Waste-treating-waste: Effective heavy metals removal from electroplating wastewater by ladle slag.

Ladle slag, a by-product of steelmaking, presents a valuable strategy for waste reduction and valorization in wastewater treatment. This work demonstrates the successful simultaneous removal of Al(III), B(III), Ba(II), Cr(III), Mg(II), Sr(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II), from electroplating wastewater by ladle slag. First, Cr(III) and Pb(II) removals were evaluated in single synthetic systems by analyzing the influence of pH, temperature, and ladle slag dosage. Competitive removal was observed in binary batch experiments of Cr(III) - Pb(II), achieving 88% and 96% removal, respectively, with fast kinetics following a pseudo-second-order model. The findings of XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR of the slag after removal helped to elucidate the synergic removal mechanism involving ladle slag dissolution, precipitation, ion exchange, and adsorption in a tight relationship with the solution pH. Lastly, ladle slag was tested in real electroplating wastewater with the aforementioned ions at concentrations ranging from <1 to 1700 mg/L. The removal was performed in two steps, the first attained the following efficiencies: 73% for Al(III), 88% for B(III), 98% for Ba(II), 80% for Cr(III), 82% for Mg(II), 99% for Pb(II), 88% for Sr(II), and 88% for Zn(II). Visual MINTEQ simulation was utilized to identify the different species of ions present during the removal process. Furthermore, the leaching tests indicated a minimal environmental risk of secondary pollution in its application. The results promote an effective and sustainable approach to wastewater treatment within the circular economy.

Preparation of carboxyl-functionalized silica core-shell microspheres and their applications in weak cation exchange chromatography, heavy metal removal, and lysozyme enrichment.

Chromatography is a technique of separation based on adsorption and/or interaction of target molecules with stationary phases. Herein, we report the design and fabrication of BTDA@SiO2 core-shell microspheres as a new class of stationary phase and demonstrate its impressive performance for chromatographic separations. The silica microspheres of BTDA@SiO2 were synthesized by in situ method with 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxaldehyde and 3,5-diaminobenzoic to separate peptides and proteins on high-performance liquid chromatography. The BTDA@SiO2 core-shell structure has a high specific surface area and retention factor of 4.27 and 8.31 for anionic and cationic peptides, respectively. The separation factor and resolution were high as well. A typical chromatogram illustrated nearly baseline resolution of the two peptides in less than 3 min. The BTDA@SiO2 was also highly stable in the pH range of 1 to 14. Furthermore, the prepared BTDA@SiO2 core-shell material not only be used for chromatographic separation but also as heavy metal removal from water. Using a BTDA@SiO2, we also achieved a lysozyme enrichment with a maximum saturated adsorption capacity reaching 714 mg/g. In summary, BTDA@SiO2 has great application prospects and significance in separation and purification systems.

Recent advances in chitosan-based nanocomposites for adsorption and removal of heavy metal ions.

Due to the high concentration of various toxic and dangerous pollutants, industrial effluents have imposed increasing threats. Among the various processes for wastewater treatment, adsorption is widely used due to its simplicity, good treatment efficiency, availability of a wide range of adsorbents, and cost-effectiveness. Chitosan (CS) has received great attention as a pollutant adsorbent due to its low cost and many -OH and -NH2 functional groups that can bind heavy metal ions. However, weaknesses such as sensitivity to pH, low thermal stability and low mechanical strength, limit the application of CS in wastewater treatment. The modification of these functional groups can improve its performance via cross-linking and grafting agents. The porosity and specific surface area of CS in powder form are not ideal, so physical modification of CS via integration with other materials (e.g., metal oxide, zeolite, clay, etc.) leads to the creation of composite materials with improved absorption performance. This review provides reports on the application of CS and its nanocomposites (NCs) for the removal of various heavy metal ions. Synthesis strategy, adsorption mechanism and influencing factors on sorbents for heavy metals are discussed in detail.

Simultaneous extraction of five heavy metal ions from root vegetables via dual-frequency ultrasound-assisted enzymatic digestion.

