptada del papel desempeñado por destacados científicos matanceros; en el presente trabajo se aborda el quehacer de tres destacadas, figuras que dejaron su impronta en las nuevas generaciones: Juan Santos Fernández Hernández (1847-1922), Ángel Arturo Aballí Arellano (1880-1952) y José Isaac Corral Alemán (1882-1946), hombres nacidos en diferentes lugares de la geografía matancera. stos científicos, en condiciones políticas y económicas difíciles fueron capaces de prevalecer en el tiempo y moldear con su ejemplo imperecedero a las generaciones de científicos cubanos que les sucedieron (AU).

The development of the sciences in Cuba cannot be narrated without the objective and accepted evaluation of the role played by important scientists from Matanzas; the current work approaches the deed of three important figures that left their imprint for the new generations: Juan Santos Fernández Hernández (1847-1922), Ángel Arturo Aballí Arellano (1880-1952) y José Isaac Corral Alemán (1882-1946), who were born in different points of the territory of Matanzas. hese scientists, in difficult political and economic conditions, were able of transcending the time and to mold with their undying example the generations of Cuban scientists succeeding them (AU).

Momentos históricos del Policlínico Universitario Pedro Borrás Astorga / Historical moments of the University Hospital Pedro Borrás Astorga

Introducción: los momentos históricos vivenciados por las áreas de salud, adquieren una connotación especial en su desarrollo evolutivo. Objetivo: describir los momentos históricos del Policlínico Universitario "Pedro Borrás Astorga". Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación pedagógica sobre dicha área de salud ubicada en la ciudad de Pinar del Río, en el período comprendido entre septiembre y noviembre del 2016, empleando el método materialista dialéctico, el cual permitió el empleo de métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadístico (descriptivo). Resultados: en la clasificación de los momentos históricos por año, predominaron los de carácter provincial con 55,6%, así como el año 2016 como el período de mayor actividad histórica con 44,4%. Respecto al tipo de momento histórico, se destacan los reconocimientos y galardones (138), seguido de la colaboración médica (83), con ascenso significativo en el 2016. Conclusiones: al describir dichas páginas memorables, se fortalece el arsenal de conocimientos históricos, así como constituye un estímulo de trabajo y anécdotas para las presentes y futuras generaciones (AU).

Introduction: the historical moments health areas have went through adopt a special connotation in their evolutive development. Objective: to describe historical moments of the University Policlinic "Pedro Borrás Astorga". Materials and methods: a pedagogical research on the health area located in the city of Pinar del Rio, in the period from September to November 2016, using the dialectic materialist method that allowed the employment of theoretical, empiric and statistic (descriptive) methods. Results: in the classification of the historical moments per year, the ones with provincial character predominated with 55.6 %, and 2016 was the period of higher historical activity with 44 %. According to the kind of historical moment, acknowledgments and awards stood out (138), followed by medical collaboration (83), with significant growth in 2016. Conclusions: to describe memorable moments strengthens the arsenal of historical knowledge, being also a work stimulus and anecdote for the current and future generations (AU).

Remembranza de Santiago Ramón y Cajal, más allá del Nobel / Recollection of Santiago Ramón y Cajal beyond the Nobel

Nacido en Petilla de Aragón, España, Santiago Ramón y Cajal posiblemente sea, por el volumen significativo y trascendencia de su obra, el más relevante neurocientífico de la historia. En conmemoración a la celebración en 2016 de la tercera jornada científica de la cátedra Santiago Ramón y Cajal, es objetivo de este trabajo rendir tributo al histólogo, patólogo, y neurocientífico. Se recogen de manera historiográfica momentos trascendentales de la vida y obra del sabio español, relacionados con su intensa labor investigativa, que lo llevaron al planteamiento de la teoría neuronal, la obtención del premio Nobel, la trascendencia de sus descubrimientos, así como los principales momentos de su estancia en Cuba (AU).

Born in Petilla de Aragón, Spain, Santiago Ramón y Cajal is probably, the most relevant neuroscientist of the history, due to the significant volume and transcendence of his work. Commemorating the celebration of the third scientific event of the Cathedra Santiago Ramón y Cajal in 2016, the aim of this work is rendering homage to the outstanding histologist, pathologist and neuroscientist. In a historiographical way, some significant moments of the Spanish scholar's life and work are mentioned here, related to its intense research work that lead him to postulate the neuronal theory and obtaining the Nobel prize; the transcendence of his discoveries and the main moments of his staying in Cuba are also brought about (AU).

