The evolution of ancient healing practices: From shamanism to Hippocratic medicine: A review.

In the ever-evolving healthcare landscape, ancient healing traditions cast a profound shadow, offering insights and inspirations that resonate with modern medical practice. This paper explores the enduring influence of shamanic and Hippocratic healing traditions on contemporary healthcare, examining their contributions to holistic health approaches, diagnostic techniques, and ethical standards. The Hippocratic emphasis on observation, clinical experience, and ethical principles laid the foundation for modern Western medicine, while shamanic practices highlight the importance of spiritual and psychological dimensions in healing. The comparative analysis reveals both commonalities and distinctions among various ancient practices, such as Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and indigenous healing systems, emphasizing their holistic understanding of health and the use of natural remedies. Cross-cultural exchanges, from the Silk Road to the Islamic Golden Age and beyond, facilitated the integration and dissemination of medical knowledge, enriching global medical traditions. The paper also discusses the impact of these ancient practices on contemporary healthcare systems, highlighting the resurgence of holistic and integrative medicine, the validation and incorporation of herbal remedies, and the challenges of cultural appropriation and scientific validation. By embracing the wisdom of ancient healing traditions and fostering collaboration between traditional and modern medicine, contemporary healthcare can enhance therapeutic options, promote patient-centered care, and address global health challenges with a more inclusive and compassionate approach. This integration holds promise for the future of healthcare, benefiting individuals and communities worldwide.

A Brief Overview of the Development and Significance of Modern Scientific Medicine in China: Take Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College as an Example.

Since the early 20th century, China has gradually established a clinical, educational, and research system centered around modern scientific medicine, which has now become the dominant force in China's medical and health system and services, with the construction and development of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College as the most prominent symbol. The scientific medicine in the new era requires close cooperation across multiple disciplines and fields to build a high-quality and efficient medical and health service system. It also involves combining the excellent traditional Chinese culture with Western medicine to explore a unique path of modern scientific medicine with Chinese characteristics.

[Textual research on the evolution of therapeutic indications of Fenglong (ST 40): discussion on the related articles for "Fenglong (ST 40) for phlegm" published in Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion].

Based on Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic), combined with the Huangdi Mingtang Jing JiJiao (Compilation and Correction of Yellow Emperor's Mingtang Classic) and unearthed Tianhui Yijian (Tianhui Medical Bamboo Slips), it is recognized that the therapeutic indications of Fenglong (ST 40) were recorded repeatedly in many medical works of the Qin and Han dynasties; and the treatments mostly focus on "upward reversion of qi ". In Huangdi Mingtang Jing (Yellow Emperor's Mingtang Classic), a part of symptoms were re-described textually, which affects the understanding on the indications of Fenglong (ST 40) in the medical works of the later generations. On the basis of the construction of phlegm theory in the Sui and Tang dynasties, the scholars of Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties had placed the emphasis on the relationship between phlegm and qi movement. In acupuncture works by Dou Hanqing, Fenglong (ST 40) was selected in treatment of phlegm dampness and phlegm-induced asthma, which is also based on the pathogenesis, "upward reversion of qi ", rather than "phlegm" itself. This view can be understood by the proof of "reducing Zusanli (ST 36) for eliminating wind". The relationship between Fenglong (ST 40) and phlegm was emphasized in Yulong Ge (Jade Dragon Verse) and Zhenfang Liuji (Six Sets of Acupuncture Methods), after which, the understanding, " Fenglong (ST 40), the key point for phlegm disorders", had been formed gradually since the Ming dynasty. The formation and evolution of the therapeutic indications of Fenglong (ST 40) are influenced comprehensively by the errors in textual duplication, cultural background, changes in the term expressions of disorders, and the clinical experience of medical practitioners.

[Xuezheng Quanji, the earliest monograph on blood disorder].

Xuezheng Quanji(«¼) written by Sun Guangyu, a doctor in the Ming Dynasty, is the first known book on blood disorders in China. The book mainly deals with bleeding. The book begins with a collection of the Neijing and the treatises of the sages, focusing on systematically summarizing the theories and experiences of the past dynasties in the treatment of bleeding, interspersed with Sun's own opinions.The main part discusses four types of bleeding, summarizing Sun's profound experience in clinical practice, and many of his personal creative opinions.In terms of causes,Sun believed that there are three causes of bleeding and more due to heat. In terms of treatment,he opposed the abuse of bitter cold and attached great importance to nourishing yin and strengthening kidney and proposed four treatment methods of dispelling stasis, nourishing Yin and suppressing Yang, regulating Qi and blood, and tonifying deficiency. He advocated that bleeding should not be treated quickly, and emphasized that the disease should be judged according to the bleeding location and bleeding color to use herbs flexibly.Special attention should be paid to daily life care during and after illness as well.

