Immunologic features of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease based on spatially resolved whole transcriptomics.

BACKGROUND: The immunologic features of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) are largely unclear. This study investigated the immunologic features of NTM-PD using digital spatial profiling techniques. METHODS: Lung tissues obtained from six patients with NTM-PD between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2020, at Seoul National University Hospital were subjected to RNA sequencing. Cores from the peribronchial areas were stained with CD3, CD68, and DNASyto13, and gene expression at the whole-transcriptome level was quantified using PCR amplification and Illumina sequencing. Lung tissues from six patients with bronchiectasis collected during the same period were used as controls. The RNA sequencing results were validated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in another cohort (30 patients with NTM-PD and 15 patients with bronchiectasis). RESULTS: NTM-PD exhibited distinct gene expression patterns in T cells and macrophages. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that pathways related to antigen presentation and processing were upregulated in NTM-PD, particularly in macrophages. Macrophages were more prevalent and the expression of genes associated with the M1 phenotype (CD40 and CD80) was significantly elevated. Although macrophages were activated in the NTM-PD group T cell activity was unaltered. Notably, expression of the costimulatory molecule CD28 was decreased in NTM-PD. IHC analysis showed that T cells expressing Foxp3 or TIM-3, which facilitate the regulatory functions of T cells, were increased. CONCLUSIONS: NTM-PD exhibits distinct immunologic signatures characterized by the activation of macrophages without T cell activation.

Drug repositioning identifies histone deacetylase inhibitors that promote innate immunity in non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection.

Non-tuberculosis infections in immunocompromised patients represent a cause for concern, given the increased risks of infection, and limited treatments available. Herein, we report that molecules for binding to the catalytic site of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibit its activity, thus increasing the innate immune response against environmental mycobacteria. The action of HDAC inhibitors (iHDACs) was explored in a model of type II pneumocytes and macrophages infection by Mycobacterium aurum. The results show that the use of 1,3-diphenylurea increases the expression of the TLR-4 in M. aurum infected MDMs, as well as the production of defb4, IL-1ß, IL-12, and IL-6. Moreover, we observed that aminoacetanilide upregulates the expression of TLR-4 together with TLR-9, defb4, CAMP, RNase 6, RNase 7, IL-1ß, IL-12, and IL-6 in T2P. Results conclude that the tested iHDACs selectively modulate the expression of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides that are associated with reduction of non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection.

Clinical features and treatment outcomes of bone and joint nontuberculous mycobacterial infections according to immune status: a 9-year retrospective observational cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) bone and joint infections (BJIs) are uncommon. We evaluated the characteristics of BJIs and identified differences according to immune status. METHODS: We performed a multicenter retrospective study in France involving patients with documented NTM BJI over a 9-year period. We collected the clinical and microbiological characteristics, management, and clinical outcomes of the patients. RESULTS: Overall, 95 patients were included, of whom 50.5% (48/95) were immunosuppressed. Tenosynovitis was more frequent in the immunocompetent group, and native arthritis more common in the immunosuppressed group. Mycobacerium marinum and M. abscessus complex were significantly more frequent in the immunocompetent group, and M. avium and M. xenopi were significantly more frequent in the immunosuppressed group. The combination of antibiotherapy with surgery tended to be more frequent in the immunocompetent than the immunosuppressed group (63.8% (30/47) vs 47.8% (22/46), respectively); of the latter, 45.7% (21/46) received antimicrobial therapy alone, a higher frequency than in the immunocompetent group (23.4%, 11/47). The median duration of antimicrobial treatment was similar in the two groups (11 months). Mortality was significantly higher in the immunosuppressed group. CONCLUSIONS: Although the clinical presentations and the NTM species involved in BJI differed according to immune status, most recovered completely after treatment.

