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1.
BMC Vet Res ; 20(1): 172, 2024 May 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38702691

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Lameness examinations are commonly performed in equine medicine. Advancements in digital technology have increased the use of video recordings for lameness assessment, however, standardization of ideal video angle is not available yielding videos of poor diagnostic quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of video angle on the subjective assessment of front limb lameness. A randomized, blinded, crossover study was performed. Six horses with and without mechanically induced forelimb solar pain were recorded using 9 video angles including horses trotting directly away and towards the video camera, horses trotting away and towards a video camera placed to the left and right side of midline, and horses trotting in a circle with the video camera placed on the inside and outside of the circle. Videos were randomized and assessed by three expert equine veterinarians using a 0-5 point scoring system. Objective lameness parameters were collected using a body-mounted inertial sensor system (Lameness Locator®, Equinosis LLC). Interobserver agreement for subjective lameness scores and ease of grading scores were determined. RESULTS: Induction of lameness was successful in all horses. There was excellent agreement between objective lameness parameters and subjective lameness scores (AUC of the ROC = 0.87). For horses in the "lame" trials, interobserver agreement was moderate for video angle 2 when degree of lameness was considered and perfect for video angle 2 and 9 when lameness was considered as a binary outcome. All other angles had no to fair agreement. For horses in the "sound" trials, interobserver agreement was perfect for video angle 5. All other video angles had slight to moderate agreement. CONCLUSIONS: When video assessment of forelimb lameness is required, a video of the horse trotting directly towards the video camera at a minimum is recommended. Other video angles may provide supportive information regarding lameness characteristics.


Asunto(s)
Estudios Cruzados , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Cojera Animal , Grabación en Video , Animales , Caballos , Cojera Animal/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Miembro Anterior , Femenino , Masculino
2.
J Vis Exp ; (205)2024 Mar 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38557586

RESUMEN

Behavioral testing in rat models is frequently utilized for diverse purposes, including psychological, biomedical, and behavioral research. Many traditional approaches involve individual, one-on-one testing sessions between a single researcher and each animal in an experiment. This setup can be very time consuming for the researcher, and their presence may impact the behavioral data in unwanted ways. Additionally, traditional caging for rat research imposes a lack of enrichment, exercise, and socialization that would normally be typical for the species, and this context may also skew the results of behavioral data. Overcoming these limitations may be worthwhile for several research applications, including the study of acquired brain injury. Here, an example method is presented for automatically training and testing individual rat behavior in a colony cage without the presence of humans. Radio frequency identification can be utilized to tailor sessions to the individual rat. The validation of this system occurred in the example context of measuring skilled forelimb motor performance before and after stroke. Traditional characteristics of post-stroke behavioral impairments and novel measures enabled by the system are measured, including success rate, various aspects of pull force, bout analysis, initiation rate and patterns, session duration, and circadian patterns. These variables can be collected automatically with few limitations; though the apparatus removes experimental control of exposure, timing and practice, the validation produced reasonable consistency in these variables from animal to animal.


Asunto(s)
Lesiones Encefálicas , Accidente Cerebrovascular , Ratas , Humanos , Animales , Miembro Anterior , Extremidad Superior , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad
3.
J Vis Exp ; (205)2024 Mar 29.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38619242

RESUMEN

Powerful genetic and molecular tools available in mouse systems neuroscience research have enabled researchers to interrogate motor system function with unprecedented precision in head-fixed mice performing a variety of tasks. The small size of the mouse makes the measurement of motor output difficult, as the traditional method of electromyographic (EMG) recording of muscle activity was designed for larger animals like cats and primates. Pending commercially available EMG electrodes for mice, the current gold-standard method for recording muscle activity in mice is to make electrode sets in-house. This article describes a refinement of established procedures for hand fabrication of an electrode set, implantation of electrodes in the same surgery as headplate implantation, fixation of a connector on the headplate, and post-operative recovery care. Following recovery, millisecond-resolution EMG recordings can be obtained during head-fixed behavior for several weeks without noticeable changes in signal quality. These recordings enable precise measurement of forelimb muscle activity alongside in vivo neural recording and/or perturbation to probe mechanisms of motor control in mice.


