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1.
Redox Biol ; 76: 103321, 2024 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39186883

RESUMEN

Cell death constitutes a critical component of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. A growing array of non-apoptotic forms of regulated cell death (RCD)-such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and cuproptosis-has been identified and is intimately linked to various cardiovascular conditions. These forms of RCD are governed by genetically programmed mechanisms within the cell, with epigenetic modifications being a common and crucial regulatory method. Such modifications include DNA methylation, RNA methylation, histone methylation, histone acetylation, and non-coding RNAs. This review recaps the roles of DNA methylation, RNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs in cardiovascular diseases, as well as the mechanisms by which epigenetic modifications regulate key proteins involved in cell death. Furthermore, we systematically catalog the existing epigenetic pharmacological agents targeting novel forms of RCD and their mechanisms of action in cardiovascular diseases. This article aims to underscore the pivotal role of epigenetic modifications in precisely regulating specific pathways of novel RCD in cardiovascular diseases, thus offering potential new therapeutic avenues that may prove more effective and safer than traditional treatments.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Epigénesis Genética , Ferroptosis , Necroptosis , Piroptosis , Humanos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/genética , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/patología , Piroptosis/genética , Ferroptosis/genética , Necroptosis/genética , Metilación de ADN , Animales , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética
2.
Ann Bot ; 134(3): 367-384, 2024 Aug 22.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38953500

RESUMEN

This review summarizes recent progress in our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the cell death pathways in bryophytes, focusing on conserved pathways and particularities in comparison to angiosperms. Regulated cell death (RCD) plays key roles during essential processes along the plant life cycle. It is part of specific developmental programmes and maintains homeostasis of the organism in response to unfavourable environments. Bryophytes could provide valuable models to study developmental RCD processes as well as those triggered by biotic and abiotic stresses. Some pathways analogous to those present in angiosperms occur in the gametophytic haploid generation of bryophytes, allowing direct genetic studies. In this review, we focus on such RCD programmes, identifying core conserved mechanisms and raising new key questions to analyse RCD from an evolutionary perspective.


Asunto(s)
Briófitas , Briófitas/genética , Briófitas/fisiología , Briófitas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Muerte Celular/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Transducción de Señal , Modelos Biológicos , Muerte Celular Regulada/fisiología , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética , Magnoliopsida/genética , Magnoliopsida/fisiología , Magnoliopsida/crecimiento & desarrollo
4.
Plant Cell Physiol ; 64(3): 284-290, 2023 Mar 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36331512

RESUMEN

Shoot stem cells act as the source of the aboveground parts of flowering plants. A precise regulatory basis is required to ensure that plant stem cells show the right status during the stages of proliferation, senescence and cell death. Over the past few decades, the genetic circuits controlling stem cell fate, including the regulatory pathways of establishment, maintenance and differentiation, have been largely revealed. However, the morphological changes and molecular mechanisms of the final stages of stem cells, which are represented by senescence and cell death, have been less studied. The senescence and death of shoot stem cells are under the control of a complex series of pathways that integrate multiple internal and external signals. Given the crucial roles of shoot stem cells in influencing plant longevity and crop yields, researchers have attempted to uncover details of stem cell senescence and death. Recent studies indicate that stem cell activity arrest is controlled by the FRUITFULL-APETALA2 pathway and the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin, while the features of senescent and dead shoot apical stem cells have also been described, with dynamic changes in reactive oxygen species implicated in stem cell death. In this review, we highlight the recent breakthroughs that have enriched our understanding of senescence and cell death processes in plant stem cells.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Senescencia de la Planta , Brotes de la Planta , Células Madre , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Citocininas/genética , Citocininas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/fisiología , Meristema/genética , Meristema/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/genética , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Senescencia de la Planta/genética , Senescencia de la Planta/fisiología , Brotes de la Planta/genética , Brotes de la Planta/metabolismo , Brotes de la Planta/fisiología , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética , Muerte Celular Regulada/fisiología , Células Madre/metabolismo , Células Madre/fisiología
5.
Signal Transduct Target Ther ; 7(1): 286, 2022 08 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35963853

RESUMEN

Regulated cell death (RCD), also well-known as programmed cell death (PCD), refers to the form of cell death that can be regulated by a variety of biomacromolecules, which is distinctive from accidental cell death (ACD). Accumulating evidence has revealed that RCD subroutines are the key features of tumorigenesis, which may ultimately lead to the establishment of different potential therapeutic strategies. Hitherto, targeting the subroutines of RCD with pharmacological small-molecule compounds has been emerging as a promising therapeutic avenue, which has rapidly progressed in many types of human cancers. Thus, in this review, we focus on summarizing not only the key apoptotic and autophagy-dependent cell death signaling pathways, but the crucial pathways of other RCD subroutines, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, parthanatos, entosis, NETosis and lysosome-dependent cell death (LCD) in cancer. Moreover, we further discuss the current situation of several small-molecule compounds targeting the different RCD subroutines to improve cancer treatment, such as single-target, dual or multiple-target small-molecule compounds, drug combinations, and some new emerging therapeutic strategies that would together shed new light on future directions to attack cancer cell vulnerabilities with small-molecule drugs targeting RCD for therapeutic purposes.