[The annotation and compilation of Shennong Classic of Materia Medica in the period of the Republic of China].

A variety of books on the annotation and compilation of Shennong Classic of Materia Medica (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing) appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the period of the Republic of China at the beginning of the last century, a total of eight annotated and compiled books on Shennong Classic of Materia Medica were published. This paper discusses the authors of these books, their contents and their academic features. It was found that the research on Shennong Classic of Materia Medica in the period of the Republic of China was basically divided into two main sections: the continuation of reverence for classical texts with extensive commentary and the 'scientific' transformation of traditional materia medica in the context of Sino-Western medicine integration.

[The origin and development of Huanglong Decoction].

"Different prescriptions with the same name" is a common phenomenon clinically in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. Huanglong Decoction can be regarded as a representative example of this phenomenon with many changes to the contents of the decoction during its development. To clarify and identify the typology of Huanglong Decoction, this paper attempts to explore the origins and evolution of almost all types of Huanglong Decoction with an archival method examining data before 1911. It was found that Huanglong Decoction has at least seven main types: Fecal Liquid, Xiaochaihu Decoction Plus or Minus, Tao's, Taiping Shenghui Fang, Shengji Zonglu, Fu's and Zhulin Gynecology Treatment. Xiaochaihu Decoction Plus or Minus (Xiao Chai Hu Tang Jia Jian) includes four subcategories: Yao's Huanglong Decoction, Gujin Luyan Huanglong Decoction, Leizheng Huorenshu Huanglong Decoction, and Qian's Huanglong Decoction. It was also found that Xinjia Huanglong Decoction is derived from Tao's Huanglong Decoction.

[The first translation on pediatrics: Er Ke Cuo Yao].

Er Ke Cuo Yao(The Pediatric Summary) is the first monograph on pediatrics of Western medicine translated and introduced in the late Qing Dynasty. It occupies an important position in the history of the development of modern pediatrics and modern Western medicine in China. Edited by American missionary Mary Hannah Fulton and translated by Chinese Western medicine scholar Yin Duanmo, the book consists of 2 volumes and 14 books, including general discussion of pediatrics, diagnosis of pediatric diseases, and discussion on teething, throat diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, worms, liver diseases, abdominal epimesis, and new infectious diseases, etc. covering the diagnosis, treatment, maintenance and other knowledge of Western medical pediatrics. The source of Er Ke Cuo Yao is not yet available, but it may be a synthesis of various materials, and the translation uses paraphrasing, transliteration, and traditional Chinese medicine terminology, and the language is easy to understand. Er Ke Cuo Yao reflects the level of development of pediatrics in Western medicine in the early modern period, makes up for the lack of pediatrics knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine, and plays an active role in the diagnosis and treatment of common pediatric diseases, epidemiological diseases, surgical diseases, and malnutrition prevention.

[Jing Xiao Chan Bao collected by the Waseda university library].

The current version of Jing Xiao Chan Bao is believed to be the earliest medical book on gynecology remaining in China. It has three problems: formulae missing, lack of fluency in the text, and thus difficulties in proofreading and editing. These problems are still there because there are very few versions of Jing Xiao Chan Bao left in China and so it is difficult to do further studies to make comparisons. The Waseda University Library announced that the version they held was a handwritten. It provides a new version for further research of this book. This version was believed to be compiled and edited by Japanese scholars based on Medical Prescription Analogues (Yi Fang Lei Ju) and therefore appears to be similar to the South Song Dynasty version. Using archival research, it was found that in the version at Waseda University Library, the content organisation, the number of formulas, and the use of taboo words is different from those in the current version in China. In this sense, it is believed that this version is valuable and meaningful for archival and clinical research for traditional Chinese medicine.

[Medical related content in Macao Newsprint in the Late Qing Dynasty].