Asunto(s)
Mano , Extremidad Superior , Animales , Ratones , Electrodos , Miembro Anterior , Músculos
4.
PLoS One ; 19(4): e0302008, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38603768

RESUMEN

Malnutrition after stroke may lessen the beneficial effects of rehabilitation on motor recovery through influences on both brain and skeletal muscle. Enriched rehabilitation (ER), a combination of environmental enrichment and forelimb reaching practice, is used preclinically to study recovery of skilled reaching after stroke. However, the chronic food restriction typically used to motivate engagement in reaching practice is a barrier to using ER to investigate interactions between nutritional status and rehabilitation. Thus, our objectives were to determine if a modified ER program comprised of environmental enrichment and skilled reaching practice motivated by a short fast would enhance post-stroke forelimb motor recovery and preserve forelimb muscle size and metabolic fiber type, relative to a group exposed to stroke without ER. At one week after photothrombotic cortical stroke, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to modified ER or standard care for 2 weeks. Forelimb recovery was assessed in the Montoya staircase and cylinder task before stroke and on days 5-6, 22-23, and 33-34 after stroke. ER failed to improve forelimb function in either task (p > 0.05). Atrophy of extensor digitorum communis (EDC) and triceps brachii long head (TBL) muscles was not evident in the stroke-targeted forelimb on day 35, but the area occupied by hybrid fibers was increased in the EDC muscle (p = 0.038). ER bilaterally increased EDC (p = 0.046), but not TBL, muscle size; EDC muscle fiber type was unchanged by ER. While the modified ER did not promote forelimb motor recovery, it does appear to have utility for studying the role of skeletal muscle plasticity in post-stroke recovery.


Asunto(s)
Rehabilitación de Accidente Cerebrovascular , Accidente Cerebrovascular , Ratas , Masculino , Animales , Humanos , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Recuperación de la Función/fisiología , Miembro Anterior , Músculo Esquelético , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad
5.
Curr Biol ; 34(8): 1718-1730.e3, 2024 Apr 22.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38582078

RESUMEN

Recent evidence suggests that primary sensory cortical regions play a role in the integration of information from multiple sensory modalities. How primary cortical neurons integrate different sources of sensory information is unclear, partly because non-primary sensory input to a cortical sensory region is often weak or modulatory. To address this question, we take advantage of the robust representation of thermal (cooling) and tactile stimuli in mouse forelimb primary somatosensory cortex (fS1). Using a thermotactile detection task, we show that the perception of threshold-level cool or tactile information is enhanced when they are presented simultaneously, compared with presentation alone. To investigate the cortical cellular correlates of thermotactile integration, we performed in vivo extracellular recordings from fS1 in awake resting and anesthetized mice during unimodal and bimodal stimulation of the forepaw. Unimodal stimulation evoked thermal- or tactile- specific excitatory and inhibitory responses of fS1 neurons. The most prominent features of combined thermotactile stimulation are the recruitment of unimodally silent fS1 neurons, non-linear integration features, and response dynamics that favor longer response durations with additional spikes. Together, we identify quantitative and qualitative changes in cortical encoding that may underlie the improvement in perception of thermotactile surfaces during haptic exploration.


Asunto(s)
Corteza Somatosensorial , Animales , Ratones , Corteza Somatosensorial/fisiología , Tacto/fisiología , Neuronas/fisiología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Miembro Anterior/fisiología , Percepción del Tacto/fisiología , Masculino , Estimulación Física
6.
J Physiol ; 602(9): 1987-2017, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38593215

