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1.
Cell Genom ; 4(10): 100676, 2024 Oct 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39389012

RESUMEN

Human milk has long been recognized for its critical role in infant and maternal health. In this issue of Cell Genomics, Johnson et al.1 apply a human genetics and genomics approach to shed light on the complex relationship between maternal genetics, milk variation, and the infant gut microbiome.


Asunto(s)
Salud del Lactante , Leche Humana , Humanos , Leche Humana/microbiología , Lactante , Femenino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética
2.
Cell ; 187(19): 5431-5452.e20, 2024 Sep 19.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39303691

RESUMEN

Breastfeeding and microbial colonization during infancy occur within a critical time window for development, and both are thought to influence the risk of respiratory illness. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of breastfeeding and the regulation of microbial colonization are poorly understood. Here, we profiled the nasal and gut microbiomes, breastfeeding characteristics, and maternal milk composition of 2,227 children from the CHILD Cohort Study. We identified robust colonization patterns that, together with milk components, predict preschool asthma and mediate the protective effects of breastfeeding. We found that early cessation of breastfeeding (before 3 months) leads to the premature acquisition of microbial species and functions, including Ruminococcus gnavus and tryptophan biosynthesis, which were previously linked to immune modulation and asthma. Conversely, longer exclusive breastfeeding supports a paced microbial development, protecting against asthma. These findings underscore the importance of extended breastfeeding for respiratory health and highlight potential microbial targets for intervention.


Asunto(s)
Lactancia Materna , Leche Humana , Humanos , Femenino , Leche Humana/microbiología , Lactante , Preescolar , Asma/microbiología , Asma/prevención & control , Asma/inmunología , Microbiota , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Masculino , Estudios de Cohortes , Recién Nacido
3.
BMC Microbiol ; 24(1): 350, 2024 Sep 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39289612

RESUMEN

Diarrheal diseases remain the leading cause of high mortality among the infants, particularly in the developing countries; Probiotic intervention for diarrhea has been an ongoing novel approach to diarrheal prevention and treatment. This study aims to characterize immunogenic and probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from human breast milk and neonates' faeces. The LAB isolates from 16 mothers' breast milk and 13 infants' faeces were screened and identified by 16 S rRNA gene partial sequencing. Their antimicrobial activities against 5 strains of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli were tested. Organic acids production was quantified by HPLC, and antibiotic resistance pattern were determined by VITEK®. Autoaggregation, co-aggregation and hydrophobicity properties were assessed by UV spectrophotometry and immunomodulatory effect was determined in mouse model. Ninety-three LAB of five genera were identified. The most abundant species was Lactiplantibacillus plantarum with inhibition zones ranged from 8.0 to 25.0 ± 1 mm. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus A012 had 76.8 mg/mL lactic acid, (the highest concentration), was susceptible to all antibiotics tested. L. plantarum A011 and L. rhamnosus A012 were highly resistance to gastrointestinal conditions. L. rhamnosus A012 produced hydrophobicity of 25.01% (n-hexadecane), 15.4% (xylene) and its autoaggregation was 32.52%. L. rhamnosus A012 and L. plantarum A011 exert immunomodulatory effects on the cyclophosphamide-treated mice by upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokine and downregulating proinflammatory cytokines. Lactobacillus sp. demonstrated good probiotic and immunomodulatory properties. Further works are ongoing on the practical use of the strains.


Asunto(s)
Diarrea , Escherichia coli , Heces , Lactobacillales , Leche Humana , Probióticos , Probióticos/farmacología , Humanos , Heces/microbiología , Animales , Femenino , Leche Humana/microbiología , Leche Humana/inmunología , Ratones , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/inmunología , Lactobacillales/aislamiento & purificación , Lactobacillales/fisiología , Lactobacillales/clasificación , Diarrea/microbiología , Diarrea/prevención & control , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/prevención & control , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Lactante , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Recién Nacido , Adulto , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana
4.
Microbiome ; 12(1): 182, 2024 Sep 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39342403