The dual-frequency ultrasound-assisted enzymatic digestion (DUED) technique was developed for synchronous green extraction of five heavy metal ions in root vegetables. The combination of α-amylase, cellulase, and papain showed significant advantageous in extracting heavy metal ions. Under optimized dual-frequency ultrasonic conditions, the extraction rates of Cr, As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in carrots reached 99.04%, 105.88%, 104.65%, 104.10%, and 103.13% respectively. And the extraction process is highly efficient, completing in just 15 min. Compared to conventional microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis method, this technique eliminates the need for high-temperature concentrated acid, enhancing its environmental sustainability while maintaining mild reaction conditions, making it ideal for biosensors application. Additionally, simultaneous extraction and detection of four heavy metals in lotus roots were successfully achieved by using DUED and a fluorescent paper-based microfluidic chip. The obtained results are consistent with those obtained using conventional methods.

Recent advances in alginate-based composite gel spheres for removal of heavy metals.

The discharge of heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater into natural water bodies is a consequence of global industrialisation. Due to their high toxicity and resistance to degradation, these heavy metal ions pose a substantial threat to human health as they accumulate and amplify. Alginate-based composite gels exhibit good adsorption and mechanical properties, excellent biodegradability, and non-toxicity, making them environmentally friendly heavy metal ion adsorbents for water with promising development prospects. This paper introduces the basic properties, cross-linking methods, synthetic approaches, modification methods, and manufacturing techniques of alginate-based composite gels. The adsorption properties and mechanical strength of these gels can be enhanced through surface modification, multi-component mixing, and embedding. The main production processes involved are sol-gel and cross-linking methods. Additionally, this paper reviews various applications of alginate composite gels for common heavy metals, rare earth elements, and radionuclides and elucidates the adsorption mechanism of alginate composite gels. This study aimed to provide a reference for synthesising new, efficient, and environmentally friendly alginate-based adsorbents and to contribute new ideas and directions for addressing the issue of heavy metal pollution.

Untapped potential of food waste derived biochar for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.

The presence of heavy metals in water pose a serious threat to both public and environmental health. However, the advances in the application of low cost biochar based adsorbent synthesize from various feedstocks plays an effective role in the of removal heavy metals from water. This study implies the introduction of novel method of converting food waste (FW) to biochar through pyrolysis, examine its physiochemical characteristics, and investigate its adsorption potential for the removal of heavy metals from water. The results revealed that biochar yield decreased from 18.4 % to 14.31 % with increase in pyrolysis temperature from 350 to 550 °C. Likewise, increase in the pyrolysis temperature also resulted in the increase in the ash content from 39.87 % to 42.05 % thus transforming the biochar into alkaline nature (pH 10.17). The structural and chemical compositions of biochar produced at various temperatures (350, 450, and 550 °C) showed a wide range of mineralogical composition, and changes in the concentration of surface functional groups. Similarly, the adsorption potential showed that all the produced biochar effectively removed the selected heavy metals from wastewater. However a slightly high removal capacity was observed for biochar produced at 550 °C that was credited to the alkaline nature, negatively charged biochar active sites due to O-containing functional groups and swelling behavior. The results also showed that the maximum adsorption was recorded at pH 8 at adsorbent dose of 2.5 g L-1 with the contact time of 120 min. To express the adsorption equilibrium, the results were subjected to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and correlation coefficient implies that the adsorption process follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The findings of this study suggest the suitability of the novel FW derived biochar as an effective and low cost adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals form wastewater.

A systematic review on the bioremediation of metal contaminated soils using biochar and slag: current status and future outlook.

Heavy metals contaminated soils are posing severe threats to food safety worldwide. Heavy metals absorbed by plant roots from contaminated soils lead to severe plant development issues and a reduction in crop yield and growth. The global population is growing, and the demand for food is increasing. Therefore, it is critical to identify soil remediation strategies that are efficient, economical, and environment friendly. The use of biochar and slag as passivators represents a promising approach among various physicochemical and biological strategies due to their efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and low environmental impact. These passivators employ diverse mechanisms to reduce the bioavailability of metals in contaminated soils, thereby improving crop growth and productivity. Although studies have shown the effectiveness of different passivators, further research is needed globally as this field is still in its early stages. This review sheds light on the innovative utilization of biochar and slag as sustainable strategies for heavy metal remediation, emphasizing their novelty and potential for practical applications. Based on the findings, research gaps have been identified and future research directions proposed to enable the full potential of passivators to be utilized effectively and efficiently under controlled and field conditions.

