RESUMEN
Bark beetles, major pests that bore into forest stems, cause significant economic damage to forests globally. (+)-α-Pinene is the precursor to (+)-cis-verbenol, a crucial component of the aggregation pheromones produced by bark beetles. This paper describes the de novo synthesis of (+)-cis-verbenol in Escherichia coli. Initially, the truncation position of (+)-α-pinene synthase (PtPS30 from Pinus taeda) and monoterpene precursor (geranyl diphosphate/neryl diphosphate) synthases were evaluated. Neryl diphosphate synthase from Solanum lycopersicum (SlNPPS1) and truncated (+)-α-pinene synthase (PtPS30-39) were selected as promising candidates. Subsequently, the titer of (+)-α-pinene was significantly increased 8.9-fold by using the fusion tag CM29, which enhanced the solubility of PtPS30-39. In addition, by optimizing expression elements (ribosomal binding sites, linkers, and up elements) and overexpressing CM29*PtPS30-39, a yield of 134.12 mg/L (+)-α-pinene was achieved. Finally, the first de novo synthesis of enantiopure (+)-cis-verbenol was achieved by introducing a cytochrome P450 mutant from Pseudomonas putida (P450camF89W,Y98F,L246A), resulting in a yield of 11.13 mg/L. This study lays the groundwork for developing verbenol-based trapping technology for controlling bark beetles.
Asunto(s)
Monoterpenos Bicíclicos , Escherichia coli , Pinus , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/química , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Pinus/química , Monoterpenos/metabolismo , Monoterpenos/química , Animales , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Ingeniería MetabólicaRESUMEN
Azole antifungals inhibit the sterol C14-demethylase (CYP51/Erg11) of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Here we show that the azole-induced synthesis of fungicidal cell wall carbohydrate patches in the pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus strictly correlates with the accumulation of the CYP51 substrate eburicol. A lack of other essential ergosterol biosynthesis enzymes, such as sterol C24-methyltransferase (Erg6A), squalene synthase (Erg9) or squalene epoxidase (Erg1) does not trigger comparable cell wall alterations. Partial repression of Erg6A, which converts lanosterol into eburicol, increases azole resistance. The sterol C5-desaturase (ERG3)-dependent conversion of eburicol into 14-methylergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3ß,6α-diol, the "toxic diol" responsible for the fungistatic activity against yeasts, is not required for the fungicidal effects in A. fumigatus. While ERG3-lacking yeasts are azole resistant, ERG3-lacking A. fumigatus becomes more susceptible. Mutants lacking mitochondrial complex III functionality, which are much less effectively killed, but strongly inhibited in growth by azoles, convert eburicol more efficiently into the supposedly "toxic diol". We propose that the mode of action of azoles against A. fumigatus relies on accumulation of eburicol which exerts fungicidal effects by triggering cell wall carbohydrate patch formation.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos , Aspergillus fumigatus , Azoles , Proteínas Fúngicas , Aspergillus fumigatus/efectos de los fármacos , Aspergillus fumigatus/metabolismo , Aspergillus fumigatus/genética , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Azoles/farmacología , Ergosterol/metabolismo , Ergosterol/biosíntesis , Pared Celular/metabolismo , Pared Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacorresistencia Fúngica/genética , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/farmacología , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Esterol 14-Desmetilasa/metabolismo , Esterol 14-Desmetilasa/genética , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/genética , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Oxidorreductasas/genética , Metiltransferasas/metabolismo , Metiltransferasas/genética , Escualeno-Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Escualeno-Monooxigenasa/genética , Lanosterol/análogos & derivadosRESUMEN
Isoprenoid metabolism and its derivatives took part in photosynthesis, growth regulation, signal transduction, and plant defense to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, how aluminum (Al) stress affects the isoprenoid metabolism and whether isoprenoid metabolism plays a vital role in the Citrus plants in coping with Al stress remain unclear. In this study, we reported that Al-treatment-induced alternation in the volatilization rate of monoterpenes (α-pinene, ß-pinene, limonene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene and 3-carene) and isoprene were different between Citrus sinensis (Al-tolerant) and C. grandis (Al-sensitive) leaves. The Al-induced decrease of CO2 assimilation, maximum quantum yield of primary PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), the lower contents of glucose and starch, and the lowered activities of enzymes involved in the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway might account for the different volatilization rate of isoprenoids. Furthermore, the altered transcript levels of genes related to isoprenoid precursors and/or derivatives metabolism, such as geranyl diphosphate (GPP) synthase (GPPS) in GPP biosynthesis, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), chlorophyll synthase (CHS) and GGPP reductase (GGPPR) in chlorophyll biosynthesis, limonene synthase (LS) and α-pinene synthase (APS) in limonene and α-pinene synthesis, respectively, might be responsible for the different contents of corresponding products in C. grandis and C. sinensis. Our data suggested that isoprenoid metabolism was involved in Al tolerance response in Citrus, and the alternation of some branches of isoprenoid metabolism could confer different Al-tolerance to Citrus species.