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Children born to women with HIV but who do not become HIV infected experience increased morbidity and mortality compared with children born to women without HIV. The basis of this increased vulnerability is unknown. The microbiome, specifically the infant gut microbiome, likely plays an important role in infant immune development. The human milk microbiome is thought to have an important role in the development of the infant gut and therefore, if perturbed, may contribute to this increased vulnerability. We investigated the effects of HIV and its therapies on the milk microbiome and possible changes in the milk microbiome before or after infant HIV infection. RESULTS: Seven-hundred fifty-six human milk samples were selected from three separate studies conducted over a 15-year period to investigate the role of HIV and its therapies on the human milk microbiome. Our data reveal that the milk microbiome is modulated by parity (R2 = 0.006, p = 0.041), region/country (R2 = 0.014, p = 0.007), and duration of lactation (R2 = 0.027-0.038, all p < 0.001). There is no evidence, however, using 16S rRNA V4 amplicon sequencing, that the human milk microbiome is altered by HIV infection (R2 = 0.003, p = 0.896), by combination antiretroviral therapy (R2 = 0.0009, p = 0.909), by advanced maternal disease (R2 = 0.003, p = 0.263), or in cases of infant infection either through isolated early mucosal (R2 = 0.003, p = 0.197) or early mucosal and breast milk transmission (R2 = 0.002, p = 0.587). CONCLUSIONS: The milk microbiome varies by stage of lactation, by parity, and by region; however, we found no evidence that the human milk microbiome is altered by maternal HIV infection, disease severity, or antiretroviral therapy. Additionally, we found no association between the milk microbiome and transmission of HIV to the infant. Investigations including higher resolution microbiome approaches or into other potential mechanisms to understand why the approximately one million children born annually to women with HIV escape infection, but do not escape harm, are urgently needed. Video Abstract.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH , Leche Humana , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Humanos , Leche Humana/microbiología , Leche Humana/virología , Infecciones por VIH/microbiología , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Femenino , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Embarazo , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Lactante , Microbiota , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Recién Nacido , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/microbiología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/virología , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/genética , Adulto , Lactancia Materna , Lactancia
5.
Bratisl Lek Listy ; 125(10): 605-611, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39344763

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) is a unique component of breastmilk. To date, no study has investigated the correlation between HMO and infant nutritional status particularly through the lens of gut microbiota. Therefore, our study aims to investigate the relationships between 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) in HMO and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio among stunted infants. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted among 103 mother-infant pairs in Malang City, Indonesia. The quantification of 2'-FL HMO was assessed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The F/B ratio was analyzed with real-time poly-chain reaction (RT-PCR). For bivariate analysis, we employed the Spearman correlation and Mann‒Whitney tests, while for multivariate analysis, we utilized multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The findings showed that the stunted nutritional status was detected in 49 out of 103 infants. In this group, 40.81% of mothers of infants with a stunted nutritional status had a secretor-positive status, while all mothers of infants with appropriate nutritional status tested positive for the secretor status (100%). However, the association between maternal secretor status and infant nutritional status was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The average levels of 2'-FL HMO in breast milk were lower in the group with stunted infants compared to non-stunted infants (1.21 mg/L vs 1.40 mg/L). The regression analysis revealed a significant association of 2'-FL HMO levels with the presence of Bacteroidetes and value of the F/B ratio (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The breast milk component 2'-FL HMO significantly influences the gut microbiota of stunted infants. Future research aimed at elucidating the mechanisms by which 2'-FL HMO modulates infant gut microbiota should consider not only concentration and specific bacterial taxa but also intake levels (Tab. 2, Fig. 1, Ref. 37). Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: 2'-fucosyllactose, human milk, oligosaccharide, firmicutes, bacteroidetes, stunting, infant.