Autonomous Bionanorobots via a Cage-Shaped Silsesquioxane Vehicle for In Vivo Heavy Metal Detoxification.

Nanorobots hold great promise for integrated drug delivery systems that are responsive to molecular triggers. Herein, we successfully developed an automatic smart bionanorobot that has transport capability and recognizes and removes zinc ions from poisoned cells based on nanoscale polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane molecules. This intelligent bionanorobot can easily move inside and outside the cell and find zinc ions owing to its highly selective recognition to zinc ions and high cell permeability, especially the well-combined high penetration and strong binding energy. More importantly, it was also found that this intelligent bionanorobot can restore round HeLa cells to a normal fusiform cell morphology following high-concentration zinc treatment and does not interfere with cell proliferation and division. It was also shown by in vivo experiments that the bionanorobot can inhibit persistent enlargement of the liver caused by zinc ion poisoning.

Review on the Use of Heavy Metal Deposits from Water Treatment Waste towards Catalytic Chemical Syntheses.

The toxicity and persistence of heavy metals has become a serious problem for humans. These heavy metals accumulate mainly in wastewater from various industries' discharged effluents. The recent trends in research are now focused not only on the removal efficiency of toxic metal particles, but also on their effective reuse as catalysts. This review discusses the types of heavy metals obtained from wastewater and their recovery through commonly practiced physico-chemical pathways. In addition, it covers the advantages of the new system for capturing heavy metals from wastewater, as compared to older conventional technologies. The discussion also includes the various structural aspects of trapping systems and their hypothesized mechanistic approaches to immobilization and further rejuvenation of catalysts. Finally, it concludes with the challenges and future prospects of this research to help protect the ecosystem.

Determination of Metallic Impurities by ICP-MS Technique in Eyeshadows Purchased in Poland. Part I.

Eye shadows, which are products willingly and frequently used by women and even children, have been reported in literature to contain toxic metals. In this work, a total of 94 eye shadows samples available on the Polish market were collected. Eye shadow products have been selected in order to include several parameters important from the point of view of the typical consumer such as: product type (mat/pearl), consumer group (for adults and children), price range (very cheap, medium price, expensive and very expensive), color (twelve different colors were tested), manufacturer (eight brands were investigated) or country of production (four countries were included). The concentration of selected metals (Ag, Ba, Bi, Cd, Pb, Sr, Tl) was determined by ICP-MS technique after the sample extraction with a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in a microwave closed system. For Ag, Cd and Tl, some results were below the established limit of quantification for the employed technique. The presence of strontium, barium, lead and bismuth was confirmed in all studied samples. The obtained results for analyzed elements were, in general, quite comparable with the data reported by other authors. A small number of samples exceeding the permissible values (two samples were beyond the limit value for Cd of 0.5 mg/kg and one exceed the acceptable concentration for Pb of 10 mg/kg) also proves a relatively good condition of the Polish cosmetics market and suggests insubstantial risk for the potential consumers. The results gathered for some of the eye shadows intended for children turned out to be alarmingly high, in particular for elements such as Cd. The highest concentration of Cd reached almost 4 mg/kg, while of Pb amounted to 16 mg/kg. The presence of the statistically significant differences was confirmed for all included parameters with an exception of the color of the eye shadow. Considering the results acquired only for Cd and Pb with respect to the country of origin, the least contaminated cosmetics by metallic impurities seem to be the one produced in Canada, while the ones presenting the highest health risk among all studied eye shadows are make-up cosmetics originating from Poland and Italy. Multivariate analysis of a large data set using CA methods and PCA provided valuable information on dependencies between variables and objects.

The Application of 2,6-Bis(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-Diaminopyridine in Solvent Extraction and Polymer Membrane Separation for the Recovery of Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II) and Pt(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions.