Macao Newsprint, which was an important tool for Lin Zexu to get acquainted with foreign affairs, was the first translated newspaper in Chinese history. The translation and compilation of news information related to Western medicine in Macao Newsprint was an active attempt by Chinese people to open their eyes to Western medicine. The two pieces of news related to Western medicine in Macao Newsprint, which presented the medical ethics, medical skills and doctor-patient relationship in the Western medicine, are precious historical materials on the exchange of Chinese and Western medicine. The expressions in the two pieces of translated news in which the foreigners might have praised their own medicine had a certain influence on the medical views of the late Qing scholars represented by Lin Zexu, and thus had a positive impact on the dissemination of Western medicine in China.

The Perception and Treatment of People about Abscesses in the Song Period: Focus on Hongmai Yijianzhi.

During the Song period, abscesses were a disease that could affect anyone regardless of their class. This study examines how people at that time explained the cause of abscesses and their efforts to treat them, focusing on the experiences of those who suffered from abscesses and their families. Previous research on disease history during the Song period primarily focused on ailments like colds and infectious diseases , or plagues prevalent in the southern regions of China. On the other hand, examining abscesses as a common everyday illness that could affect anyone and considering them from the perspective of patients' experiences has remained unexplored in previous studies. To reconstruct the experiences of Song period patients, this study analyzes over sixty anecdotes related to abscesses found in Yi Jian Zhi written by Hong Mai. These cases span across the mid to late 12th century, with a majority of the patients being from the literati () class or connected to the literati. These anecdotes exhibit two distinct trends. One focuses on narratives surrounding the onset of abscesses, attributing their cause primarily to the patients' lifestyle. When the cause of the abscesses was unknown, people metaphorically attributed its onset to perceived blasphemy against God, an act of killing, negligence in duties, or other wrongdoings. This trend is evident among the literati class in particular, where abscesses were often linked to factors such as excessive legal executions or exploitation, and even acts of killing people. Except for those cases, in explaining the cause of abscesses in commoners, there were instances caused by a pediculus infestation, while in case of literati, Dansha () poisoning was a common cause. It is interesting to note that the narrative tradition, prevalent in official history biographies, which attributes the onset of abscesses to worries and resentment, was not evident in written records such as Yi Jian Zhi. Furthermore, the detailed description of external similarities, portraying abscesses as traces of punishment from the underground realm, is a narrative characteristic that solidified such stereotypical perceptions. The literati's notion that they should alert people through these related anecdotes contributed to the spread of this perception. Another trend in these anecdotes was centered around narratives of abscess treatment, where the focus shifted primarily to seeking "doctors," unlike the metaphorical explanations of abscess onset causes and processes. When afflicted with abscesses, people generally sought out those renowned surgeons, known as Yang-yi , and those famous for treating abscesses. In local communities, individuals who had "received the divine secrets of abscesses," those possessing their own mysterious abscesses cures, and those famous for generations for treating abscesses by using stone acupuncture were active. Such information about them was shared within the local societies. Their treatment predominantly consisted of surgical procedures to lance abscesses and drain pus, which often led patients to endure significant pain during the treatment process. In many cases, such patients sought treatment from well-known local surgeons and abscess specialists who surgically treated them. The literati, who are said to have influenced the development of pulse-centered medical and academic medicine in China, also sought out surgeons for abscess treatment. Medical formularies compiled by the court as well as privately published ones rarely mentioned surgical methods utilizing tools. The fact that surgical techniques were utilized in local regions at that time indicates a disparity between the official medical practices documented in texts and the practical methods employed in local communities. An analysis of approximately sixty anecdotes related to abscesses shows that abscesses were characterized by unknown causes and excruciating pain. Their onset was often attributed to the patient's lifestyle and wrongdoings, and they were also perceived as punishment for one's wrongdoings. However, as it was a disease where treatment effects could be relatively easily observed through surgical procedures, there was a proactive utilization of the locally formed treatment environment, preferring surgical interventions over relying on religious powers. Contrary to the medical trends and methods outlined in medical literature, surgical treatments were prevalent as the chosen method of treatment among the population in local communities. It appears that the realities experienced, reasoned, and shared by people in the Song period regarding the perception and response to abscesses did not necessarily align with those of mainstream medical practices. Moreover, despite attributing the onset of abscesses to one's wrongdoing, there was a preference for seeking surgeons or Yang-yi over religious methods in their treatment, reflecting a characteristic of the local medical culture surrounding abscesses during the Song period.

Revisiting Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hong Kong during the Influenza Epidemics in the 1950s and 1960s.