Asunto(s)
Bacteroidetes , Firmicutes , Leche Humana , Oligosacáridos , Humanos , Leche Humana/química , Leche Humana/microbiología , Indonesia , Femenino , Oligosacáridos/análisis , Oligosacáridos/metabolismo , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Lactante , Bacteroidetes/aislamiento & purificación , Firmicutes/aislamiento & purificación , Trisacáridos/análisis , Masculino , Adulto , Estado Nutricional , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Recién Nacido
6.
BMC Res Notes ; 17(1): 271, 2024 Sep 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39289764

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: In this pilot study, we verified safe practices for breast milk expression, storage, and duration, based on bacteriological results. RESULTS: We collected breast milk samples from three healthy lactating volunteers and analyzed the bacterial flora and changes in the viable bacterial counts (including those of Staphylococcus) of the samples. Although no consistent change could be observed in the abundance of a particular bacterial group in samples expressed under hygienic control conditions, viable bacterial counts were higher in self-expressed milk than in milk expressed under hygienic control conditions. In conclusion, increased hygiene awareness is vital during breast milk expression and storage.


Asunto(s)
Leche Humana , Humanos , Leche Humana/microbiología , Proyectos Piloto , Femenino , Higiene/normas , Adulto , Extracción de Leche Materna , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/metabolismo , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Lactancia
7.
Cell Rep Med ; 5(9): 101729, 2024 Sep 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39243753

RESUMEN

Mother's milk contains diverse bacterial communities, although their impact on microbial colonization in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW, <1,500 g) infants remains unknown. Here, we examine relationships between the microbiota in preterm mother's milk and the VLBW infant gut across initial hospitalization (n = 94 mother-infant dyads, 422 milk-stool pairs). Shared zero-radius operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) between milk-stool pairs account for ∼30%-40% of zOTUs in the VLBW infant's gut. We show dose-response relationships between intakes of several genera from milk and their concentrations in the infant's gut. These relationships and those related to microbial sharing change temporally and are modified by in-hospital feeding practices (especially direct breastfeeding) and maternal-infant antibiotic use. Correlations also exist between milk and stool microbial consortia, suggesting that multiple milk microbes may influence overall gut communities together. These results highlight that the mother's milk microbiota may shape the gut colonization of VLBW infants by delivering specific bacteria and through intricate microbial interactions.


Asunto(s)
Heces , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Recién Nacido de muy Bajo Peso , Leche Humana , Leche Humana/microbiología , Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Femenino , Recién Nacido , Heces/microbiología , Consorcios Microbianos , Lactancia Materna , Adulto , Masculino , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Madres
8.
NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes ; 10(1): 85, 2024 Sep 14.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39277573

RESUMEN

The gut microbiota of infants in low- to middle-income countries is underrepresented in microbiome research. This study explored the faecal microbiota composition and faecal cytokine profiles in a cohort of infants in a rural province of Cambodia and investigated the impact of sample storage conditions and infant environment on microbiota composition. Faecal samples collected at three time points from 32 infants were analysed for microbiota composition using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and concentrations of faecal cytokines. Faecal bacterial isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing and genomic analysis. We compared the effects of two sample collection methods due to the challenges of faecal sample collection in a rural location. Storage of faecal samples in a DNA preservation solution preserved Bacteroides abundance. Microbiota analysis of preserved samples showed that Bifidobacterium was the most abundant genus with Bifidobacterium longum the most abundant species, with higher abundance in breast-fed infants. Most infants had detectable pathogenic taxa, with Shigella and Klebsiella more abundant in infants with recent diarrhoeal illness. Neither antibiotics nor infant growth were associated with gut microbiota composition. Genomic analysis of isolates showed gene clusters encoding the ability to digest human milk oligosaccharides in B. longum and B. breve isolates. Antibiotic-resistant genes were present in both potentially pathogenic species and in Bifidobacterium. Faecal concentrations of Interlukin-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor were higher in breast-fed infants. This study provides insights into an underrepresented population of rural Cambodian infants, showing pathogen exposure and breastfeeding impact gut microbiota composition and faecal immune profiles.