The work describes the results of the first application of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine (L) for the recovery of noble metal ions (Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II), Pt(II)) from aqueous solutions using two different separation processes: dynamic (classic solvent extraction) and static (polymer membranes). The stability constants of the complexes formed by the L with noble metal ions were determined using the spectrophotometry method. The results of the performed experiments clearly show that 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine is an excellent extractant, as the recovery was over 99% for all studied noble metal ions. The efficiency of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine as a carrier in polymer membranes after 24 h of sorption was lower; the percentage of metal ions removal from the solutions (%Rs) decreased in following order: Ag(I) (94.89%) > Au(III) (63.46%) > Pt(II) (38.99%) > Pd(II) (23.82%). The results of the desorption processes carried out showed that the highest percentage of recovery was observed for gold and silver ions (over 96%) after 48 h. The results presented in this study indicate the potential practical applicability of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine in the solvent extraction and polymer membrane separation of noble metal ions from aqueous solutions (e.g., obtained as a result of WEEE leaching or industrial wastewater).

Microbiome of highly polluted coal mine drainage from Onyeama, Nigeria, and its potential for sequestrating toxic heavy metals.

Drains from coal mines remain a worrisome point-source of toxic metal/metalloid pollutions to the surface- and ground-waters worldwide, requiring sustainable remediation strategies. Understanding the microbial community subtleties through microbiome and geochemical data can provide valuable information on the problem. Furthermore, the autochthonous microorganisms offer a potential means to remediate such contamination. The drains from Onyeama coal mine in Nigeria contained characteristic sulphates (313.0 ± 15.9 mg l-1), carbonate (253.0 ± 22.4 mg l-1), and nitrate (86.6 ± 41.0 mg l-1), having extreme tendencies to enrich receiving environments with extremely high pollution load index (3110 ± 942) for toxic metals/metalloid. The drains exerted severe degree of toxic metals/metalloid contamination (Degree of contamination: 3,400,000 ± 240,000) and consequent astronomically high ecological risks in the order: Lead > Cadmium > Arsenic > Nickel > Cobalt > Iron > Chromium. The microbiome of the drains revealed the dominance of Proteobacteria (50.8%) and Bacteroidetes (18.9%) among the bacterial community, whereas Ascomycota (60.8%) and Ciliophora (12.6%) dominated the eukaryotic community. A consortium of 7 autochthonous bacterial taxa exhibited excellent urease activities (≥ 253 µmol urea min-1) with subsequent stemming of acidic pH to > 8.2 and sequestration of toxic metals (approx. 100% efficiency) as precipitates (15.6 ± 0.92 mg ml-1). The drain is a point source for metals/metalloid pollution, and its bioremediation is achievable with the bacteria consortium.

Three-dimensional macroscopic aminosilylated nanocellulose aerogels as sustainable bio-adsorbents for the effective removal of heavy metal ions.

Designing an environmentally benign bio-adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous medium was a sustainable strategy to ensure water safety. Herein, three-dimensional macroscopic aminosilyated nanocellulose aerogels (APTMS-modified TO-NFC) for the removal of heavy metal ions in water were successfully synthesized from bamboo-derived TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (TO-NFC) and aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMs) via a facile freeze-drying process. Owing to a relatively high BET surface area (129.32 m2 g-1), high porosity (99.14%) as well as high substitution degree of amino groups (0.41), the resulting APTMS-modified TO-NFC aerogel exhibited good adsorption capacity of 99.0, 124.5, and 242.1 mg g-1 for Cu2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+, respectively. Furthermore, the crosslinked and three-dimensionally porous architecture imparted it with relatively high compression strength, good excellent stability in water, and ease of recyclability from water after the usage. The pH value of the solution had a great influence on adsorption efficiency of the aerogel adsorbent, and optimal adsorption efficiency could be achieved at pH 3-7. Thermodynamic parameters suggested the spontaneous and endothermic nature of adsorption process. This work provides a facile method for preparing sustainable bio-adsorbent for effective heavy metal ions removal from aqueous medium.

A mesoporous melamine/chitosan/activated carbon biocomposite: Preparation, characterization and its application for Ni (II) uptake via ion imprinting.