Asunto(s)
Aluminio , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos , Citrus , Limoneno , Fotosíntesis , Hojas de la Planta , Terpenos , Aluminio/toxicidad , Terpenos/metabolismo , Citrus/metabolismo , Citrus/efectos de los fármacos , Limoneno/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacos , Monoterpenos/metabolismo , Hemiterpenos/metabolismo , Ciclohexenos/metabolismo , Fosfatos de Azúcar/metabolismo , Butadienos/metabolismo , Eritritol/análogos & derivados , Eritritol/metabolismo , Ácido Mevalónico/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Ciclohexánicos , Citrus sinensis/metabolismo , Citrus sinensis/efectos de los fármacos , Citrus sinensis/genética , Clorofila/metabolismo , Transferasas Alquil y Aril/metabolismo , Transferasas Alquil y Aril/genética , VolatilizaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Zataria multiflora Boiss. is a medicinal and aromatic plant from the Lamiaceae family. It is extensively used in Iranian traditional medicine, mostly as a replacement for Thyme species. This study was focused on the analysis of chemical composition and the distribution and types of trichomes of Z. multiflora grown under different conditions. Equilibrium headspace analysis in combination with GC-FID-MS was used to identify volatile compounds released by aerial parts of Z. multiflora in development stages of 50 and 100% flowering under normal and drought-stress conditions. RESULTS: The main constituents were p-cymene (20.06-27.40%), γ-terpinene (12.44-16.93%), and α-pinene (6.91-16.58%) and thymol (8.52-9.99%). The highest content of p-cymene (27.40%) and thymol (9.99%) was observed in the 50% flowering stage at the 90% field capacity, while the maximum γ-terpinene (16.93%) content was recorded in the 100% flowering stage under normal conditions. Using the SEM method, it was found that peltate glandular and non-glandular trichomes are distributed on the surface of the leaf, stem, and outer side of the calyx. However, capitate trichomes only are detected on the stem and calyx in the 100% flowering and beginning of blooming stages, respectively. The type and structure of trichomes do not vary in different development stages, but they differ in density. The highest number of leaf peltate glandular trichomes was observed in the vegetative and beginning of blooming stages at 50% and 90% field capacity, respectively. Non-glandular trichomes of the stem were observed with high density in both normal and stress conditions, which are more densely in 90% field capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Since this plant has strong potential to be used in the food and pharmacological industries, this study provides valuable information for its cultivation and harvesting at specific phenological stages, depending on desired compounds and their concentrations.
Asunto(s)
Lamiaceae , Tricomas , Tricomas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tricomas/metabolismo , Lamiaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Lamiaceae/metabolismo , Lamiaceae/fisiología , Lamiaceae/química , Sequías , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/metabolismo , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Estrés Fisiológico , Monoterpenos Ciclohexánicos/metabolismo , Cimenos/metabolismo , Monoterpenos/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Timol/metabolismoRESUMEN
Metabolic regulation strategies have been developed to redirect metabolic fluxes to production pathways. However, it is difficult to screen out target genes that, when repressed, improve yield without affecting cell growth. Here, we report a strategy using a quorum-sensing system to control small RNA transcription, allowing cell-density-dependent repression of target genes. This strategy is shown with convenient operation, dynamic repression, and availability for simultaneous regulation of multiple genes. The parameters Ai, Am, and RA (3-oxohexanoyl-homoserine lactone [AHL] concentrations at which half of the maximum repression and the maximum repression were reached and value of the maximum repression when AHL was added manually, respectively) are defined and introduced to characterize repression curves, and the variant LuxRI58N is identified as the most suitable tuning factor for shake flask culture. Moreover, it is shown that dynamic overexpression of the Hfq chaperone is the key to combinatorial repression without disruptions on cell growth. To show a broad applicability, the production titers of pinene, pentalenene, and psilocybin are improved by 365.3%, 79.5%, and 302.9%, respectively, by applying combinatorial dynamic repression.