Asunto(s)
Bifidobacterium , Citocinas , Diarrea , Heces , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Población Rural , Humanos , Heces/microbiología , Lactante , Cambodia , Citocinas/metabolismo , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Femenino , Masculino , Diarrea/microbiología , Bifidobacterium/genética , Bifidobacterium/aislamiento & purificación , Dieta , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Shigella/genética , Shigella/aislamiento & purificación , Bacteroides/genética , Bacteroides/aislamiento & purificación , Klebsiella/genética , Klebsiella/aislamiento & purificación , Lactancia Materna , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Leche Humana/microbiología , Leche Humana/química
9.
J Microbiol Biotechnol ; 34(10): 2005-2011, 2024 Oct 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39252644

RESUMEN

This study aimed to analyze bacterial communities in breast milk obtained from five breastfeeding women. Culture-dependent and culture-independent methods were used to analyze microbial communities. Total bacterial count of breast milk determined using plate count agar ranged from 3.3 × 104 ± 3.5 × 102 colony forming unit (CFU)/g to 1.7 × 105 ± 3.5 × 103 CFU/g, with a pH between 6.4 and 6.8. Only three species, Leuconostoc citreum (17 out of 160 strains; 10.63%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (118 strains; 73.75%), and Staphylococcus lugdunensis (25 strains; 15.63%), belong to the phylum Bacillota were detected by culture-dependent analysis. Microbial communities analyzed via pyrosequencing revealed greater diversity compared to the culture-dependent analysis. At the phylum level, Bacillota accounted for 60.9% of the microbial community. At the genus level, Staphylococcus (24.57%), Streptococcus (22.93%), and Methylobacterium (8.76%) were dominant genera. While pyrosequencing demonstrated greater microbial diversity than the agar plate culture method, identified microbes might lack information or include many unculturable microbes. Most of all, considering the low total bacterial count averaging 7.2 × 104 CFU/g, further research is needed to determine the significance of microbial presence in breast milk.


Asunto(s)
Bacterias , Lactancia Materna , Leche Humana , Leche Humana/microbiología , Humanos , Femenino , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/genética , Microbiota , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Biodiversidad , Adulto , Carga Bacteriana , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Filogenia
10.
Cell Genom ; 4(10): 100638, 2024 Oct 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39265573

RESUMEN

Human milk is a complex mix of nutritional and bioactive components that provide complete nourishment for the infant. However, we lack a systematic knowledge of the factors shaping milk composition and how milk variation influences infant health. Here, we characterize relationships between maternal genetics, milk gene expression, milk composition, and the infant fecal microbiome in up to 310 exclusively breastfeeding mother-infant pairs. We identified 482 genetic loci associated with milk gene expression unique to the lactating mammary gland and link these loci to breast cancer risk and human milk oligosaccharide concentration. Integrative analyses uncovered connections between milk gene expression and infant gut microbiome, including an association between the expression of inflammation-related genes with milk interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration and the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Escherichia in the infant gut. Our results show how an improved understanding of the genetics and genomics of human milk connects lactation biology with maternal and infant health.


Asunto(s)
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Leche Humana , Humanos , Leche Humana/microbiología , Leche Humana/química , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Femenino , Lactante , Lactancia/genética , Lactancia Materna , Adulto , Heces/microbiología , Heces/química , Recién Nacido
11.
Cell Host Microbe ; 32(10): 1838-1852.e5, 2024 Oct 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39293435

RESUMEN

The human milk microbiota (HMM) is thought to influence the long-term health of offspring. However, its role in asthma and atopy and the impact of host genomics on HMM composition remain unclear. Through the CHILD Cohort Study, we followed 885 pregnant mothers and their offspring from birth to 5 years and determined that HMM was associated with maternal genomics and prevalence of childhood asthma and allergic sensitization (atopy) among human milk-fed infants. Network analysis identified modules of correlated microbes in human milk that were associated with subsequent asthma and atopy in preschool-aged children. Moreover, reduced alpha-diversity and increased Lawsonella abundance in HMM were associated with increased prevalence of childhood atopy. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified maternal genetic loci (e.g., ADAMTS8, NPR1, and COTL1) associated with HMM implicated with asthma and atopy, notably Lawsonella and alpha-diversity. Thus, our study elucidates the role of host genomics on the HMM and its potential impact on childhood asthma and atopy.