In vitro stimulation with nontuberculous mycobacteria induced a stronger cytokine response in leukocytes isolated from individuals with latent tuberculosis compared to those isolated from active tuberculosis or cystic fibrosis patients.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and opportunistic environmental non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause severe infection. Why latent tuberculosis infection advances to active disease, and why some individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) develop pulmonary infections with NTM is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effector function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from individuals with active or latent tuberculosis, individuals with CF with or without pulmonary NTM-infection and healthy controls, by measuring cytokine response to in vitro stimulation with different species of NTMs. The cytokine concentrations of IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, IL-10, IL12p70 and IFN-γ were measured in PBMC-culture supernatants after stimulation with NTMs. PBMCs from individuals with latent tuberculosis infection showed strong IL-17A, IL-22, and IFN-γ responses compared to individuals with active tuberculosis or CF. IL-10 production was low in both tuberculosis groups compared to the CF groups and controls. This study suggests that IL-17A and IL-22 might be important to keep tuberculosis in a latent phase and that individuals with CF with an ongoing NTM infection seem to have a low cytokine response.

E3 ubiquitin ligase CBLB regulates innate immune responses and bacterial dissemination during nontuberculous mycobacteria infection.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging opportunistic pathogens causing pulmonary infection to fatal disseminated disease. NTM infections are steadily increasing in children and adults, and immune-compromised individuals are at a greater risk of fatal infections. The NTM disease's adverse pathology and resistance to antibiotics have further worsened the therapeutic measures. Innate immune regulators are potential targets for therapeutics to NTM, especially in a T cell-suppressed population, and many ubiquitin ligases modulate pathogenesis and innate immunity during infections, including mycobacterial infections. Here, we investigated the role of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene B (CBLB), in immunocompromised mouse models of NTM infection. We found that CBLB is essential to prevent bacterial growth and dissemination. Cblb deficiency debilitated natural killer cells, inflammatory monocytes, and macrophages in vivo. However, Cblb deficiency in macrophages did not wane its ability to inhibit bacterial growth or production of reactive oxygen species or interferon γ production by natural killer cells in vitro. CBLB restricted NTM growth and dissemination by promoting early granuloma formation in vivo. Our study shows that CBLB bolsters innate immune responses and helps prevent the dissemination of NTM during compromised T cell immunity.

Producción in vitro de interferón gamma en ratones vacunados con ´Mycobacterium habana´ frente a antígenos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis / In vitro interferon gamma production in mice vaccinated with ´Mycobacterium habana´ against Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens

Introducción: el desarrollo de nuevas vacunas antituberculosas requiere de la caracterización de la respuesta de inmunidad celular, inducida por el nuevo candidato vacunal frente a los antígenos principales de Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Objetivo: determinar el potencial inmunogénico de ´Mycobacterium habana´ TMC-5135, cuando se usa como vacuna subcutánea en ratones Balb/c. Métodos: en este estudio se inocularon subcutáneamente ratones Balb/c con la cepa viva ´Mycobacterium habana´ TMC-5135 y se determinó la producción in vitro de IFN gamma en cultivos celulares de pulmón, bazo y ganglios inguinales estimulados con antígenos solubles totales y el antígeno 85b. Como grupo control se vacunaron ratones con BCG subcepa Phipps. Resultados: particularmente en los ganglios linfáticos inguinales, ambos antígenos indujeron mayor producción de IFN gamma en los ratones vacunados con ´Mycobacterium habana´que con BCG. Conclusiones: los resultados justifican la realización de nuevas investigaciones usando ´Mycobacterium habana´ TMC-5135 como candidato vacunal para prevenir la tuberculosis.

Introduction: development of new antituberculosis vaccines requires the characterization of the cell-mediated immune responses induced by mycobacterial antigens. Objective: to determine the immunogenic potential of ´Mycobacterium habana´ TMC-5135 when using subcutaneous vaccine in Balb/c mice. Methods: in this study, Balb/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously with live ´Mycobacterium habana´ TMC-5135. The production of IFN gamma in cell suspensions obtained from the lungs, the spleen and the lymph nodes after stimulation with mycobacterial antigens Ag85b or culture filtrate antigens (CFA) was recorded. Results: the production of IFN gamma after stimulation with CFA and Ag85b was higher in mice vaccinated with ´M. habana´ than in animals immunized with BCG. Conclusions: these results encourage new research on ´M. habana´ as vaccinal candidate against tuberculosis.