Asunto(s)
Escherichia coli/genética , Sitios Genéticos , Percepción de Quorum/genética , ARN Bacteriano/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Vías Biosintéticas/genética , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Glucólisis , Psilocibina/metabolismoRESUMEN
A broad spectrum of volatile organic compounds' (VOCs') biological activities has attracted significant scientific interest, but their mechanisms of action remain little understood. The mechanism of action of two VOCs-the cyclic monoterpenes (-)-limonene and (+)-α-pinene-on bacteria was studied in this work. We used genetically engineered Escherichia coli bioluminescent strains harboring stress-responsive promoters (responsive to oxidative stress, DNA damage, SOS response, protein damage, heatshock, membrane damage) fused to the luxCDABE genes of Photorhabdus luminescens. We showed that (-)-limonene induces the PkatG and PsoxS promoters due to the formation of reactive oxygen species and, as a result, causes damage to DNA (SOSresponse), proteins (heat shock), and membrane (increases its permeability). The experimental data indicate that the action of (-)-limonene at high concentrations and prolonged incubation time makes degrading processes in cells irreversible. The effect of (+)-α-pinene is much weaker: it induces only heat shock in the bacteria. Moreover, we showed for the first time that (-)-limonene completely inhibits the DnaKJE-ClpB bichaperone-dependent refolding of heat-inactivated bacterial luciferase in both E. coli wild type and mutant ΔibpB strains. (+)-α-Pinene partially inhibits refolding only in ΔibpB mutant strain.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos , Daño del ADN , ADN Bacteriano , Escherichia coli K12 , Limoneno , Respuesta SOS en Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/química , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/farmacología , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Bacteriano/metabolismo , Escherichia coli K12/genética , Escherichia coli K12/metabolismo , Limoneno/química , Limoneno/metabolismo , Limoneno/farmacología , Photorhabdus/genéticaRESUMEN
Racemic camphor and isoborneol are readily available as industrial side products, whereas (1R)-camphor is available from natural sources. Optically pure (1S)-camphor, however, is much more difficult to obtain. The synthesis of racemic camphor from α-pinene proceeds via an intermediary racemic isobornyl ester, which is then hydrolyzed and oxidized to give camphor. We reasoned that enantioselective hydrolysis of isobornyl esters would give facile access to optically pure isoborneol and camphor isomers, respectively. While screening of a set of commercial lipases and esterases in the kinetic resolution of racemic monoterpenols did not lead to the identification of any enantioselective enzymes, the cephalosporin Esterase B from Burkholderia gladioli (EstB) and Esterase C (EstC) from Rhodococcus rhodochrous showed outstanding enantioselectivity (E>100) towards the butyryl esters of isoborneol, borneol and fenchol. The enantioselectivity was higher with increasing chain length of the acyl moiety of the substrate. The kinetic resolution of isobornyl butyrate can be easily integrated into the production of camphor from α-pinene and thus allows the facile synthesis of optically pure monoterpenols from a renewable side-product.