A novel imprinted biocomposite and its non-imprinted form were developed by melaminating and crosslinking of chitosan coated onto a bio-based activated carbon and characterized using FTIR, BET, FESEM-EDS and XRD. Nickel, 4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride, and glutaraldehyde were used as a template, converter of hydroxyl and amine groups to good leaving groups, and cross-linker, respectively. The factors affecting adsorptivity and imprinting factor were optimized by using the Taguchi method for the subsequent comparative adsorptivity, kinetics, isotherms, selectivity, and reusability studies of imprinted biocomposite with its non-imprinted one. The pseudo-first-order and Langmuir models were best fitted to the experimental kinetics and equilibrium isotherm data, respectively. The maximum Ni (II)) adsorptivity of 109.86 mg/g, the imprinting factor (I·F) of 5.45 and Ni (II) selectivity coefficients values of 3.13, 4.48, 3.72, 2.51 for Ni (II) toward Zn (II), Cd (II), Cu (II) and Pb (II), respectively, were obtained at optimum conditions. After five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles, the biocomposites still presented a high adsorptivity (>83%), indicating their excellent reusability.

Biosorbents from Plant Fibers of Hemp and Flax for Metal Removal: Comparison of Their Biosorption Properties.

Lignocellulosic fibers extracted from plants are considered an interesting raw material for environmentally friendly products with multiple applications. This work investigated the feasibility of using hemp- and flax-based materials in the form of felts as biosorbents for the removal of metals present in aqueous solutions. Biosorption of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn from a single solution by the two lignocellulosic-based felts was examined using a batch mode. The parameters studied were initial metal concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and pH. In controlled conditions, the results showed that: (i) the flax-based felt had higher biosorption capacities with respect to the metals studied than the hemp-based felt; (ii) the highest removal efficiency was always obtained for Cu ions, and the following order of Cu > Cd > Zn > Ni > Co > Al > Mn was found for both examined biosorbents; (iii) the process was rapid and 10 min were sufficient to attain the equilibrium; (iv) the efficiency improved with the increase of the adsorbent dosage; and (v) the biosorption capacities were independent of pH between 4 and 6. Based on the obtained results, it can be considered that plant-based felts are new, efficient materials for metal removal.

Highly-Efficient Sulfonated UiO-66(Zr) Optical Fiber for Rapid Detection of Trace Levels of Pb2.

Lead detection for biological environments, aqueous resources, and medicinal compounds, rely mainly on either utilizing bulky lab equipment such as ICP-OES or ready-made sensors, which are based on colorimetry with some limitations including selectivity and low interference. Remote, rapid and efficient detection of heavy metals in aqueous solutions at ppm and sub-ppm levels have faced significant challenges that requires novel compounds with such ability. Here, a UiO-66(Zr) metal-organic framework (MOF) functionalized with SO3H group (SO3H-UiO-66(Zr)) is deposited on the end-face of an optical fiber to detect lead cations (Pb2+) in water at 25.2, 43.5 and 64.0 ppm levels. The SO3H-UiO-66(Zr) system provides a Fabry-Perot sensor by which the lead ions are detected rapidly (milliseconds) at 25.2 ppm aqueous solution reflecting in the wavelength shifts in interference spectrum. The proposed removal mechanism is based on the adsorption of [Pb(OH2)6]2+ in water on SO3H-UiO-66(Zr) due to a strong affinity between functionalized MOF and lead. This is the first work that advances a multi-purpose optical fiber-coated functional MOF as an on-site remote chemical sensor for rapid detection of lead cations at extremely low concentrations in an aqueous system.

Thiomers of Chitosan and Cellulose: Effective Biosorbents for Detection, Removal and Recovery of Metal Ions from Aqueous Medium.

Removal of toxic metal ions using adsorbents is a well-known strategy for water treatment. While chitosan and cellulose can adsorb weakly some types of metals, incorporating thiols as metal chelating agents can improve their sorption behaviors significantly. Presented in this review are the various chemical modification strategies applicable for thiolation of chitosan and cellulose in the forms of mercaptans, xanthates and dithiocarbamates. Moreover, much attention has been paid to the specific strategies for controlling the thiolation degree and characterization approaches for establishing the structure-property relationship. Also, the kinetics and isotherm models that elucidate the adsorption processes and mechanisms induced by the thiomers have been explained. These thiomers have found great potentials in the applications associated with metal removal, metal recovery and metal detection.