Asunto(s)
Asma , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Hipersensibilidad , Microbiota , Leche Humana , Humanos , Asma/genética , Asma/microbiología , Asma/inmunología , Femenino , Preescolar , Leche Humana/microbiología , Leche Humana/inmunología , Lactante , Hipersensibilidad/microbiología , Hipersensibilidad/genética , Genómica , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Masculino , Estudios de Cohortes , Adulto
12.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol ; 14: 1428525, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39310784

RESUMEN

Introduction: Managing burn injuries is a challenge in healthcare. Due to the alarming increase in antibiotic resistance, new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies are being sought. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of live Lactic Acid Bacteria for managing burn infections, using Galleria mellonella larvae as an alternative preclinical animal model and comparing the outcomes with a common antibiotic. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of LAB isolated from human breast milk was assessed in vitro against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Additionally, the immunomodulatory effects of LAB were evaluated in vivo using the G. mellonella burn wound infection model. Results and discussion: In vitro results demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria against P. aeruginosa. In vivo results show that their prophylactic treatment improves, statistically significant, larval survival and modulates the expression of immunity-related genes, Gallerimycin and Relish/NF-κB, strain-dependently. These findings lay the foundation and suggest a promising alternative for burn wound prevention and management, reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance, enhancing immune modulation, and validating the potential G. mellonella as a skin burn wound model.


Asunto(s)
Quemaduras , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Lactobacillales , Larva , Leche Humana , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Animales , Quemaduras/microbiología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Larva/microbiología , Leche Humana/microbiología , Femenino , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/microbiología , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/inmunología , Mariposas Nocturnas/microbiología , Infección de Heridas/microbiología , Infección de Heridas/tratamiento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana
13.
Nat Microbiol ; 9(10): 2570-2582, 2024 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39242817

RESUMEN

Human microbiota assembly commences at birth, seeded by both maternal and environmental microorganisms. Ecological theory postulates that primary colonizers dictate microbial community assembly outcomes, yet such microbial priority effects in the human gut remain underexplored. Here using longitudinal faecal metagenomics, we characterized neonatal microbiota assembly for a cohort of 1,288 neonates from the UK. We show that the pioneering neonatal gut microbiota can be stratified into one of three distinct community states, each dominated by a single microbial species and influenced by clinical and host factors, such as maternal age, ethnicity and parity. A community state dominated by Enterococcus faecalis displayed stochastic microbiota assembly with persistent high pathogen loads into infancy. In contrast, community states dominated by Bifidobacterium, specifically B. longum and particularly B. breve, exhibited a stable assembly trajectory and long-term pathogen colonization resistance, probably due to strain-specific functional adaptions to a breast milk-rich neonatal diet. Consistent with our human cohort observation, B. breve demonstrated priority effects and conferred pathogen colonization resistance in a germ-free mouse model. Our findings solidify the crucial role of Bifidobacteria as primary colonizers in shaping the microbiota assembly and functions in early life.


Asunto(s)
Bifidobacterium , Heces , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Heces/microbiología , Animales , Recién Nacido , Bifidobacterium/genética , Bifidobacterium/aislamiento & purificación , Ratones , Femenino , Reino Unido , Metagenómica , Enterococcus faecalis/genética , Enterococcus faecalis/aislamiento & purificación , Leche Humana/microbiología , Masculino
14.
Medicina (Kaunas) ; 60(8)2024 Aug 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39202589