Asunto(s)
Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/química , Alcanfor/síntesis química , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Burkholderia gladioli/enzimología , Alcanfor/química , Alcanfor/metabolismo , Cefalosporinas/metabolismo , Estructura Molecular , Rhodococcus/enzimología , Serina Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , EstereoisomerismoRESUMEN
We investigated geographic variation in the semiochemistry of major disturbance agents of western North American pine forests, Dendroctonus brevicomis Le Conte and Dendroctonus barberi Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), species separated by the Great Basin in the USA that until recently were synonymous. At 15 sites in the western USA and northern Mexico, beetle populations were examined to determine (1) pheromone production by solitary, mining females, (2) male electroantennogram amplitudes in response to known semiochemicals for the genus, or (3) relative attractiveness of two female-produced pheromone components (endo- and exo-brevicomin) and two host odors (alpha-pinene and myrcene) to beetles in the field. Compared to female beetles collected east of the Great Basin (D. barberi), western females (D. brevicomis) produced a consistently higher proportion of, and male antenna were correspondingly more sensitive to, the exo- than the endo-isomer of brevicomin. With the exception of one sampling location (where no preference was observed), beetles west of the Great Basin were more attracted to exo- than endo- brevicomin trap lures, whereas eastern beetles displayed the reverse preference. In contrast, there was not a consistent difference between these populations regarding relative attraction or olfactory response to myrcene or alpha-pinene, although some geographic variability was evident. These data show that the semiochemical systems of D. brevicomis and D. barberi have diverged and corroborate genetic and morphological evidence that they are distinct, allopatric species.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos con Puentes/metabolismo , Escarabajos/química , Especiación Genética , Feromonas/química , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/metabolismo , Alquenos/metabolismo , Animales , Conducta Animal , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Compuestos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos con Puentes/análisis , Escarabajos/fisiología , Femenino , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Masculino , Feromonas/fisiología , Filogeografía , Pinus ponderosa/metabolismo , Pinus ponderosa/parasitología , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Bark beetles (family: Curculionidae; subfamily: Scolytinae) in the Dendroctonus and Ips genera are the most destructive forest pests in the Northern hemisphere. They use cytochromes P450 (P450s) to detoxify tree-produced terpenes to produce pheromones, in de novo pheromone production and to oxidize odorants on antennae. Many Dendroctonus spp. use trans-verbenol as an aggregation pheromone, and it is formed from host-tree produced α-pinene hydroxylated by CYP6DE1 during larval stages, stored as verbenyl ester of fatty acids, and then released when the female begins feeding on a new host tree. Ips spp. hydroxylate de novo produced myrcene to form ipsdienol. Subsequent steps form the appropriate enantiomeric composition of ipsdienol and convert ipsdienol to ipsenol. In this article we review recent progress in elucidating the functions of P450s in Ips and Dendroctonus species and in doing so provide insights into the role of these enzymes in host phytochemical detoxification and pheromone production.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450 , Inactivación Metabólica , Gorgojos/enzimología , Gorgojos/metabolismo , Alcoholes/metabolismo , Animales , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Feromonas , Terpenos/metabolismo , Tracheophyta/químicaRESUMEN
α-Pinene, an important biologically active natural monoterpene, has been widely used in fragrances, medicines, and fine chemicals, especially, in high-density renewable fuels such as jet fuel. The development of an α-pinene production platform in a highly modifiable microbe from renewable substitute feedstocks could lead to a green, economical avenue, and sustainable biotechnological process for the biosynthesis of α-pinene. Here, we report engineering of an orthogonal biosynthetic pathway for efficient production of α-pinene in oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica that resulted in an α-pinene titer of 19.6 mg/L when using glucose as the sole carbon source, a significant 218-fold improvement than the initial titer. In addition, the potential of using waste cooking oil and lignocellulosic hydrolysate as carbon sources for α-pinene production from the engineered Y. lipolytica strains was analyzed. The results indicated that α-pinene titers of 33.8 and 36.1 mg/L were successfully obtained in waste cooking oil and lignocellulosic hydrolysate medium, thereby representing the highest titer reported to date in yeast. To our knowledge, this is also the first report related to microbial production of α-pinene from waste cooking oil and lignocellulosic hydrolysate.
Asunto(s)
Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Yarrowia/genética , Yarrowia/metabolismo , Biocombustibles/análisis , Vías Biosintéticas , Fermentación , Glucosa/metabolismo , Lignina/metabolismo , Ingeniería MetabólicaRESUMEN