Quantificação dos niveis sericos de anticorpos anti-PGL-I, neopterina e proteina C reativa em pacientes com hanseniase durante a poliquimioterapia / ?

A hanseniase e doença infecciosa, causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae, um parasita intracelular obrigatorio nao cultivavel em meios artificiais. Esta doença pode se manifestar sob amplo espectro clinico, correspondendo a distintos padroes da resposta imunologica do hospedeiro ao M. leprae. Em um polo deste espectro, esta a forma de resistencia ao bacilo, a hanseniase tuberculoide (HT), na qual se desenvolve acentuada resposta imune celular especifica com efetivo controle da mutilaçao bacilar. O outro polo do espectro esta representado pela hanseniase virchoviana (HV), forma de baixa resistencia, em que a resposta imune celular seletivamente falha em eliminar o bacilo do organismo, resultando na disseminaçao da doença. O grupo dimorfo (HD) apresenta manifestaçoes intermediarias variaveis entre HT e HV, de acordo com o grau de resposta imune ao M. leprae. Considerando que na hanseniase existem poucos estudos avaliando os niveis sericos de anticorpos anti-PGL-I, neopterina e proteina C reativa (CRP) no momento do diagnostico e durante o tratamento poliquimioterapico, realizamos este estudo com os sguintes objetivos: A. Avaliar a resposta imune e inflamatoria de pacientes com hanseniase no momento do diagnostico e aos 2, 4, 6 e 12 meses de tratamento com poliquimioterapia (PQT) e nos estados reacionais, mediante a determinaçao dos niveis sericos de anti-PGL-I, de neopterina e de CRP....

La intradermo-reacción con sensitinas en población paraguaya / The intradermal-reaction with sensitins in paraguayan population

La aplicación de Sensitinas utilizando la Intradermo-reacción de Mantoux nos permite investigar el perfil inmunológico de un organismo frente a determinadas cepas de Micobacterias no tuberculosas. La tasa de infección por estas Micobacterias no había sido estudiada hasta hoy en la población paraguaya, aunque nosotros ya habíamos comunicado el primer caso nacional de enfermedad por Mycobacterium fortuitum. La presente investigación nos permitió comprobar, sobre 210 pacientes estudiados, una tasa de reactores significativos de 24,7 por ciento a las sensitinas utilizadas, con neto predominio de reactores a M. avium y fortuitum

Possibilidades do G 30 320 no tratamento da hanseniase e da reação leprotica / Possibilities of G 30 320 me the treatment of leprosy and reaction leprosy

Os AA selecionaram doentes de lepra internados no Hospital Colonia Curupaiti e Hopsital Frei Antonio do Estado da Guanabara, Brasil, para experimentação da atividade antilepra do G 30 320. Todos oos pacinetes são da forma lepromatosa graus L1, L2,L3 e dimorfos, classificados nos seguinte Grupos:I - Doentes novos, virgens de tratamentoII - Doentes sulfono-resistentes com lepra progressiva avançadaIII - Doentes sujeitos a reação tipo ENL, talidomido dependentes. Desencadeia-se a reação sempre que se instituti tratamento sulfonico sem a respectiva e continua cobertura com talidomidaIV - Doentes talidomida insensiveis sujeitos a reação de ENI incontrolavel pelos metodos tradicionais inclusive talidomidaA experiencia tem por objetivo a verificação da utilidade do novo produito G 30 320 no controle do desenvvolvimento da Hanseniase e da reação leprotica. O esquema basico de administração tem sido 2 capisulas por dia durante 7 dias reduzindo-se então para l capsula diaria. Cada capsula contem l00 mg. de um derivado anilino aposafraninado G 30 320...