RESUMEN

When the foot dorsum contacts an obstacle during locomotion, cutaneous afferents signal central circuits to coordinate muscle activity in the four limbs. Spinal cord injury disrupts these interactions, impairing balance and interlimb coordination. We evoked cutaneous reflexes by electrically stimulating left and right superficial peroneal nerves before and after two thoracic lateral hemisections placed on opposite sides of the cord at 9- to 13-week interval in seven adult cats (4 males and 3 females). We recorded reflex responses in ten hindlimb and five forelimb muscles bilaterally. After the first (right T5-T6) and second (left T10-T11) hemisections, coordination of the fore- and hindlimbs was altered and/or became less consistent. After the second hemisection, cats required balance assistance to perform quadrupedal locomotion. Short-latency reflex responses in homonymous and crossed hindlimb muscles largely remained unaffected after staggered hemisections. However, mid- and long-latency homonymous and crossed responses in both hindlimbs occurred less frequently after staggered hemisections. In forelimb muscles, homolateral and diagonal mid- and long-latency response occurrence significantly decreased after the first and second hemisections. In all four limbs, however, when present, short-, mid- and long-latency responses maintained their phase-dependent modulation. We also observed reduced durations of short-latency inhibitory homonymous responses in left hindlimb extensors early after the first hemisection and delayed short-latency responses in the right ipsilesional hindlimb after the first hemisection. Therefore, changes in cutaneous reflex responses correlated with impaired balance/stability and interlimb coordination during locomotion after spinal cord injury. Restoring reflex transmission could be used as a biomarker to facilitate locomotor recovery. KEY POINTS: Cutaneous afferent inputs coordinate muscle activity in the four limbs during locomotion when the foot dorsum contacts an obstacle. Thoracic spinal cord injury disrupts communication between spinal locomotor centres located at cervical and lumbar levels, impairing balance and limb coordination. We investigated cutaneous reflexes during quadrupedal locomotion by electrically stimulating the superficial peroneal nerve bilaterally, before and after staggered lateral thoracic hemisections of the spinal cord in cats. We showed a loss/reduction of mid- and long-latency responses in all four limbs after staggered hemisections, which correlated with altered coordination of the fore- and hindlimbs and impaired balance. Targeting cutaneous reflex pathways projecting to the four limbs could help develop therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring transmission in ascending and descending spinal pathways.


Asunto(s)
Miembro Posterior , Locomoción , Músculo Esquelético , Reflejo , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal , Animales , Gatos , Miembro Posterior/inervación , Miembro Posterior/fisiología , Miembro Posterior/fisiopatología , Masculino , Femenino , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/fisiopatología , Reflejo/fisiología , Locomoción/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/inervación , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatología , Piel/inervación , Vértebras Torácicas , Miembro Anterior/fisiopatología , Miembro Anterior/fisiología , Estimulación Eléctrica
7.
Cell Rep ; 43(4): 113986, 2024 Apr 23.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38598336

RESUMEN

Layer 5 neurons of the neocortex receive their principal inputs from layer 2/3 neurons. We seek to identify the nature and extent of the plasticity of these projections with motor learning. Using optogenetic and viral intersectional tools to selectively stimulate distinct neuronal subsets in rat primary motor cortex, we simultaneously record from pairs of corticospinal neurons associated with distinct features of motor output control: distal forelimb vs. proximal forelimb. Activation of Channelrhodopsin2-expressing layer 2/3 afferents onto layer 5 in untrained animals produces greater monosynaptic excitation of neurons controlling the proximal forelimb. Following skilled grasp training, layer 2/3 inputs onto corticospinal neurons controlling the distal forelimb associated with skilled grasping become significantly stronger. Moreover, peak excitatory response amplitude nearly doubles while latency shortens, and excitatory-to-inhibitory latencies become significantly prolonged. These findings demonstrate distinct, highly segregated, and cell-specific plasticity of layer 2/3 projections during skilled grasp motor learning.


Asunto(s)
Miembro Anterior , Corteza Motora , Plasticidad Neuronal , Animales , Miembro Anterior/fisiología , Plasticidad Neuronal/fisiología , Corteza Motora/fisiología , Corteza Motora/citología , Ratas , Aprendizaje/fisiología , Fuerza de la Mano/fisiología , Neuronas/fisiología , Masculino , Tractos Piramidales/fisiología , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Femenino , Optogenética , Ratas Long-Evans
8.
Behav Brain Res ; 466: 115007, 2024 May 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38648867

RESUMEN

Although active touch in rodents arises from the forepaws as well as whiskers, most research on active touch only focuses on whiskers. This results in a paucity of tasks designed to assess the process of active touch with a forepaw. We develop a new experimental task, the Reach-to-Grasp and Tactile Discrimination task (RGTD task), to examine active touch with a forepaw in rodents, particularly changes in processes of active touch during motor skill learning. In the RGTD task, animals are required to (1) extend their forelimb to an object, (2) grasp the object, and (3) manipulate the grasped object with the forelimb. The animals must determine the direction of the manipulation based on active touch sensations arising during the period of the grasping. In experiment 1 of the present study, we showed that rats can learn the RGTD task. In experiment 2, we confirmed that the rats are capable of reversal learning of the RGTD task. The RGTD task shared most of the reaching movements involved with conventional forelimb reaching tasks. From the standpoint of a discrimination task, the RGTD task enables rigorous experimental control, for example by removing bias in the stimulus-response correspondence, and makes it possible to utilize diverse experimental procedures that have been difficult in prior tasks.