Monoterpenes are plant secondary metabolites, widely used in industrial processes as precursors of important aroma compounds, such as vanillin and (-)-menthol. However, the physicochemical properties of monoterpenes make difficult their conventional conversion into value-added aromas. Biocatalysis, either by using whole cells or enzymes, may overcome such drawbacks in terms of purity of the final product, ecological and economic constraints of the current catalysis processes or extraction from plant material. In particular, the ability of oxidative enzymes (e.g., oxygenases) to modify the monoterpene backbone, with high regio- and stereo-selectivity, is attractive for the production of "natural" aromas for the flavor and fragrances industries. We review the research efforts carried out in the molecular analysis of bacterial monoterpene catabolic pathways and biochemical characterization of the respective key oxidative enzymes, with particular focus on the most relevant precursors, ß-pinene, limonene and ß-myrcene. The presented overview of the current state of art demonstrates that the specialized enzymatic repertoires of monoterpene-catabolizing bacteria are expanding the toolbox towards the tailored and sustainable biotechnological production of values-added aroma compounds (e.g., isonovalal, α-terpineol, and carvone isomers) whose implementation must be supported by the current advances in systems biology and metabolic engineering approaches.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/metabolismo , Monoterpenos/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/metabolismo , Animales , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Biotecnología/métodos , Humanos , Limoneno/metabolismo , OdorantesRESUMEN
Thousand cankers disease (TCD), is an invasive insect-disease complex caused by the walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, and fungal pathogen, Geosmithia morbida. Semiochemical interruption is a viable option for protecting walnut trees from P. juglandis attack. The goal of this study was to test beetle responses to potential repellent compounds. The results of five, flight-intercept assays are reported. Assays 1-3 tested four compounds at variable release rates: (S)-(-)-verbenone, (R)-(+)-verbenone, racemic chalcogran, and racemic trans-conophthorin. Trapping results indicated that the highest release rate tested for each compound was the most effective in reducing the number of beetles caught. (S)-(-)-Verbenone was the least effective, reducing P. juglandis trap catches by 66%. (R)-(+)-Verbenone reduced the number of P. juglandis by 84%. Neither enantiomer of verbenone performed as well as chalcogran or trans-conophthorin, which both reduced the number of beetles caught by ca. 98%. Following individual assays, the most effective compounds were tested in subtractive-combination assays. Combinations of high release rates for (R)-(+)-verbenone, trans-conophthorin, and two stereoisomers of limonene (tested in a previous study) were tested in two assays. The subtractive-combination assays were inconclusive in that trap catches were similar across all treatments. All combination treatments were highly effective, achieving approximately 99% reduction in the number of beetles caught. Based on the trapping results, commercial availability, and cost of the semiochemicals tested, we conclude that a combination of (R)-(+)-limonene, trans-conophthorin, and (R)-(+)-verbenone constitutes an effective tool for reducing P. juglandis trap catches.
Asunto(s)
Hypocreales/fisiología , Juglans/química , Feromonas/metabolismo , Gorgojos/fisiología , Animales , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/química , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Femenino , Repelentes de Insectos/metabolismo , Isomerismo , Limoneno/metabolismo , Masculino , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Compuestos de Espiro/química , Compuestos de Espiro/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The unintended consequence of the ingestion of certain foods to alter the scent or color of urine is well known. Less awareness exists regarding the practice of ingestion of natural products or drugs with the intended purpose of conferring urine the scent of violets. The resin of the terebinth tree and the derived turpentine were widely used in antiquity in wine-making, both as taste enhancer and conserving agent, so the effect on urine was possibly noticed due to the presence in wines. It is also possible that turpentine's effect on urine was noticed subsequent to its use as medicine, as a component of various remedies popular in those days. The scent altering effect requires metabolic conversion of pinene, the main turpentine component to ionone, the molecule mainly responsible for the scent of violets. The metabolic pathway (in humans or otherwise) was (to our knowledge) not yet described. We here propose a possible metabolic pathway for the conversion of pinene to ionone, explaining the scent altering effect of turpentine. We also provide calculated pharmacokinetic (pK) data for the mentioned substances.
Asunto(s)
Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Norisoprenoides/química , Trementina/química , Humanos , OdorantesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is the most damaging biological pest in pine forest ecosystems in China. However, the pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. Tracheid cavitation induced by excess metabolism of volatile terpenes is a typical characteristic of pine trees infected by B. xylophilus. ß-pinene, one of the main volatile terpenes, influences PWN colonization and reproduction, stimulating pathogenicity during the early stages of infection. To elucidate the response mechanism of PWN to ß-pinene, pathogenesis, mortality, and reproduction rate were investigated under different concentrations of ß-pinene using a transcriptomics approach. RESULTS: A low concentration of ß-pinene (BL, C < 25.74 mg/ml) inhibited PWN reproduction, whereas a high concentration (BH, C > 128.7 mg/ml) promoted reproduction. Comparison of PWN expression profiles under low (BL, 21.66 mg/ml) and high (BH, 214.5 mg/ml) ß-pinene concentrations at 48 h identified 659 and 418 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively, compared with controls. Some key DEGs are potential regulators of ß-pinene via detoxification metabolism (cytochrome P450, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and short-chain dehydrogenases), ion channel/transporter activity (unc and ATP-binding cassette families), and nuclear receptor -related genes. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed metabolic processes as the most significant biological processes, and catalytic activity as the most significant molecular function for both BL and BH samples. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Orthology (KO) analysis showed that xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and transport and catabolism were the dominant terms in metabolism categories. CONCLUSION: In addition to detoxification via reduction/oxidation (redox) activity, PWN responds to ß-pinene through amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and other pathways including growth regulation and epidermal protein changes to overcome ß-pinene stress. This study lays a foundation for further exploring the pathogenic mechanism of PWN.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica/fisiología , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Pinus/parasitología , Rabdítidos/patogenicidad , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Adaptación Fisiológica/genética , Animales , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/farmacología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Rabdítidos/efectos de los fármacos , Rabdítidos/genéticaRESUMEN
The current investigation reports the chemical composition of volatile organic compounds emitted from the different aerial organs of two populations of Salvia dominica L. from Jordan collected from Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian bio-geographical zones. Oxygenated monoterpenes dominated the emission profiles of most organs from the two populations but with variable qualitative and quantitative differences. Mediterranean samples contained higher content of oxygenated monoterpenes (stems: 88.37%, leaves 89.95%, pre-flowering buds 67.14%, fully opened flowers 79.43%, sepals 90.93% and petals 92.25%) as compared to those from Irano-Turanian origin (range 39.85% to 75.06%). trans-Sabinene hydrate dominated the emission profiles of all organs from Irano-Turanian zone (range 38.54% to 73.24%) in addition to the stem, sepal and petal samples from the Mediterranean zone (51.37% to 86.98%). The other organs from the Mediterranean zone were dominated by α-terpenyl acetate (27.66-54.87%). Cluster and Principle Component statistical analysis classified the two populations into two clusters based on their origin. The current study evidenced the different VOCs composition in the two populations, that was mainly related to climatic and environmental conditions and suggested the presence of two ecotypes of S. dominica L.in Jordan.
Asunto(s)
Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Monoterpenos/metabolismo , Salvia/metabolismo , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/análisis , Clima , Ambiente , Jordania , Monoterpenos/análisis , Oxidación-Reducción , Salvia/anatomía & histología , Salvia/clasificaciónRESUMEN
(1S,5R)-4-((E)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxystryryl)-6,6-dimethylbicylco[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one (SP-8356) is a novel (1S)-(-)-verbenone derivative that is currently in preclinical development for the treatment of ischemic stroke and atherosclerosis. This report aimed at characterization of the metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties of SP-8356. Following intravenous dose in rats and dogs, plasma concentrations of SP-8356 declined rapidly with high clearance (CL) and short half-life; after oral administration in both species, its plasma levels were below the quantitation limit. Fourteen circulating metabolites, formed by mono-oxygenation, demethylation, glucuronidation, catechol O-methylation, sulfation and oxidation (bioactivation) followed by glutathione (GSH) conjugation, were tentatively identified in both species. Urinary excretion of SP-8356 appeared to be minimal in rats, compared to its metabolites. GSH conjugate of SP-8356 was also formed during incubation with rat liver S9 fraction consistent with oxidative bioactivation; this bioactivation was almost completely inhibited by the cofactors for glucuronidation, sulfation and methylation, indicating that it may be abolished by competing metabolic reactions in the body. The human pharmacokinetics of SP-8356 was predicted to be similar to that of the animals based on the current in vitro metabolic stability results. In summary, rapid phase II metabolism appears to be mainly responsible for its suboptimal pharmacokinetics, such as high CL and low oral absorption. Because of competing metabolic reactions, potential safety risks related to SP-8356 bioactivation may be low.
