RESUMEN
The Dragon Gate Stone Inscription prescriptions are the earliest surviving stone inscriptions of medical formulas in China, covering various departments such as internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and ophthalmology. By reviewing 28 moxibustion prescriptions recorded in the Dragon Gate Stone Inscriptions, the following application characteristics are summarized: moxibustion mainly treats acute diseases such as mania, deficiency-cold syndrome, and jaundice; in terms of point selection, specific points such as the thirteen ghost points, eight influential points, and front-mu points are used, emphasizing the extraordinary meridians such as governor vessel and conception vessel, as well as specific single acupoints with unique therapeutic effects; in clinical application, it follows the principle of treating according to syndrome differentiation, uses multiple acupoints simultaneously, employs food-medicine homology, and adjusts the moxibustion dosage according to individual conditions. The Dragon Gate Stone Inscription prescriptions reflect that the application of moxibustion therapy during the Northern Wei to Tang Dynasty period had already reached a relatively mature level, indicating a high level of proficiency in moxibustion techniques during that time.
Asunto(s)
Puntos de Acupuntura , Moxibustión , Moxibustión/historia , Moxibustión/métodos , Humanos , Historia Antigua , China , Medicina en la LiteraturaRESUMEN
Based on Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic), combined with the Huangdi Mingtang Jing JiJiao (Compilation and Correction of Yellow Emperor's Mingtang Classic) and unearthed Tianhui Yijian (Tianhui Medical Bamboo Slips), it is recognized that the therapeutic indications of Fenglong (ST 40) were recorded repeatedly in many medical works of the Qin and Han dynasties; and the treatments mostly focus on "upward reversion of qi ". In Huangdi Mingtang Jing (Yellow Emperor's Mingtang Classic), a part of symptoms were re-described textually, which affects the understanding on the indications of Fenglong (ST 40) in the medical works of the later generations. On the basis of the construction of phlegm theory in the Sui and Tang dynasties, the scholars of Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties had placed the emphasis on the relationship between phlegm and qi movement. In acupuncture works by Dou Hanqing, Fenglong (ST 40) was selected in treatment of phlegm dampness and phlegm-induced asthma, which is also based on the pathogenesis, "upward reversion of qi ", rather than "phlegm" itself. This view can be understood by the proof of "reducing Zusanli (ST 36) for eliminating wind". The relationship between Fenglong (ST 40) and phlegm was emphasized in Yulong Ge (Jade Dragon Verse) and Zhenfang Liuji (Six Sets of Acupuncture Methods), after which, the understanding, " Fenglong (ST 40), the key point for phlegm disorders", had been formed gradually since the Ming dynasty. The formation and evolution of the therapeutic indications of Fenglong (ST 40) are influenced comprehensively by the errors in textual duplication, cultural background, changes in the term expressions of disorders, and the clinical experience of medical practitioners.
Asunto(s)
Terapia por Acupuntura , Medicina en la Literatura , Moxibustión , Humanos , Historia Antigua , Terapia por Acupuntura/historia , Moxibustión/historia , Medicina en la Literatura/historia , China , Puntos de Acupuntura , Medicina Tradicional China/historia , Pueblos del Este de AsiaRESUMEN
The theory of Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B 2) is the representative of the knowledge construction of ancient anatomy, reflecting the academic thought of Huatuo's school. Through deeply analyzing the classic theory of acupuncture and its cultural and historical materials, it is believed that the five-body constituents are the structural basis of Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B 2), qi and blood are the material one, while biaoben (the sites where meridian qi gathers and diffuses) and qijie (the common pathways through which meridian qi gathers) indicate its functions. Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B 2) reveals the rules of the transverse distribution of meridian points and the relevant indications, providing the theoretic foundation for acupuncture treatment. It highlights the importance of the anatomical knowledge in acupuncture effect and proposes a new idea for establishing an effective classification system of meridian points.