Asunto(s)
Neoplasias , Muerte Celular Regulada , Apoptosis , Muerte Celular , Humanos , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/genética , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética , Transducción de Señal
6.
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res ; 1869(4): 119191, 2022 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34973300

RESUMEN

The Ars moriendi, which translates to "The Art of Dying," encompasses two Latin texts that gave advice on how to die well and without fear according to the Christian precepts of the late Middle Ages. Given that ten to hundred billion cells die in our bodies every day, it is obvious that the concept of a well and orderly ("regulated") death is also paramount at the cellular level. In apoptosis, as the most well-studied form of regulated cell death, proteases of the caspase family are the central mediators. However, caspases are not the only proteases that act as sculptors of cellular suicide, and therefore, we here provide an overview of the impact of proteases in apoptosis and other forms of regulated cell death.


Asunto(s)
Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Muerte Celular Regulada , Proteínas ADAM/metabolismo , Apoptosis/genética , Caspasas/metabolismo , Serina Peptidasa A2 que Requiere Temperaturas Altas/metabolismo , Humanos , Necroptosis/genética , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética , Transducción de Señal/genética , Ubiquitina Tiolesterasa/metabolismo
7.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(19)2021 Sep 29.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34638907

RESUMEN

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a highly regulated process that results in the orderly destruction of a cell. Many different forms of PCD may be distinguished, including apoptosis, PARthanatos, and cGMP-dependent cell death. Misregulation of PCD mechanisms may be the underlying cause of neurodegenerative diseases of the retina, including hereditary retinal degeneration (RD). RD relates to a group of diseases that affect photoreceptors and that are triggered by gene mutations that are often well known nowadays. Nevertheless, the cellular mechanisms of PCD triggered by disease-causing mutations are still poorly understood, and RD is mostly still untreatable. While investigations into the neurodegenerative mechanisms of RD have focused on apoptosis in the past two decades, recent evidence suggests a predominance of non-apoptotic processes as causative mechanisms. Research into these mechanisms carries the hope that the knowledge created can eventually be used to design targeted treatments to prevent photoreceptor loss. Hence, in this review, we summarize studies on PCD in RD, including on apoptosis, PARthanatos, and cGMP-dependent cell death. Then, we focus on a possible interplay between these mechanisms, covering cGMP-signaling targets, overactivation of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP), energy depletion, Ca2+-permeable channels, and Ca2+-dependent proteases. Finally, an outlook is given into how specific features of cGMP-signaling and PARthanatos may be targeted by therapeutic interventions.


Asunto(s)
GMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Parthanatos/fisiología , Muerte Celular Regulada/fisiología , Degeneración Retiniana/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Animales , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Parthanatos/genética , Células Fotorreceptoras/metabolismo , Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasas/metabolismo , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética , Degeneración Retiniana/genética , Transducción de Señal/genética
8.
Cells ; 10(3)2021 02 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33671004

RESUMEN

Heme oxygenase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme degradation in order to generate biliverdin, carbon monoxide (CO), and iron. The inducible form of the enzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), exerts a central role in cellular protection. The substrate, heme, is a potent pro-oxidant that can accelerate inflammatory injury and promote cell death. HO-1 has been implicated as a key mediator of inflammatory cell and tissue injury, as validated in preclinical models of acute lung injury and sepsis. A large body of work has also implicated HO-1 as a cytoprotective molecule against various forms of cell death, including necrosis, apoptosis and newly recognized regulated cell death (RCD) programs such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. While the antiapoptotic potential of HO-1 and its reaction product CO in apoptosis regulation has been extensively characterized, relatively fewer studies have explored the regulatory role of HO-1 in other forms of necrotic and inflammatory RCD (i.e., pyroptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis). HO-1 may provide anti-inflammatory protection in necroptosis or pyroptosis. In contrast, in ferroptosis, HO-1 may play a pro-death role via enhancing iron release. HO-1 has also been implicated in co-regulation of autophagy, a cellular homeostatic program for catabolic recycling of proteins and organelles. While autophagy is primarily associated with cell survival, its occurrence can coincide with RCD programs. This review will summarize the roles of HO-1 and its reaction products in co-regulating RCD and autophagy programs, with its implication for both protective and detrimental tissue responses, with emphasis on how these impact HO-1 as a candidate therapeutic target in disease.