Advances in aptamer screening and aptasensors' detection of heavy metal ions.

Heavy metal pollution has become more and more serious with industrial development and resource exploitation. Because heavy metal ions are difficult to be biodegraded, they accumulate in the human body and cause serious threat to human health. However, the conventional methods to detect heavy metal ions are more strictly to the requirements by detection equipment, sample pretreatment, experimental environment, etc. Aptasensor has the advantages of strong specificity, high sensitivity and simple preparation to detect small molecules, which provides a new direction platform in the detection of heavy metal ions. This paper reviews the selection of aptamers as target for heavy metal ions since the 21th century and aptasensors application for detection of heavy metal ions that were reported in the past five years. Firstly, the selection methods for aptamers with high specificity and high affinity are introduced. Construction methods and research progress on sensor based aptamers as recognition element are also introduced systematically. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities of aptasensors in detecting heavy metal ions are discussed.

Kirkendall Effect Boosts Phosphorylated nZVI for Efficient Heavy Metal Wastewater Treatment.

Removal of non-biodegradable heavy metals has been the top priority in wastewater treatment and the development of green technologies remains a significant challenge. We demonstrate that phosphorylated nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is promising for removal of heavy metals (NiII , CuII , CrVI , HgII ) via a boosted Kirkendall effect. Phosphorylation confines tensile hoop stress on the nZVI particles and "breaks" the structurally dense spherical nZVI to produce numerous radial nanocracks. Exemplified by NiII removal, the radial nanocracks favor the facile inward diffusion of NiII and the rapid outward transport of electrons and ferrous ions through the oxide shell for surface (NiII /electron) and boundary (NiII /Fe0 ) galvanic exchange. Accompanied by a pronounced hollowing phenomenon, phosphorylated nZVI can instantly reduce and immobilize NiII throughout the oxide shell with a high capacity (258 mg Ni g-1 Fe). For real electroplating factory wastewater treatment, this novel nZVI performs simultaneous NiII and CuII removal, producing effluent of stable quality that meets local discharge regulations.

Ultrasound-assisted soil washing processes for the remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils: The mechanism of the ultrasonic desorption.

Ultrasound-assisted soil washing processes were investigated for the removal of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) in real contaminated soils using HCl and EDTA. The ultrasound-assisted soil washing (US/Mixing) process was compared with the conventional soil washing (Mixing) process based on the mechanical mixing. High removal efficiency (44.8% for HCl and 43.2% for EDTA) for the metals was obtained for the most extreme conditions (HCl 1.0 M or EDTA 0.1 M and L:S = 10:1) in the Mixing process. With the aide of ultrasound, higher removal efficiency (57.9% for HCl and 50.0% for EDTA) was obtained in the same extreme conditions and similar or higher removal efficiency (e.g., 54.7% for HCl 0.5 M and L:S = 10:1 and 50.5% for EDTA 0.05 M and L:S = 5:1) was achieved even in less extreme conditions (lower HCl or EDTA concentration and L:S ratio). Therefore, it was revealed that the US/Mixing was advantageous over the conventional Mixing processes in terms of metal removal efficiency, consumption of chemicals, amount of generated washing leachate, and volume/size of washing reactor. In addition, the heavy metals removal was enhanced for the smaller soil particles in the US/Mixing process. It was due to more violent movement of smaller particles in slurry phase and more violent sonophysical effects. In order to understand the mechanism of ultrasonic desorption, the desorption test was conducted using the paint-coated beads with three sizes (1, 2, and 4 mm) for the free and attached conditions. It was found that no significant desorption/removal of paint from the beads was observed without the movement of beads in the water including floatation, collision, and scrubbing. Thus, it was suggested that the simultaneous application of the ultrasound and mechanical mixing could enhance the physical movement of the particles significantly and the very high removal/desorption could be attained.