Asunto(s)
Puntos de Acupuntura , Terapia por Acupuntura , Medicina en la Literatura , Meridianos , Humanos , Historia Antigua , Terapia por Acupuntura/historia , China , Acupuntura/historia , Acupuntura/educaciónRESUMEN
Hattie in Saul Bellow's "Leaving the Yellow House" and Sammler in Bellow's Mr. Sammler's Planet are both elderly characters. This article intends to compare the two characters from a gender perspective, to illustrate how these characters appear to experience and respond to old age and how other characters in these two fictions respond to the old age of their respective elderly characters. The comparison of these two characters in the fiction of Saul Bellow gives rise to the observation that old age is not merely a phase of negative changes but also of positive ones; ageism claims victims among both men and women whose suffering is aggravated by other kinds of injustice, such as racism and sexism.
Asunto(s)
Ageísmo , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Anciano , Envejecimiento , Literatura Moderna , Medicina en la LiteraturaRESUMEN
Gothic literature-a genre brimming with madness, supernaturalism, and psychological terror-offers innumerable case studies potentially representing how psychiatric patients perceive their treatment from healthcare professionals. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's famous 1892 short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" offers a poignant example of this through its fictional narrator, a diarist many interpret to be suffering from postpartum depression. The fiction here does not stray far from reality: Gilman orchestrated her diarist's experience to mirror her own, as both real author and fictional character suffocated from a melancholy only made worse by their physicians' insistence on following the "Rest Cure." While this instruction to cease all work and activity was a prevalent depression treatment at the time, Gilman, through "The Yellow Wallpaper," reveals how the intervention ultimately harmed more than helped because it overlooked her-and, by extension, her fictional diarist's- unique needs and identities. Today, while the ineffective Rest Cure no longer exists, applying observations from "The Yellow Wallpaper" to clinical research calls attention to underrepresentation in treatment development, a costly problem that could be mitigated by mindful incorporation of intersectionality theory into study designs.
Asunto(s)
Investigación Biomédica , Humanos , Medicina en la LiteraturaRESUMEN
This essay examines the portrayal of modern Black motherhood in Nella Larsen's Harlem Renaissance novel, Quicksand (1928). Writing in a cultural landscape dominated by discourses of racial uplift, scientific motherhood and eugenics, I argue that Larsen critiques and ultimately refuses the limited literary, medical and political terms available for representing Black motherhood in the early twentieth century. My readings centre Larsen's understudied career as a nurse; prior to becoming a writer, Larsen worked as Head Nurse at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama and as a public health nurse for the Department of Health in the Bronx. I consider how this professional experience informed her fictional depiction of modern Black motherhood, drawing on archival materials to demonstrate how her novel complicates contemporaneous medical and cultural attitudes towards Black motherhood and resists the eugenic demands delineating what constitutes 'good' and 'bad' motherhood. Engaging contemporary Black feminist theories of refusal and Black motherhood, I show how Quicksand is not only a critique of racist stigmatising discourses and practices but also of how racism limits the ways in which Black mothers' complexity has historically been represented.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Eugenesia , Madres , Racismo , Humanos , Femenino , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Negro o Afroamericano/historia , Madres/psicología , Eugenesia/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Racismo/historia , Racismo/psicología , Feminismo/historia , Medicina en la Literatura , Literatura Moderna/historia , Alabama , CulturaRESUMEN
This essay theorises what 'unmotherhood'-or, living outside of motherhood-means within the specific context of 'the modern'. Unmotherhood is an actively constructed state; it is explored through the parameters of agentive choice, social pressure and state control; and at the turn-of-the-20th-century novels articulate this state through specific vocabularies of contemporaneous phenomena of modernity. I look to four novels representative of four forms of unmotherhood: Tess Slesinger's The Unpossessed depicts a somewhat voluntary abortion; H.D.'s Asphodel (and its sister novel Bid Me to Live) are fictional representations of the author's own stillbirth; Jean Rhys's Good Morning, Midnight depicts a woman's life in the wake of her newborn son's death and Nella Larsen's Quicksand is a narrative dependent on the protagonist's refusal to marry because of her equation of marriage with conception. Reading these narratives together affords us the opportunity to consider what 'unmotherhood' means as a constructed state in and of itself, beyond the presumed negative, passive state of the 'not' or the 'not yet'. Through this analysis, I define 'unmotherhood' as: (1) a state mediated through medical knowledge, objects, spaces and authority figures; (2) an experience narrated through vocabularies pulled from phenomena closely associated with 20th-century modernity and (3) a role dynamically shaped through compulsory heterosexuality embedded in familial relationships. In these three ways, my analysis of the selected novels defines unmotherhood as a permanent, transient, chosen, enforced and-contradictory as it all may be-a legible and definable experience.