This paper examines the supply and utilization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in Hong Kong during the influenza epidemics of the 1950s and 1960s. Existing narratives of TCM in Hong Kong have predominantly framed with within the dichotomy of Western medicine "Xiyi" and Chinese medicine "Zhongyi," portraying TCM as marginalized and nearly wiped out by colonial power. Departing from this binary opposition, this study views TCM as an autonomous space that had never been subjugated by the colonial power which opted for minimal interventionist approach toward TCM. By adopting diachronic and synchronic perspectives on Hong Kong's unique environment shaped by its colonial history and the geopolitics of the Cold War in East Asia, particularly its relationships with "China," this research seeks to reassess the role and status of TCM in post-World War II Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, along with other countries in East Asia, traditional medicine has ceded its position as mainstream medicine to Western medicine. Faced with the crisis of "extinction," Chinese medical professionals, including medical practitioners and merchant groups, persistently sought solidarity and "self-renewal." In the 1950s and 1960s, the colonial authorities heavily relied on private entities, including charity hospitals and clinics; furthermore, there was a lack of provision of public healthcare and official prevention measures against the epidemic influenza. As such, it is not surprising that the Chinese utilized TCM, along with Western medicine, to contain the epidemics which brought about an explosive surge in the number of patients from novel influenza viruses. TCM was significantly consumed during these explosive outbreaks of influenza in 1957 and 1968. In making this argument, this paper firstly provides an overview of the associations of Chinese medical practitioners and merchants who were crucial to the development of TCM in Hong Kong. Secondly, it analyzes one level of active provision and consumption of Chinese medicine during the two flu epidemics, focusing on the medical practices of TCM practitioners in the 1957 epidemic. While recognizing the etiologic agent or agents of the disease as influenza viruses, the group of Chinese medical practitioners of the Chinese Medical Society in Hong Kong adopted the basic principles of traditional medicine regarding influenza, such as Shanghanlun and Wenbingxue, to distinguish the disease status among patients and prescribe medicine according to correct diagnoses, which were effective. Thirdly, this paper examines the level of folk culture among the people, who utilized famous prescriptions of Chinese herbal medicine and alimentotherapy, in addition to Chinese patent medicines imported from mainland China. In the context of regional commercial network, this section also demonstrates how Hong Kong served as a sole exporting port of medicinal materials (e.g., Chinese herbs) and Chinese patent medicines from the People's Republic of China to capitalist markets, including Hong Kong, under the socialist planned or controlled economy in the 1950s and 1960s. It was not only the efficacy of TCM in restoring immunity and alleviating symptoms of the human body, but also the voluntary efforts of these Chinese medical practitioners who sought to defend national medicine "Guoyi," positioning it as complementary and alternative medicine to scientific medicine. Additionally, merchants who imported and distributed Chinese medicinal materials and national "Guochan" Chinese patent medicine played a crucial role, as did the people who utilized Chinese medicine, all of which contributed to making TCM thrive in colonial Hong Kong.

[Acupuncture theory in Huangdi Neijing and launching the natural history of body].

Chinese traditional medicine is long in the natural history, which focuses on herbal medicine, but has less discussion on acupuncture. On the basis of exploring the body knowledge in Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor 's Inner Canon) from the perspective of the natural history, especially through the investigation of the evolution of acupoint knowledge, the route of the natural history of body in Huangdi Neijing have been detected in the aspects of observation, record, nomination and classification. In Huangdi Neijing, the natural history of body is characterized by the object annotation, the interaction between the nature and things, and the practicability. Launching the natural history of body is of great significance to understanding the generation of classical body knowledge and constructing acupuncture theory.

Historical evolution and processing mechanism of 'nine steaming and nine drying' of traditional Chinese medicine preparation.

CONTEXT: Nine steaming and nine drying is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) processing method and it is widely used for processing tonifying herbs. Modern research reveals that the repeated steaming and drying process varies the composition and clinical efficacy of TCM. OBJECTIVE: This paper analyzes and explores the historical evolution, research progress, development strategies, and problems encountered in the nine steaming and nine drying process so as to provide a reasonable explanation for this method. METHODS: English and Chinese literature from 1986 to 2023 was collected from databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 (CP), and CNKI (Chinese). Nine steaming and nine drying, processing, TCM and pharmacological activity were used as the key words. RESULTS: Nine steaming and nine drying has undergone thousands of years of clinical practice. Under specific processing conditions of nine steaming and nine drying, the ingredients of the TCM have significant changes, which in turn altered clinical applications. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides sufficient evidence to prove the rationality and scientific value of nine steaming and nine drying and puts forward a development direction for future research.