Asunto(s)
Aprendizaje Discriminativo , Miembro Anterior , Tacto , Animales , Ratas , Masculino , Miembro Anterior/fisiología , Tacto/fisiología , Aprendizaje Discriminativo/fisiología , Fuerza de la Mano/fisiología , Percepción del Tacto/fisiología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Discriminación en Psicología/fisiología , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Ratas Long-Evans , Aprendizaje Inverso/fisiología
9.
Open Vet J ; 14(3): 885-894, 2024 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38682140

RESUMEN

Background: The study employs finite element analysis to investigate stress distribution in the radius of toy poodles after screw removal. The examination focuses on the biomechanical implications of varied screw hole configurations using 1.5 and 2.0-mm locking compression plates (LCPs) with notched head T-Plates. Aim: To provide a noninvasive approach to analyzing the immediate consequences of screw removal from the radius bone in toy poodles. Specifically, it explores the impact of varied plate designs and screw arrangements on stress distribution within the forelimb bones. Methods: The study constructs a three-dimensional bone model of the toy poodle's forelimb based on computed tomography (CT) images. Simulations were designed to replicate jumping and landing from a 40 cm height, comparing stress distribution in the radius post-screw removal. Results: The analysis reveals significant variations in stress distribution patterns between the two LCPs. The radius implanted with the 2.0-mm LCP displays a uniform stress distribution, contrasting with the 1.5-mm plates. Localized stress concentration is observed around the screw holes, while trabecular bone regions near the screw holes exhibit lower stress levels. Conclusion: The study highlights the plate designs and screw configurations that affect bone stress in toy poodle forelimbs post-screw removal. The findings provide valuable insights for veterinarians, aiding informed decisions in veterinary orthopedic practices.


Asunto(s)
Placas Óseas , Tornillos Óseos , Análisis de Elementos Finitos , Animales , Tornillos Óseos/veterinaria , Tornillos Óseos/efectos adversos , Placas Óseas/veterinaria , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Estrés Mecánico , Radio (Anatomía)/cirugía , Miembro Anterior , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/veterinaria
10.
Vet Rec ; 194(10): e4043, 2024 May 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38575548

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the possible presence of maladaptive pain in the thoracic limbs of dogs with elbow osteoarthritis (OA) using an electronic von Frey aesthesiometer (eVFA). METHODS: Twenty-eight client- and staff-owned dogs (OA, n = 14; controls, n = 14) were enrolled in the study. Every dog underwent a full orthopaedic examination, and then five von Frey measurements were obtained from each carpal pad of each dog. A maximum test threshold of 400 g was set and approved by an ethics committee. RESULTS: eVFA thresholds were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in dogs with OA (median 248 g, range 128-369 g) than in control dogs (median 390 g, range 371-400 g). In the OA group, the sensory threshold was significantly lower (p = 0.048) in the more severely affected limb than the less severely affected limb. LIMITATION: The low maximum threshold required for ethical approval may influence the variability in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Dogs with elbow OA had significantly lower sensory thresholds than control dogs, which is compatible with the presence of maladaptive pain, potentially due to central sensitisation. Further research is required to evaluate the potential use of the eVFA for monitoring clinical progression and treatment response in dogs with elbow OA.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Osteoartritis , Dimensión del Dolor , Animales , Perros , Osteoartritis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Masculino , Femenino , Dimensión del Dolor/veterinaria , Dolor/veterinaria , Miembro Anterior , Estudios de Casos y Controles
11.
Anat Histol Embryol ; 53(3): e13040, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38623947

RESUMEN

The study aims to analyse the normal anatomical and radiographical features of the Manus of the southern Aswanian-adapted Arabian one-humped camel, providing crucial data for diagnosing and treating various ailments. Our study was applied to 10 cadaver forelimbs of adult male one-humped camels (4-5 years old) for an explanation of the gross anatomy of the bones of the Manus region from under the carpal bones by using traditional techniques, including the gross anatomical, radiographic and x-ray (at the dorsopalmar and lateral planes) of the preparation of Manus bones. Our results showed that the large fused (third and fourth) metacarpal bones, in which the fusion extended along the entire length of the bone except at the distal end, diverged to form separate articulations with cross-ponding digits. As described in all ruminant species, especially the camel, there were two digits, and each digit consisted of three phalanges and two proximal sesamoid bones. Our radiographic x-ray data revealed that the complete radiopaque septum that completely divided the medullary cavity into two separate parts was clear from the dorsopalmar view, while the lateral view showed the proximal sesamoid bones that were placed over each other and located palmar to the head of the large metacarpal bone. In conclusion, our study reveals the adaptations of the Arabian one-humped camel to Egyptian conditions, aiding in the early diagnosis of lameness and digit problems and enabling veterinarians and camel owners to better address these issues, thereby improving the overall health and well-being of these animals.