RESUMEN

Background and objectives: The development of the oral microbiome begins in the prenatal stage. Breast milk contains antimicrobial proteins, microorganisms, metabolites, enzymes, and immunoglobulins, among others; therefore, differences have been noted in the type of microorganisms that colonize the oral cavity of children who are breastfed compared to those who are formula-fed. Our objective was to establish the relationship between breastfeeding, formula feeding, or mixed feeding (breastfeeding and formula) with the presence of S. mutans in a population of children under 6 months of age. Materials and Methods: The patients were recruited from the Child Care Center of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, and from the pediatric dentistry postgraduate clinics of the Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez; children exclusively fed maternally, with formula, and/or mixed were included. Those who had been fed within the previous hour were excluded. The sample was taken with a smear of the jugal groove using a sterile micro-brush. For the identification of Streptococcus mutans, a culture of Mitis Salivarius Agar (Millipore) was used. Results: 53.3% corresponded to females and 46.7% to males, 36.7% corresponded to maternal feeding, 23.3% corresponded to formula feeding, and 40% corresponded to mixed feeding. In 90% of the infants, the parents indicated that they did not perform oral hygiene. The CFU count showed that infants who were exclusively breastfed had an average of 9 × 10 CF/mL, formula-fed infants had an average of 78 × 10 CFU/mL, and those who had mixed feeding 21 × 10 CFU/mL. Conclusions: According to the results obtained, it was possible to corroborate that exclusive breastfeeding limits the colonization of Streptococcus mutans compared to those infants who receive formula or mixed feeding; these results could have a clinical impact on the dental health of infants by having a lower presence of one of the main etiological factors involved in dental caries and the type of microbiome established in the oral cavity.


Asunto(s)
Lactancia Materna , Leche Humana , Boca , Streptococcus mutans , Humanos , Streptococcus mutans/aislamiento & purificación , Leche Humana/microbiología , Femenino , Lactante , Masculino , Boca/microbiología , Fórmulas Infantiles/estadística & datos numéricos , Recién Nacido
15.
Cell Rep Med ; 5(9): 101708, 2024 Sep 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39216480

RESUMEN

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe intestinal disease of very preterm infants with mother's own milk (MOM) providing protection, but the contribution of the MOM microbiota to NEC risk has not been explored. Here, we analyze MOM of 110 preterm infants (48 NEC, 62 control) in a cross-sectional study. Breast milk contains viable bacteria, but there is no significant difference in MOM microbiota between NEC and controls. Integrative analysis between MOM microbiota, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), and the infant gut microbiota shows positive correlations only between Acinetobacter in the infant gut and Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus in MOM. This study suggests that NEC protection from MOM is not modulated through the MOM microbiota. Thus, "'restoring" the MOM microbiota in donor human milk is unlikely to reduce NEC, and emphasis should instead focus on increasing fresh maternal human milk intake and researching different therapies for NEC prevention.


Asunto(s)
Enterocolitis Necrotizante , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Leche Humana , Oligosacáridos , Humanos , Leche Humana/microbiología , Leche Humana/química , Enterocolitis Necrotizante/microbiología , Oligosacáridos/metabolismo , Recién Nacido , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Transversales
16.
Am Fam Physician ; 110(2): 174-182, 2024 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39172675

RESUMEN

Mastitis represents a spectrum of inflammatory conditions. Lactational mastitis is the most common, with an approximate incidence of 10% in the United States, and it usually occurs in the first 3 months postpartum. Diagnosis is made clinically based on the presence of symptoms such as fever, malaise, focal breast tenderness, and overlying skin erythema or hyperpigmentation without the need for laboratory tests or imaging. However, obtaining milk cultures should be considered to guide antibiotic therapy, and ultrasonography should be performed to identify abscesses in immuno-compromised patients or those with worsening or recurrent symptoms. Because most cases of mastitis are caused by inflammation and not a true infection, a 1- to 2-day trial of conservative measures (i.e., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ice application, feeding the infant directly from the breast, and minimizing pumping) is often sufficient for treatment. If there is no improvement in symptoms, narrow-spectrum antibiotics may be prescribed to cover common skin flora (e.g., Staphylococcus, Streptococcus). Most patients can be treated as outpatients with oral antibiotics; however, if the condition worsens or there is a concern for sepsis, intravenous antibiotics and hospital admission may be required. Use of probiotics for treatment or prevention is not supported by good evidence. Factors that increase the risk of mastitis include overstimulation of milk production and tissue trauma from aggressive breast massage; therefore, frequent overfeeding, excessive pumping to empty the breast, heat application, and breast massage are no longer recommended because they may worsen the condition. The best prevention is a proper lactation technique, including a good infant latch, and encouraging physiologic breastfeeding rather than pumping, if possible.


Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Mastitis , Humanos , Femenino , Mastitis/diagnóstico , Mastitis/terapia , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Lactancia Materna , Leche Humana/microbiología
17.
Microbiol Spectr ; 12(10): e0360823, 2024 Oct 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39172626

RESUMEN

To investigate the association between the microbiota in mothers and gut microbiota in infants from 0 to 6 months, the microbiotas in infant feces, maternal feces, and breast milk were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The contribution of each maternal microbiome to the infant was assessed using fast expectation-maximization for microbial source tracking calculations. The levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the feces of infants were also determined using gas chromatography and IDK-sIgA ELISA to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the infant gut microbiome. The results of this study showed that in addition to Firmicutes (E1) and Bifidobacterium (E2), the dominant microorganisms of the intestinal microbiota of infants aged 0-6 months include Proteobacteria, which is different from previous findings. Acetic acid, the most abundant SCFA in the infant gut, was positively correlated with Megasphaera (P < 0.01), whereas sIgA was positively correlated with Bacteroides (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with Klebsiella and Clostridium_XVIII (P < 0.05). The maternal gut microbiota contributed more to the infant gut microbiota (43.58% ± 11.13%) than the breast milk microbiota, and significant differences were observed in the contribution of the maternal microbiota to the infant gut microbiota based on the delivery mode and feeding practices. In summary, we emphasize the key role of maternal gut health in the establishment and succession of infant gut microbiota.IMPORTANCEThis study aims to delineate the microbial connections between mothers and infants, leveraging the fast expectation-maximization for microbial source tracking methodology to quantify the contribution of maternal microbiota to the constitution of the infant's gut microbiome. Concurrently, it examines the correlations between the infant gut microbiota and two distinctive biomolecules, namely short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). The findings indicate that the maternal gut microbiota exerts a greater influence on the infant's gut microbial composition than does the microbiota present in breast milk. Infants born via vaginal delivery and receiving mixed feeding display gut microbiota profiles more similar to their mothers'. Notably, the SCFA acetate displays positive associations with beneficial bacteria and inverse relationships with potentially harmful ones within the infant's gut. Meanwhile, sIgA positively correlates with Bacteroides species and negatively with potentially pathogenic bacteria. By delving into the transmission dynamics of maternal-infant microbiota, exploring the impacts of metabolic byproducts within the infant's gut, and scrutinizing how contextual factors such as birthing method and feeding practices affect the correlation between maternal and infant microbiota, this research endeavors to establish practical strategies for optimizing early-life gut health management in infants. Such insights promise to inform targeted interventions that foster healthier microbial development during the critical first 6 months of life.


Asunto(s)
Bacterias , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles , Heces , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Leche Humana , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Humanos , Lactante , Femenino , Leche Humana/microbiología , Heces/microbiología , Recién Nacido , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/genética , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/análisis , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Inmunoglobulina A Secretora/análisis , Adulto , Masculino , Madres , Bifidobacterium/aislamiento & purificación , Bifidobacterium/genética , Lactancia Materna
18.
Microbiol Spectr ; 12(10): e0405123, 2024 Oct 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39189754

RESUMEN

Subclinical mastitis is an asymptomatic inflammatory condition that can be difficult to define and diagnose. In the dairy industry, subclinical mastitis is diagnosed by milk somatic cell counts (SCCs) of ≥250,000 cells mL-1. In this pilot study, we assessed the efficacy of this index to identify human subclinical mastitis by comparing SCC levels with the inflammatory response [interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels] in 37 samples from asymptomatic and 10 clinical mastitis (CM) lactating women. The milk microbiota was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The SCC of CM samples ranged from 310,000 to 6,600,000 cells mL-1. However, 14 of 37 (37.8%) asymptomatic samples had high SCC (250,000-460,000 cells mL-1), indicating subclinical mastitis. SCC levels significantly (P < 0.001) and positively correlated with milk IL-8 levels reflecting the escalating inflammatory response across subclinical and clinical mastitis samples. Samples with an SCC of ≥250,000 cells mL-1 showed significant increases in IL-8 responses when compared with milk samples from healthy women. The milk microbiome of CM samples was dominated by streptococcal and staphylococcal species (89.9% combined median relative abundance). In contrast, the combined median streptococcal/staphylococcal relative levels were 75.4% and 66.3% in milks from asymptomatic (subclinical mastitis) and healthy groups, respectively. The Streptococcus genus was increased in samples with an SCC of ≥250,000, although this should be interpreted with caution. Thus, the index of ≥250,000 somatic cells mL-1 could be a reliable indicator of subclinical mastitis in humans and should aid future studies investigating the impact of subclinical mastitis on maternal health, breastfeeding behaviors, infant health, and development. IMPORTANCE: This pilot study suggests that SCC at a level of (greater than or equal to) 250,000 cells mL-1, as used in the dairy industry, is a suitable index to identify asymptomatic subclinical mastitis in lactating women since it reflects a significant increase in the inflammatory response compared to milk samples from healthy women. Using this index should aid studies into the short- and long-term consequences of subclinical mastitis for mother and infant.