Asunto(s)
Literatura Moderna , Humanos , Femenino , Literatura Moderna/historia , Matrimonio , Amigos , Mortinato/psicología , Narración , Embarazo , Historia del Siglo XX , Masculino , Aborto Inducido , Ilegitimidad , Medicina en la LiteraturaRESUMEN
This study aims to identify criticisms of rejuvenation and cosmetic surgery through an analysis of "Dr Heidegger's Experiment" (1837), written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Dr Heidegger an eccentric, aged scientist, invites 4 elderly friends to be his subjects of study. The guests drink the water from the "fountain of Youth." As their youth is restored, they revert to the foolish behaviors of their younger days. The 3 men soon start vying for the affection of the now youthful and attractive widow. In the midst of their rivalry over the widow, the vase is shattered, and miraculous water spills out. The guests revert to their elderly states. To regain their lost youth, they journey in search of the fountain. Hawthorne viewed rejuvenation procedures as consumptive and physically destructive transformations. His novel captures the modern anxiety surrounding rejuvenation and cosmetic surgery through the lens of literary fantasy. Observing the transformation of the 4 guests, Dr Heidegger understands that youth is too meager a prize to trade for the wisdom that comes with old age. Advancements in medical science have alleviated modern individuals' concerns regarding rejuvenation and cosmetic surgery. Eugen Holländer and Erich Lexer independently performed a facelift in Germany (1901). Charles Conrad Miller first described the blepharoplasty technique in the United States (1906). Suzanne Noël performed a rhytidectomy in France (1912). For the plastic surgeon, it is important to sculpt the face in a way that reflects the patient's virtues, such as wisdom and dignity-qualities that Hawthorne highlighted through the character of Dr Heidegger.
Asunto(s)
Rejuvenecimiento , Cirugía Plástica , Humanos , Cirugía Plástica/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Masculino , Medicina en la Literatura/historiaRESUMEN
One of the most important figures in the history of neurohistology, Giuseppe Levi (1872-1965) contributed in numerous ways to neuroscience, particularly in the fields of neuronal plasticity and the understanding of sensory ganglia. His daughter Natalia Ginzburg, née Levi (1916-1991), on the other hand, achieved fame as one of the most celebrated Italian writers of the twentieth century. Lessico Famigliare (Family Lexicon), from 1963, is a semibiographical account of her life in which she describes the life and character of her father in detail, providing depth and complexity to a seminal figures in the development of neuroscience. A thorough reading of the book enables modern neurologists to fully appreciate Levi's life and contributions, by means of humanizing him and giving context to his life and works. The present article provides a summary of Levi's and Natalia's lives and times as well as an analysis of the book and of the intimate, vivid descriptions of the neurohistologist's life.