[Inheritance of Yunling and rise of Anling: producing areas of Fuling in local chronicles of the Qing Dynasty].

There are abundant local chronicles in the Qing Dynasty, which provide rich literature for the research on the production of medicinal materials. This paper collates the contents of Fuling in the local chronicles of the Qing Dynasty to reveal the distribution of Fuling in China at that time. The distribution of Fuling in the local chronicles of the Qing Dynasty involved 318 county-level regions in 23 provinces. The distribution records were mainly found in Yunnan, Anhui, Hunan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Hubei. The local chronicles of the Qing Dynasty showed that Yunnan was the Dao-di producing area of Fuling, which was consistent with the materia medica of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, the quality of Fuling in Dabie Mountains of Anhui was excellent, and it was called "Anling". The development of Anling benefited from the introduction of planting technology from Yunnan and the development of characteristic cultivation technology, with the formation of a complete industrial chain covering planting, processing, and sales. The abundant historical materials of Fuling in the local chronicles of the Qing Dynasty provide not only a documentary basis for revealing the changes of the Dao-di producing areas but also a historical context for the development of modern Fuling-producing areas such as Fujian, Jiangxi, and Hunan. In addition to the information of producing areas, the local records recorded the quality, commodity evaluation, and cultivation techniques of Fuling, filling the gaps in ancient materia medica books and providing detailed historical materials for understanding the producing areas and application of Fuling in the Qing Dynasty.

Overview of the Evolution of Hypertension: From Ancient Chinese Emperors to Today.

Hypertension is one of the most commonly treated conditions in modern medical practice, but despite its long history, it was largely ignored until the midpoint of the 20th century. This article will review the origins of elevated blood pressure from when it was first appreciated in 2600 BC to its most recent emerging treatments. Awareness of sustained elevations in blood pressure goes back to the Chinese Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine (2600 BC); even then, salt was appreciated as a contributor to elevated pressure. Early treatments included acupuncture, venesection, and bleeding by leeches. About 1000 years later, the association between the palpated pulse and the development of heart and brain diseases was described by Ebers Papyrus (1550 BC). But really, it has only been since well after World War II that hypertension has finally been appreciated as the cause of so much heart, stroke, and kidney disease. We review the development of effective treatments for hypertension while acknowledging that so many people with hypertension in need of treatment have unacceptably poor blood pressure control. We explore why, despite our considerable and growing knowledge of hypertension, it remains a significant public health problem globally.

How Did the Clinical Medicine Progress during the Unified Silla Era: Installment of the Medical Education Center 'Uihak', and Its Effects.

In this research, I aimed to recognize the historical meaning of installing the medical education center, 'Uihak', during the Silla dynasty. 'Uihak' was installed in 692, in the first year of King Hyoso 's rule. 'Uihak' was founded by using various Chinese medical classics as its textbooks for medical education, such as the Classic of Plain Questions. The wooden prescriptions excavated from Anapji, which is thought to have been created in the middle of the 8th century, and the Chinese medical book Prescriptions for Universal Benefit, which the envoy of Silla tried to acquire in 803, reflect the idea on medicine during that period in Silla. By this time, the field of medicine began to develop the idea to discern the locations and mechanism of disease patterns by centering on the viscera and bowels while making use of the herbal prescriptions based on various drugs. This means that clinical medicine founded upon the medical education achieved in 'Uihak' was being realized in the medical fields as well. According to the Chronicles of the Three States, for the illness of Queen Sunduk in 636, medicine, praying, and the method of esoteric Buddhism was tried out as a means of her cure. Comparatively, for the treatment of the first rank Chunggong in 822, the Kingdom's representative doctor with professional medical knowledge was sought out to fine a cure. The analyses of the human disease, diagnosis, treatment method, etc., given by the kingdom's representative doctor were identical to those recommended in the medical textbooks used in 'Uihak'. As such, we can posit that his academic background was 'Uihak' and the education given there. The Classic of Materia Medica, which was also used in 'Uihak', was a book professionally centered on the drug branch of medicine. The Classic of Materia Medica is a terminology referring to various books on drugs, including the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, the Variorum of the Classic of Materia Medica, the Newly Revised Materia Medica, etc. Thus, we cannot specify what the classic of Materia Medica actually taught, based on only its terminology. However, based on the wooden prescriptions excavated from Anapji, and from the terminology of drugs recorded in the drug trading document Purchase List for Silla goods preserved in Shosoin of Japan, we can hypothesize that in the middle of the 8th century, the Newly Revised Materia Medica was indeed being circulated. Based on these evidences, we can also hypothesize that Silla was part of the network of drug trading that encompassed the entire region of Asia. After unifying the Korean peninsula, the Kingdom of Silla actively adopted the medical educational system of Tang China. By using the obtained medical knowledge, Silla cured illnesses and used the medical knowledge on various drugs recorded in the Newly Revised Materia Medica to pursue trade with China, Japan, and other countries. Through the installation of 'Uihak', the same medicine has now begun to be officially used in East Asia, including Silla.