Asunto(s)
Camelus , Huesos del Metacarpo , Masculino , Animales , Camelus/anatomía & histología , Pie , Miembro Anterior , Radiografía , Huesos del Metacarpo/diagnóstico por imagen
12.
Cell Rep ; 43(4): 113958, 2024 Apr 23.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38520691

RESUMEN

The brain can generate actions, such as reaching to a target, using different movement strategies. We investigate how such strategies are learned in a task where perched head-fixed mice learn to reach to an invisible target area from a set start position using a joystick. This can be achieved by learning to move in a specific direction or to a specific endpoint location. As mice learn to reach the target, they refine their variable joystick trajectories into controlled reaches, which depend on the sensorimotor cortex. We show that individual mice learned strategies biased to either direction- or endpoint-based movements. This endpoint/direction bias correlates with spatial directional variability with which the workspace was explored during training. Model-free reinforcement learning agents can generate both strategies with similar correlation between variability during training and learning bias. These results provide evidence that reinforcement of individual exploratory behavior during training biases the reaching strategies that mice learn.


Asunto(s)
Miembro Anterior , Animales , Miembro Anterior/fisiología , Ratones , Conducta Exploratoria/fisiología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Aprendizaje/fisiología , Masculino , Movimiento , Refuerzo en Psicología , Femenino , Conducta Animal
13.
PeerJ ; 12: e16960, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38436017

RESUMEN

Important transformations of the pectoral girdle are related to the appearance of flight capabilities in the Dinosauria. Previous studies on this topic focused mainly on paravians yet recent data suggests flight evolved in dinosaurs several times, including at least once among non-avialan paravians. Thus, to fully explore the evolution of flight-related avian shoulder girdle characteristics, it is necessary to compare morphology more broadly. Here, we present information from pennaraptoran specimens preserving pectoral girdle elements, including all purportedly volant taxa, and extensively compare aspects of the shoulder joint. The results show that many pectoral girdle modifications appear during the evolution from basal pennaraptorans to paravians, including changes in the orientation of the coracoid body and the location of the articulation between the furcula and scapula. These modifications suggest a change in forelimb range of motion preceded the origin of flight in paravians. During the evolution of early avialans, additional flight adaptive transformations occur, such as the separation of the scapula and coracoid and reduction of the articular surface between these two bones, reduction in the angle between these two elements, and elongation of the coracoid. The diversity of coracoid morphologies and types of articulations joining the scapula-coracoid suggest that each early avialan lineage evolved these features in parallel as they independently evolved more refined flight capabilities. In early ornithothoracines, the orientation of the glenoid fossa and location of the acrocoracoid approaches the condition in extant birds, suggesting a greater range of motion in the flight stroke, which may represent the acquisition of improved powered flight capabilities, such as ground take-off. The formation of a new articulation between the coracoid and furcula in the Ornithuromorpha is the last step in the formation of an osseous triosseal canal, which may indicate the complete acquisition of the modern flight apparatus. These morphological transitions equipped birds with a greater range of motion, increased and more efficient muscular output and while at the same time transmitting the increased pressure being generated by ever more powerful flapping movements in such a way as to protect the organs. The driving factors and functional adaptations of many of these transitional morphologies are as yet unclear although ontogenetic transitions in forelimb function observed in extant birds provide an excellent framework through which we can explore the behavior of Mesozoic pennaraptorans.