Uma das figuras mais importantes da história da neuro-histologia, Giuseppe Levi (18721965) contribuiu de diversas maneiras para a neurociência, particularmente no campo da plasticidade neuronal e na compreensão dos gânglios sensitivos. Sua filha Natalia Ginzburg, nascida Levi (19161991), pelo contrário, adquiriu fama como uma das escritoras italianas mais célebres do século XX. Lessico Famigliare (Léxico familiar), de 1963, é um relato semibiográfico de sua vida, na qual ela descreve a vida e o comportamento de seu pai em detalhes, e confere profundidade e complexidade a uma figura seminal no desenvolvimento da neurociência. Uma leitura aprofundada do livro permite que neurologistas modernos apreciem a vida e as contribuições de Levi de forma mais completa, o humanizando e dando contexto a sua vida e suas obras. O autor resume as vidas e épocas de Levi e Natalia, bem como avalia o livro e as descrições íntimas, vívidas, da vida do neurohistologista.
Asunto(s)
Medicina en la Literatura , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XIX , Italia , Medicina en la Literatura/historia , Neurología/historia , Neurociencias/historiaRESUMEN
Chinese traditional medicine is long in the natural history, which focuses on herbal medicine, but has less discussion on acupuncture. On the basis of exploring the body knowledge in Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor 's Inner Canon) from the perspective of the natural history, especially through the investigation of the evolution of acupoint knowledge, the route of the natural history of body in Huangdi Neijing have been detected in the aspects of observation, record, nomination and classification. In Huangdi Neijing, the natural history of body is characterized by the object annotation, the interaction between the nature and things, and the practicability. Launching the natural history of body is of great significance to understanding the generation of classical body knowledge and constructing acupuncture theory.
Asunto(s)
Terapia por Acupuntura , Medicina en la Literatura , Humanos , Terapia por Acupuntura/historia , Historia Antigua , Medicina en la Literatura/historia , China , Medicina Tradicional China/historia , Acupuntura/historia , Historia Natural/historia , Puntos de AcupunturaRESUMEN
Ovid's Metamorphoses tells the story of Icarus - his tragic flight with man-made wings, the melting of the wax that bound them, and the ensuing fall to his death. This moment has been immortalized across the arts and through several mediums, but none are more notable than Bruegel's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus. Described as a "painter for poets," Bruegel's work served as inspiration for several writers, with this piece in particular providing the basis for ekphrastic poems by W.H. Auden and William Carlos Williams. Though each of these works has a different focus, the unifying theme is that human tragedy is too often placed on the periphery of notice. They are effective reminders to physicians and other healthcare providers about the human aspect of suffering and pain in medicine.
Asunto(s)
Personajes , Humanos , Poesía como Asunto/historia , Medicina en la Literatura/historiaRESUMEN
Jane Austen normally avoids discussing appearance throughout her works. Persuasion constitutes the exception to the rule, as the story focuses on the premature aging experienced by her protagonist, Anne Elliot, seemingly due to disappointed love. Much has been written about Anne's "loss of bloom," but never from the perspective of psychoneuroimmunology, the field that researches the interrelation between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems. In this paper, we adopt a perspective of psychoneuroimmunology to argue that Austen established a connection between psychological distress, specifically lovesickness, and the development of early senescence signs, and vice versa, since the recovery of love is associated with happiness and physical glow. From a gender perspective, we discuss how Austen brightly reflected these interrelationships through the story of Anne, when the latest psychoneuroimmunological research has actually shown that women age earlier than men as a consequence of psychological turmoil.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento , Psiconeuroinmunología , Humanos , Femenino , Comunicación Persuasiva , Amor , Masculino , Medicina en la LiteraturaRESUMEN
There is a rich record on body terms in Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic). The authors classify them into 4 dimensions, including "structure of human body", "constant concern of human body", "symptoms" of disease and "sites" of acupuncture, which corresponds to anatomy, physiology, pathology (including diagnosis) and treatment from the perspective of acupuncture. It is based on the knowledge described by these 4 categories of body terms, acupuncturists recognize the body in treatment. Through the correlation among these terms, the acupuncturists understand acupuncture as a therapeutic technique delivered to "the site of needling" under the guidance of ancient anatomy, physiology and pathology.