Asunto(s)
Apoptosis/fisiología , Autofagia/fisiología , Hemo-Oxigenasa 1/metabolismo , Inflamación/genética , Necroptosis/fisiología , Piroptosis/fisiología , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética , Humanos
9.
Nat Commun ; 12(1): 819, 2021 02 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33547302

RESUMEN

Regulated cell death is essential in development and cellular homeostasis. Multi-protein platforms, including the Death-Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC), co-ordinate cell fate via a core FADD:Caspase-8 complex and its regulatory partners, such as the cell death inhibitor c-FLIP. Here, using electron microscopy, we visualize full-length procaspase-8 in complex with FADD. Our structural analysis now reveals how the FADD-nucleated tandem death effector domain (tDED) helical filament is required to orientate the procaspase-8 catalytic domains, enabling their activation via anti-parallel dimerization. Strikingly, recruitment of c-FLIPS into this complex inhibits Caspase-8 activity by altering tDED triple helix architecture, resulting in steric hindrance of the canonical tDED Type I binding site. This prevents both Caspase-8 catalytic domain assembly and tDED helical filament elongation. Our findings reveal how the plasticity, composition and architecture of the core FADD:Caspase-8 complex critically defines life/death decisions not only via the DISC, but across multiple key signaling platforms including TNF complex II, the ripoptosome, and RIPK1/RIPK3 necrosome.


Asunto(s)
Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Similar a CASP8 y FADD/química , Caspasa 8/química , Proteína de Dominio de Muerte Asociada a Fas/química , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinasas de Interacción con Receptores/química , Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Similar a CASP8 y FADD/genética , Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Similar a CASP8 y FADD/metabolismo , Caspasa 8/genética , Caspasa 8/metabolismo , Dominio Catalítico , Clonación Molecular , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Señalización del Receptor del Dominio de Muerte/química , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Señalización del Receptor del Dominio de Muerte/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Señalización del Receptor del Dominio de Muerte/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteína de Dominio de Muerte Asociada a Fas/genética , Proteína de Dominio de Muerte Asociada a Fas/metabolismo , Expresión Génica , Vectores Genéticos/química , Vectores Genéticos/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Unión Proteica , Conformación Proteica en Hélice alfa , Conformación Proteica en Lámina beta , Dominios y Motivos de Interacción de Proteínas , Isoformas de Proteínas/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Multimerización de Proteína , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinasas de Interacción con Receptores/genética , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinasas de Interacción con Receptores/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/química , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo
10.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 2947, 2021 02 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33536473

RESUMEN

The forkhead box (Fox) genes encode transcription factors that control several key aspects of development. Present in the ancestor of all eukaryotes, Fox genes underwent several duplications followed by loss and diversification events that gave rise to the current 25 families. However, few Fox members have been identified from the Lophotrochozoa clade, and specifically from planarians, which are a unique model for understanding development, due to the striking plasticity of the adult. The aim of this study was to identify and perform evolutionary and functional studies of the Fox genes of lophotrochozoan species and, specifically, of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Generating a pipeline for identifying Forkhead domains and using phylogenetics allowed us the phylogenetic reconstruction of Fox genes. We corrected the annotation for misannotated genes and uncovered a new family, the QD, present in all metazoans. According to the new phylogeny, the 27 Fox genes found in Schmidtea mediterranea were classified into 12 families. In Platyhelminthes, family losses were accompanied by extensive gene diversification and the appearance of specific families, the A(P) and N(P). Among the newly identified planarian Fox genes, we found a single copy of foxO, which shows an evolutionary conserved role in controlling cell death.


Asunto(s)
Evolución Biológica , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/metabolismo , Proteínas del Helminto/metabolismo , Planarias/genética , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética , Animales , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Filogenia
11.
mSphere ; 5(4)2020 08 26.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32848004