Asunto(s)
Dinosaurios , Articulación del Hombro , Animales , Extremidad Superior , Miembro Anterior , Aves , Escápula
14.
Cell Rep ; 43(4): 113993, 2024 Apr 23.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38551963

RESUMEN

Corticospinal neurons (CSNs) synapse directly on spinal neurons, a diverse assortment of cells with unique structural and functional properties necessary for body movements. CSNs modulating forelimb behavior fractionate into caudal forelimb area (CFA) and rostral forelimb area (RFA) motor cortical populations. Despite their prominence, the full diversity of spinal neurons targeted by CFA and RFA CSNs is uncharted. Here, we use anatomical and RNA sequencing methods to show that CSNs synapse onto a remarkably selective group of spinal cell types, favoring inhibitory populations that regulate motoneuron activity and gate sensory feedback. CFA and RFA CSNs target similar spinal neuron types, with notable exceptions that suggest that these populations differ in how they influence behavior. Finally, axon collaterals of CFA and RFA CSNs target similar brain regions yet receive highly divergent inputs. These results detail the rules of CSN connectivity throughout the brain and spinal cord for two regions critical for forelimb behavior.


Asunto(s)
Miembro Anterior , Tractos Piramidales , Animales , Miembro Anterior/fisiología , Tractos Piramidales/fisiología , Médula Espinal/fisiología , Médula Espinal/citología , Ratones , Corteza Motora/fisiología , Neuronas/fisiología , Neuronas Motoras/fisiología , Femenino , Masculino , Axones/fisiología , Sinapsis/fisiología
15.
PLoS One ; 19(3): e0299990, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38451976

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate secondary intention wound healing in the horse's limbs when treated with the synthetic epidermis spray (Novacika®, Cohesive S.A.S, France) or with a standard bandaging technique. METHODS: Six Standardbred mares were included in the study. Four 2.5 x 2.5 cm full-thickness skin wounds were created on each thoracic limb. Two wounds were located on the dorsoproximal aspect of the cannon bone and the other two at the dorsoproximal aspect of the fetlock. Six hours after creation, wounds were randomly treated with synthetic epidermis spray or standard bandaging. The wounds were assessed every 4 days by gross visual assessment and using a 3D imaging camera. Analysis was performed with a 3D imaging application. RESULTS: Out of 46 wounds, 22 showed exuberant granulation tissue and were part of the standard bandaging group. Whether the wounds were treated with synthetic epidermis spray or standard bandaging, the time for healing was the same. CONCLUSION: The synthetic epidermis spray studied in this model has allowed healing without the production of exuberant granulation tissue but did not reduce the median wound healing time compared to a standard bandaging technique. The synthetic epidermis spray is potentially an interesting alternative for the management of secondary intention wound healing of superficial and non-infected distal limb wounds in adult horses on economical and practical aspects. However, all statistical inference (p-values especially) must be interpreted with caution, given the size of the sample.


Asunto(s)
Intención , Enfermedades de la Piel , Animales , Femenino , Epidermis , Miembro Anterior , Caballos , Cicatrización de Heridas
16.
Neurorehabil Neural Repair ; 38(3): 187-196, 2024 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38425047

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Caloric restriction promotes neuroplasticity and recovery after neurological injury. In mice, we tested the hypothesis that caloric restriction can act post-stroke to enhance training-associated motor recovery. METHODS: Mice were trained to perform a skilled prehension task. We then induced a photothrombotic stroke in the caudal forelimb area, after which we retrained animals on the prehension task following an 8-day delay. Mice underwent either ad libitum feeding or alternate day fasting beginning 1-day after stroke and persisting for either 7 days or the entire post-stroke training period until sacrifice. RESULTS: Prior studies have shown that post-stroke recovery of prehension can occur if animals receive rehabilitative training during an early sensitive period but is incomplete if rehabilitative training is delayed. In contrast, we show complete recovery of prehension, despite a delay in rehabilitative training, when mice underwent alternate day fasting beginning 1-day post-stroke and persisting for either 7 days or the entire post-stroke training period until sacrifice. Recovery was independent of weight loss. Stroke volumes were similar across groups. CONCLUSIONS: Post-stroke caloric restriction led to recovery of motor function independent of a protective effect on stroke volume. Prehension recovery improved even after ad libitum feeding was reinstituted suggesting that the observed motor recovery was not merely a motivational response. These data add to the growing evidence that post-stroke caloric restriction can enhance recovery.