Asunto(s)
Terapia por Acupuntura , Medicina en la Literatura , Meridianos , Humanos , Medicina Tradicional China , Puntos de AcupunturaRESUMEN
Medical and technological advances have made it possible to keep people alive well beyond what was once possible, leading health care providers to focus on life-sustaining measures rather than questioning the futility of such measures and considering quality of life. In the midst of the struggle to foster dying well in a medicalized environment, acute care nurses may be challenged with shifting the focus to providing optimal end-of-life care because of lack of training, time, and resources. A remedy for the current western societal approach to medicalized dying is to look back in history to a time during the late Middle Ages, when death was an accepted part of medieval life. A literary genre called Ars Moriendi (translated "the art of dying") was written and illustrated to provide instruction on how to die well and how to care for the dying. Nurses can apply lessons from this text to fulfill the ethical obligation to practice with dignity and provide compassionate end-of-life care. These lessons include helping patients and families identify goals of care and accept finitude, encouraging the participation of loved ones at the bedside, and fostering reconciliation at the end of life.
Asunto(s)
Cuidado Terminal , Humanos , Cuidado Terminal/métodos , Cuidado Terminal/psicología , Medicina en la Literatura , Actitud Frente a la MuerteRESUMEN
Graphic medicine, an interdisciplinary field situated at the crossroads of comics and healthcare, operates as a medium through which the intricate nature of experiences with illness can be articulated, challenging orthodox medical dogmatism in an engaging and accessible way. Combining the affordances of comics and the narrative power of storytelling, graphic medicine elucidates the socio-cultural stigmatization of dementia influenced by a multitude of discourses. Diverging from existing discourses that depict individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) as zombies, brain-dead, or empty shells, graphic memoirs reconstruct these reductive notions and represent them as imaginative, productive, and perceptive. Taking these cues, the present paper close reads some sections of Dana Walrath's (2016) Aliceheimer's: Alzheimer's Through the Looking Glass in order to demonstrate how graphic medicine reconceptualizes the preeminent hallucinatory experiences of her AD-afflicted mother, Alice, as visions. Walrath deploys collage art to epitomize Alice's ordeal with AD. In particular, Walrath deploys thought-provoking fragments from Lewis Caroll's Alice in Wonderland, strategically to proximate Alice's experiences with AD and tackle the problem of dementia and sociality. Additionally, the paper explores how the text fosters interdependence, respect, and trust to recognize and restore Alice's personhood. The paper concludes by discussing how Aliceheimer's operates as an alternative paradigm beyond the confines of biomedical and cultural models of dementia through the use of lexical puissance.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Demencia , Humanos , Historietas como Asunto , Narración , Medicina en la LiteraturaRESUMEN
The Homeric plant moly is a mysterious herb mentioned in Book 10 of the Odyssey. In the early 1980s, a pharmacological thesis to identify the plant was put forward for the first time, regarding the snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis L.) as candidate species. The proposal was inspired by the snowdrop's acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibiting properties and its alleged morphological reminiscence to other plants called moly by ancient Greek herbalists. Here, we draw from a compilation of literature from various disciplines, together with an understanding of the Homeric epic as a repository of information based on oral traditions, to (i) show that the assimilation of Homer's moly to Galanthus nivalis is, at the very least, questionable and (ii) frame and support a new synthesis of the pharmacological thesis. We suggest that the uncertainty that revolves around the identity of Homer's moly can be tied to an unnamed phylogenetic clade of closely related Mediterranean native species with AChE-inhibiting properties. Further, we speculate that Homer's moly might represent an early record of an ethnobotanical complex, a sort of cultural taxon resulting from the cognitive crossbreeding of closely related taxonomic species that could have been interchangeably used due to their rough resemblance and common AChE-inhibiting properties. Such cultural taxon would have referred to the phytonym moly by the centuries-old oral traditions that ultimately crystallized in the poem. We also venture that sea daffodils (Pancratium spp.) could have greatly contributed to shaping the botanical archetype in the myth as we know it today.