Asunto(s)
Interleucina-8 , Lactancia , Mastitis , Leche Humana , Humanos , Femenino , Mastitis/microbiología , Mastitis/diagnóstico , Leche Humana/microbiología , Adulto , Proyectos Piloto , Recuento de Células , Inflamación , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Microbiota , Streptococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto Joven
19.
Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf ; 23(5): e13431, 2024 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39165140

RESUMEN

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are an evolutionarily significant advantage bestowed by mothers for facilitating the development of the infant's gut microbiota. They can avoid absorption in the stomach and small intestine, reaching the colon successfully, where they engage in close interactions with gut microbes. This process also enables HMOs to exert additional prebiotic effects, including regulating the mucus layer, promoting physical growth and brain development, as well as preventing and mitigating conditions such as NEC, allergies, and diarrhea. Here, we comprehensively review the primary ways by which gut microbiota, including Bifidobacteria and other genera, utilize HMOs, and we classify them into five central pathways. Furthermore, we emphasize the metabolic benefits of bacteria consuming HMOs, particularly the recently identified intrinsic link between HMOs and the metabolic conversion of tryptophan to indole and its derivatives. We also examine the extensive probiotic roles of HMOs and their recent research advancements, specifically concentrating on the unsummarized role of HMOs in regulating the mucus layer, where their interaction with the gut microbiota becomes crucial. Additionally, we delve into the principal tools used for functional mining of new HMOs. In conclusion, our study presents a thorough analysis of the interaction mechanism between HMOs and gut microbiota, emphasizing the cooperative utilization of HMOs by gut microbiota, and provides an overview of the subsequent probiotic effects of this interaction. This review provides new insights into the interaction of HMOs with the gut microbiota, which will inform the mechanisms by which HMOs function.


Asunto(s)
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Leche Humana , Oligosacáridos , Prebióticos , Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Leche Humana/química , Leche Humana/microbiología , Oligosacáridos/química , Probióticos , Lactante , Bacterias/metabolismo , Bifidobacterium/fisiología
20.
Gut Microbes ; 16(1): 2392009, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39161102

RESUMEN

Here, we explored the vast potential of microbiome-based interventions in preventing and managing non-communicable diseases including obesity, diabetes, allergies, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, malnutrition, and cardiovascular diseases across different life stages. We discuss the intricate relationship between microbiome and non-communicable diseases, emphasizing on the "window of opportunity" for microbe-host interactions during the first years after birth. Specific biotics and also live biotherapeutics including fecal microbiota transplantation emerge as pivotal tools for precision medicine, acknowledging the "one size doesn't' fit all" aspect. Challenges in implementation underscore the need for advanced technologies, scientific transparency, and public engagement. Future perspectives advocate for understanding maternal-neonatal microbiome, exploring the maternal exposome and delving into human milk's role in the establishment and restoration of the infant microbiome and its influence over health and disease. An integrated scientific approach, employing multi-omics and accounting for inter-individual variance in microbiome composition and function appears central to unleash the full potential of early-life microbiome interventions in revolutionizing healthcare.


Asunto(s)
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Embarazo , Femenino , Recién Nacido , Leche Humana/microbiología , Trasplante de Microbiota Fecal , Lactante , Interacciones Microbiota-Huesped
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