Asunto(s)
Rehabilitación de Accidente Cerebrovascular , Accidente Cerebrovascular , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Miembro Anterior , Extremidad Superior , Recuperación de la Función/fisiología , Ayuno , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad
17.
J Morphol ; 285(4): e21690, 2024 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38538209

RESUMEN

The early period of ontogeny is key to understanding the patterns of body plan formation in birds. Most studies of avian development have focused on the development of individual avian characters, leaving their developmental integration understudied. We explored the dynamics and integration of relative percentage increments in body mass, lengths of head, skeletal elements of wing and leg, and primary flight feathers in the embryonic and postnatal development of the Rook (Corvus frugilegus). The relative percentage increments were calculated according to Brody's equation. Groups of similar growing traits (modules) were determined using hierarchical cluster analysis, and the degree of correlation between modules was estimated by PLS analysis. The embryonic and postnatal periods demonstrate significant consistency both in the dynamics of changes in relative percentage increments of studied traits as well as in the clustering of individual modules. The modules mainly include the body mass and head length, as well as the elements that form the fore- and hind limbs. Differences were revealed in the combination of modules into clusters in embryonic and postnatal periods. Hind limb elements clustered together with wing elements in the embryonic period but with body mass and the head in the postnatal period. The strongest modularity was noted for the leg in embryogenesis, and for the wing in postnatal development. The forelimb and especially the primary feathers had more distinctive growth patterns. We suggest the changes in the degree of integration between locomotor modules in ontogenesis are connected with the earlier functioning of the legs in the postnatal period and with the preparation of the wings for functioning after a chick leaves the nest.


Asunto(s)
Cuervos , Animales , Alas de Animales , Pollos , Miembro Posterior , Miembro Anterior
19.
J Vet Med Sci ; 86(4): 421-427, 2024 Apr 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38403663

RESUMEN

This study investigated age-related radiographic changes in the distal parts of the forelimbs by radiographic evaluation and identified the radiographic changes associated with diseases specific to foals. The hoof angle (HA), distal phalanx angle (P3A), distal phalanx palmer angle (P3PA), distal interphalangeal joint angle (DIPJA), and metacarpophalangeal joint angle (MPJA) on lateromedial radiographs of forelimbs were measured on the day after birth (Day 1); at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age; and then at monthly intervals until 12 months of age. HA and P3A significantly increased from 1 day to 4 weeks and 4 weeks to 3 months of age. The P3PA increased dramatically from 1 day to 1 week, 1 week to 2 weeks, and 2 weeks to 8 weeks of age, and then decreased after 3 months of age. DIPJA significantly decreased from 1 day to 2 weeks of age before increasing from 3 to 5 months of age. MPJA increased with age until 4 weeks, slightly decreased from 2 to 4 months of age, and then gradually decreased from 4 to 6 months of age. The findings indicate that foals' forelimbs typically show flexion of the fetlock and a broken backward hoof-pastern axis just after birth, an upright fetlock until 4 months of age, and a change to a mature conformation after 6 months of age. Physiological variants were correlated with the occurrence of common foal diseases during the radiographic evaluation periods.


Asunto(s)
Pezuñas y Garras , Caballos , Animales , Pezuñas y Garras/diagnóstico por imagen , Miembro Anterior/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiografía , Extremidades , Huesos
20.
Cell Rep ; 43(2): 113804, 2024 Feb 27.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38368612

RESUMEN

Neural mechanisms underlying amputation-related secondary pain are unclear. Using in vivo two-photon imaging, three-dimensional reconstruction, and fiber photometry recording, we show that a microglial activation cascade from the primary somatosensory cortex of forelimb (S1FL) to the primary somatosensory cortex of hindlimb (S1HL) mediates the disinhibition and subsequent hyperexcitation of glutamatergic neurons in the S1HL (S1HLGlu), which then drives secondary mechanical hypersensitivity development in ipsilateral hindpaws of mice with forepaw amputation. Forepaw amputation induces rapid S1FL microglial activation that further activates S1HL microglia via the CCL2-CCR2 signaling pathway. Increased engulfment of GABAergic presynapses by activated microglia stimulates S1HLGlu neuronal activity, ultimately leading to secondary mechanical hypersensitivity of hindpaws. It is widely believed direct neuronal projection drives interactions between distinct brain regions to prime specific behaviors. Our study reveals microglial interactions spanning different subregions of the somatosensory cortex to drive a maladaptive neuronal response underlying secondary mechanical hypersensitivity at non-injured sites.


Asunto(s)
Hipersensibilidad , Microglía , Animales , Ratones , Amputación Quirúrgica , Pie , Miembro Anterior , Mano
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