Faustino Pérez Hernández, honestidad y entrega / Faustino Pérez Hernández, honesty and consecration

La historia de Cuba la han hecho sus mejores hijos. Entre los que contribuyeron protagónicamente a la etapa que condujo al triunfo de 1959 y la construcción de la sociedad socialista se destaca Faustino Pérez Hernández, fruto de la tierra espirituana ligado a la historia matancera por más de una página de honestidad y entrega. El principal hospital de la provincia de Matanzas, ubicado en su capital, lleva su nombre. El presente trabajo pretende, en su brevedad, despertar la necesidad de conocer más profundamente su vida y su obra (AU).

Cuban history has been made by its best children. Faustino Perez, born in Sancti Spiritus and linked to Matanzas by more than one page of honesty and devotion, is among the ones who played the most important roles in the stage leading to the triumph of 1959 revolution and the socialist construction. The main hospital of the province of Matanzas, located in its capital, is named after him. The current work pretends to arouse the necessity of knowing deeply his life and his work (AU).

Leandro Lantigua Bayón: paradigma de la profesión médica cubana / Leandro Lantigua Bayón: paradigm of the Cuban medical profession

La desatención médica fue característica general de los mal llamados gobiernos democráticos de la Cuba anterior a 1959. Colón no estaba ajeno a esta situación que vivía el país, por lo que representantes de los que sí cuidaban con honor la salud de nuestro pueblo, no podían faltar como dignos ejemplos revolucionarios. En este contexto histórico comienza a trabajar en esta localidad el Dr. Leandro Lantigua Bayón en el año 1951, identificado plenamente con el carácter científico de su profesión y nunca al margen de los problemas que agobiaban a su pueblo, manteniendo ambos principios siempre unidos. Tras el triunfo revolucionario se convierte en el Profesor de Cirugía de este municipio. Su experiencia la trasmite a gran parte de los cirujanos que hoy laboran en esta provincia. Los actuales médicos y especialmente los cirujanos colombinos defienden con orgullo los postulados que legara tras las horas de trabajo bajo su tutela. Precisamente dar a conocer la vida de este gran médico es el objetivo de nuestro trabajo (AU).

The medical neglect was a general characteristic of the so-called democratic governments of Cuba prior to 1959. Columbus was not unaware of this situation that the country was living in, so that representatives of those who did honorably care for the health of our people could not Lack as worthy revolutionary examples. In this historical context, Dr. Leandro Lantigua Bayón began working in this area in 1951, fully identified with the scientific nature of his profession and never apart from the problems that overwhelmed his people, keeping both principles always united. After the revolutionary triumph he becomes the Professor of Surgery of this municipality. His experience transmits it to many of the surgeons who work in this province today. The current doctors and especially the Colombian surgeons defend with pride the postulates that he would leave behind the hours of work under his guardianship. To make known the life of this great doctor is the objective of our work (AU).

Ideario salubrista de Fidel Castro como continuidad del legado martiano a la medicina revolucionaria cubana / The health care ideology of Fidel Castro as a continuity of José Martí legacy in Cuban revolutionary medicine

El trabajo sustenta la tesis de que las ideas del Apóstol constituyen un verdadero legado histórico, sirviendo de referente a la Generación del Centenario para sentar las bases de los postulados esenciales que rigen el Sistema de Salud en la Cuba revolucionaria: acceso, equidad y solidaridad de la medicina cubana, lo que representa un logro inigualable y un orgullo para todos los cubanos. El mismo se propone exponer alguna de las aristas del pensamiento revolucionario de José Martí acerca de la Medicina y la Salud, así como su influencia en el ideario fidelista, tan importante en la transformación del Sistema Nacional de Salud en la Cuba revolucionaria y resalta la decisiva visión y acción estratégica del líder histórico de la Revolución cubana en esta importante esfera, inspirado en la continuidad del pensamiento martiano, constituyendo un sentido homenaje al eterno Comandante en Jefe Fidel Castro Ruz (AU).

This term sustains the thesis that the Apostle´s ideas are a true historical legacy, serving as a referent for the Generation of the Centenary to set the basis of the essential postulates ruling the Health System in the revolutionary Cuba: Cuban medicine access, equity and solidarity, representing an exceptional achievement and a proud for all the Cuban people. The purpose was exposing some of the aspects of José Marti's revolutionary thoughts on Medicine and Health, and also its influence on Fidel Castro ideology, so important in the transformation of the National Health System in the revolutionary Cuba. It is highlighted the decisive action and strategic vision of the Cuban Revolution historical leader in this important sphere inspired in the continuity of Jose Marti´s thoughts. Serve it as a deep homage to eternal Comandante en Jefe Fidel Castro Ruz (AU).