Asunto(s)
Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/farmacocinética , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Intravenosa , Administración Oral , Animales , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/administración & dosificación , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/sangre , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Perros , Glutatión/metabolismo , Semivida , Humanos , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Tasa de Depuración Metabólica/fisiología , Farmacocinética , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of ursolic acid and thujone isolated from leaves of Elaeagnus indica and Memecylon edule and their inhibitory effect on topoisomerase II using molecular docking study. The isolated ursolic acid and thujone were examined for different types of free radicals scavenging activity, the antiproliferative potential on U-937 and HT-60 cell lines by adopting standard methods. Further, these compounds were docked with the active site of the ATPase region of topoisomerase II. The findings of the research revealed that ursolic acid harbor strong antioxidant and antiproliferative capacity with low IC50 values than the thujone in all tested methods. Moreover, ursolic acid shows significant inhibition effect on topoisomerase II with a considerable docking score (-8.0312) and GLIDE energy (-51.86 kca/mol). The present outcome concludes that ursolic acid possesses significant antioxidant and antiproliferative potential, which can be used in the development of novel antioxidant and antiproliferative agents in the future.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/farmacología , Inhibidores de Topoisomerasa II/farmacología , Triterpenos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/química , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , ADN-Topoisomerasas de Tipo II/química , ADN-Topoisomerasas de Tipo II/metabolismo , Elaeagnaceae/química , Humanos , Melastomataceae/química , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Inhibidores de Topoisomerasa II/química , Inhibidores de Topoisomerasa II/metabolismo , Triterpenos/química , Triterpenos/metabolismo , Ácido UrsólicoRESUMEN
α-Pinene is an important monoterpene that is widely used as a pharmaceutical product, biofuel, and so forth. We first established a cell-free system with modular cocatalysis for the production of pinene from glucose. After optimization of the compositions of the cell-free reaction mixture using the Plackett-Burman experimental design and the path of steepest ascent, the production of pinene increased by 57%. It was found that ammonium acetate, NAD+, and NADPH are the three most important parameters for the production of pinene. Mix-and-match experiments showed that the simultaneous addition of the lysate of Escherichia coli overexpressing native 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, SufBCD Fe-S cluster assembly protein, isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase, and Pinus taeda pinene synthase improved the production of pinene. Increasing the enzyme concentration of the extract further enhanced the production of pinene to 1256.31 ± 46.12 mg/L with a productivity of 104.7 mg/L h, almost 1.2-fold faster than any system reported thus far. This study demonstrates that a cell-free system is a powerful and robust platform for biomanufacture.
Asunto(s)
Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/química , Escherichia coli/química , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Catálisis , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Cinética , NAD/química , NAD/metabolismo , NADP/química , NADP/metabolismoRESUMEN
Volatile monoterpenes are emitted in large quantities to both air and soil by many plant species. While studies have addressed effects of monoterpenes on aboveground invertebrates, we have much poorer understanding of the possible effects of monoterpenes on soil invertebrates. Monoterpenes play a protective role in some plant species during heat and water stress, and therefore may provide similar protection against abiotic stress to soil invertebrates. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the common monoterpene, α-pinene, on the soil living springtail, Folsomia candida (Collembola; Isotomidae). We hypothesized that exposure to α-pinene would lower the transition temperature of membranes, and thereby improve cold tolerance. Controlled exposure to α-pinene, which is a volatile liquid at room temperature, was made possible by passive dosing through the air-phase using a lipid donor. This lipid-based passive dosing approach also allows linking observed effects to concentrations in membrane when equilibrium is achieved. Equilibrium membrane concentrations above 116 mmol kg-1 caused springtails to become comatose, and coma recovery time was proportional to exposure concentration. Alpha-pinene delayed time to first egg laying, while the number of eggs laid and hatchability was unaffected. Springtails exposed to α-pinene showed increased survival of cold shock (-6 °C, 2 h), but no effects on heat (34 °C, 2 h) or drought tolerance (98.2% relative humidity, 7d) were observed. The present study has demonstrated that α-pinene has direct toxic effects to F. candida, but on the other hand can improve their cold tolerance considerably at membrane concentrations above 87 mmol kg-1.
Asunto(s)
Artrópodos/fisiología , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos/metabolismo , Respuesta al Choque por Frío , Respuesta al Choque Térmico , Osmorregulación , Animales , ReproducciónRESUMEN
Chouioia cunea (Yang) is a pupal parasitoid wasp and this species is able to seek host insects depending on its olfactory system. However, the molecular mechanism of the olfactory system in the C. cunea is still limited. To identify putative semiochemicals bound to CcOBP2, a protein specifically expressed in antennae, 14 compounds from the pupae of H. cunea and 11 common volatile compounds from plants were selected for competitive fluorescence binding assay. The result of the binding assay showed that five compounds were able to bind toCcOBP2. The electroantennogram (EAG) demonstrated that the antennae had a significant response to the 3-Carene, a bicyclic monoterpene, and C. cunea could be obviously attracted by this compound. The behavioral response to 3- carene was dramatically weakened when CcOBP2 was specifically knocked down. The molecular docking result indicated that several amino acids especially Ile-81, Val-122, Phe-123 of CcOBP2 were responsible for binding to 3-Carene. Furthermore, there was a repellent effect on the host H. cunea with the treatment of the 3-Carene. This study illustrated that CcOBP2 might be a crucial protein involved in the olfactory signaling pathway and the 3-Carene, secreted from plants, could probably have a potential role in repelling pests as well as attracting natural enemies.