[A historical review of early Sino-American communication in Chinese materia medica: Three historical events from the 17th century to 1848].

The early period of Sino-American communication in Chinese materia medica referred to the historical period from the 17th century, European trade overseas and the frequent communication of missionaries, to 1848 when gold prospectors from China travelled to America. This paper reviewed and examined the three historical events in this period : the spread, trade, and introduction of tea; the first edition of the United States Pharmacopoeia and its collection of Chinese medicines and preparations; and the discovery and trade of American ginseng hoping to explore the basic historical facts of the spread and exchange of Chinese medicine between China and America in the early period. The paper explored these historical factors, provided effective references for developing cooperation in public health between China and America and the start of the constructing of a Global Community of Health for All.

[A Bibliophile in Shandong Province in the Republic of China Zhuang Enze and His Handwritten Copy of Shang Han Lun Xuan Zhu(Annotation of Treatise on Febrile Diseases)].

Shang Han Lun Xuan Zhu(«¼,Annotation of Treatise on Febrile Diseases) is a representative work of Zang Yingzhan, a famous physician in Zhucheng of Shandong who was as famous as Huang Yuanyu during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.The book was not published, but has been preserved only in manuscripts, of which 5 copies are now preserved.By comparing the five manuscripts seen, it is found that the Zhuang Enze version is unique in the existing version of this book, exquisite and generous, beautifully copied, with important documentary value. Zhuang Enze adopts the theories of various schools, supplements prescriptions, analyze medical theory with his unique insights.The reason may be related to his family's practice of medicine for generations, its philosophy of loving reading, copying books, and collecting books, and also related to its protection of local and state documents and the dissemination of lost culture.

[A comparative study of the Ganzheng Jingyi Yuebian and Yizong jirenbian].

Ganzheng Jingyi Yuebian(Essence Compendium of Cold Symptoms) is collected in the Library of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,which is not included in the Zhongguo Zhongyi Guji Zongmu (Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Medicine Books). After comparing with the current Xitang Ganzheng Volume of Yizong jirenbian, it is found that Ganzheng Jingyi Yuebian inherits the academic thought of Xitang Ganzheng with special emphasis on Yangming, taking care of the stomach and the jin, and comprehensively referring to the pulse, symptoms and tongue images. In the clinical treatment of diseases, Ganzheng Jingyi Yuebian comprehensively considered constitution and followed the law of time. it has also carried out rich expansion in attaching importance to the application of meridian transmission and emphasizing the leading ideology of healthy qi.In terms of the style and content of the compilation, on the basis of simplifying some of the text discussions and supplementary notes in Xitang Ganzheng,Ganzheng Jingyi Yuebian added the classification, as well as 15 diseases, 14 statements, memos, experience, Feng Shinong's verification and reflection, etc, so as to make its category clearer and content more detailed.

[A review of the influence of the 1956 Senior Teacher Training Program on Medical History].

The 1956 Senior Teacher Training Program on Medical History, hosted by the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Health, was the first teacher training program on the history of medicine in higher education in P. R. China. It was designed in the context of "Learning from the Soviet Union" for teaching reformation, "Integrating Western and Traditional Chinese Medicine" and performing the policy of "Blossom of Hundred Flowers and Contention of Hundred Schools of Thought" (by Mao Zedong for encouraging a variety of thinking conflicts) after the birth of the New China. The teaching management for the program was well organised, with a strong staff, and outcomes. A few of the trainees from this program were engaged in teaching and research of the history of medicine, and made outstanding academic achievements and promoted the teaching and research of the history of medicine in Chinese universities in the second half of the 20th century. This program also provides a valuable reference for teacher training programs as well as teaching and research of medical history today.