RESUMEN

Filamentous fungi produce small cysteine-rich proteins with potent, specific antifungal activity, offering the potential to fight fungal infections that severely threaten human health and food safety and security. The genome of the citrus postharvest fungal pathogen Penicillium digitatum encodes one of these antifungal proteins, namely AfpB. Biotechnologically produced AfpB inhibited the growth of major pathogenic fungi at minimal concentrations, surprisingly including its parental fungus, and conferred protection to crop plants against fungal infections. This study reports an in-depth characterization of the AfpB mechanism of action, showing that it is a cell-penetrating protein that triggers a regulated cell death program in the target fungus. We prove the importance of AfpB interaction with the fungal cell wall to exert its killing activity, for which protein mannosylation is required. We also show that the potent activity of AfpB correlates with its rapid and efficient uptake by fungal cells through an energy-dependent process. Once internalized, AfpB induces a transcriptional reprogramming signaled by reactive oxygen species that ends in cell death. Our data show that AfpB activates a self-injury program, suggesting that this protein has a biological function in the parental fungus beyond defense against competitors, presumably more related to regulation of the fungal population. Our results demonstrate that this protein is a potent antifungal that acts through various targets to kill fungal cells through a regulated process, making AfpB a promising compound for the development of novel biofungicides with multiple fields of application in crop and postharvest protection, food preservation, and medical therapies.IMPORTANCE Disease-causing fungi pose a serious threat to human health and food safety and security. The limited number of licensed antifungals, together with the emergence of pathogenic fungi with multiple resistance to available antifungals, represents a serious challenge for medicine and agriculture. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new compounds with high fungal specificity and novel antifungal mechanisms. Antifungal proteins in general, and AfpB from Penicillium digitatum in particular, are promising molecules for the development of novel antifungals. This study on AfpB's mode of action demonstrates its potent, specific fungicidal activity through the interaction with multiple targets, presumably reducing the risk of evolving fungal resistance, and through a regulated cell death process, uncovering this protein as an excellent candidate for a novel biofungicide. The in-depth knowledge on AfpB mechanistic function presented in this work is important to guide its possible future clinical and agricultural applications.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Penicillium/citología , Penicillium/genética , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética , Pared Celular/metabolismo , Citrus/microbiología , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Hifa/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Virulencia
12.
Int Rev Cell Mol Biol ; 352: 55-82, 2020.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32334817

RESUMEN

Unicellular organisms like yeast can undergo controlled demise in a manner that is partly reminiscent of mammalian cell death. This is true at the levels of both mechanistic and functional conservation. Yeast offers the combination of unparalleled genetic amenability and a comparatively simple biology to understand both the regulation and evolution of cell death. In this minireview, we address the capacity of the nucleus as a regulatory hub during yeast regulated cell death (RCD), which is becoming an increasingly central question in yeast RCD research. In particular, we explore and critically discuss the available data on stressors and signals that specifically impinge on the nucleus. Moreover, we also analyze the current knowledge on nuclear factors as well as on transcriptional control and epigenetic events that orchestrate yeast RCD. Altogether we conclude that the functional significance of the nucleus for yeast RCD in undisputable, but that further exploration beyond correlative work is necessary to disentangle the role of nuclear events in the regulatory network.


Asunto(s)
Epigénesis Genética/genética , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/citología , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Transcripción Genética/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo
13.
Cytometry A ; 95(3): 268-278, 2019 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30549398

RESUMEN

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like structures composed of decondensed chromatin and antimicrobial proteins that are released into the extracellular space during microbial infections. This active cell death program is known as NETosis. To date, florescence microscopy is the widely accepted method for visualization and quantification of NETs. However, this method is subjective, time consuming and yields low numbers of analyzed polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) per sample. Increasing interest has emerged on the identification of NETs using flow cytometry techniques. However, flow cytometry analysis of NETs requires particular precautions for sample preparation to obtain reproducible data. Herein, we describe a flow cytometry-based assay for high-throughput detection and quantification of NETosis in mixed cell populations. We used fluorescent-labeled antibodies against cell markers on PMNs together with a combination of nucleic acid stains to measure NETosis in whole blood (WB) and purified PMNs. Using plasma membrane-impermeable DNA-binding dye, SYTOX Orange (SO), we found that cell-appendant DNA of NETting PMNs were positive for SO and DAPI. The combination of optimally diluted antibody and nucleic acid dyes required no washing and yielded low background fluorescence. Significant correlations were found for NETosis from WB and purified PMNs. We then validated the assay by comparing with time-lapse live cell fluorescence microscopy and determined very good intraassay and interassay variances. The assay was then applied to a disease associated with NETosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We examined PMA-induced NETosis in peripheral PMNs from SLE patients and controls and in bone marrow PMNs from multiple murine models. In summary, this assay is observer-independent and allows for rapid assessment of a large number of PMNs per sample. Use of this assay does not require sophisticated microscopic equipment like imaging flow cytometers and may be a starting point to analyze extracellular trap formation from immune cells other than PMNs. © 2018 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.


Asunto(s)
Trampas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Citometría de Flujo/métodos , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente/métodos , Microscopía Fluorescente/métodos , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Animales , Células de la Médula Ósea/metabolismo , ADN/análisis , ADN/química , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Trampas Extracelulares/química , Femenino , Ensayos Analíticos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/sangre , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Neutrófilos/citología , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Muerte Celular Regulada/efectos de los fármacos , Muerte Celular Regulada/genética
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