Fulgence Raymond: from rural life and veterinary medicine to Charcot's successor at La Salpêtrière Hospital.

This paper provides a historical overview of Professor Fulgence Raymond, Charcot's eldest pupil, who was chosen as his successor. It explores Raymond's origins as a veterinary surgeon, his evolution as a neurologist under Charcot's mentorship, and his tenure as the professor's successor at the La Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, France, from 1894 to 1910.

O presente artigo oferece um perfil histórico do professor Fulgence Raymond, que foi o pupilo mais velho do Professor Jean-Martin Charcot, é apresentado, destacando-se a origem de Raymond como cirurgião veterinário, sua carreira como médico neurologista sob supervisão de Charcot e, finalmente, a sua atuação como sucessor do professor , na cadeira de doenças do sistema nervoso do Hospital de La Salpêtrière, em Paris, França, entre os anos de 1894 e 1910.

A hiatus in the rivalry between Pierre Marie and Jules Dejerine: a collaborative study on sensory disorders by Andre Pierre Marie and Gustave Roussy.

Personal and professional rivalries involving prominent neurologists mark the history of nineteenth-century French neurology. One of the great examples is the feud between Pierre Marie and Jules Dejerine. The dispute between the two, nevertheless, did not prevent Pierre Marie's son, André Marie, and Gustave Roussy - one of Dejerine's favorite pupils, from collaborating on significant research that led to the doctoral dissertation by Andre Marie regarding sensory disturbances associated with painful hemiagnosia found in thalamic lesions.

As rivalidades pessoais e profissionais entre neurologistas proeminentes marcaram a história da neurologia francesa do século XIX. Um dos grandes exemplos é a rivalidade entre Pierre Marie e Jules Dejerine. A disputa entre os dois, no entanto, não impediu que o filho de Pierre Marie, André Marie, e Gustave Roussy, um dos pupilos preferidos de Dejerine, colaborassem numa investigação significativa que resultou na tese de doutorado de André Marie sobre os distúrbios sensoriais associados à hemiagnosia dolorosa encontrada nas lesões talâmicas.

Dreams: Charcot's Last Words on Hysteria.

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), the leading neurologist of his time, is best remembered for his studies on hysteria presented in clinical lectures at the Paris Salpêtrière hospital. Developing the concept of traumatic male hysteria after accidents in which patients suffered slight physical damage led him to advance a psychological explanation for hysteria. Traumatic hysteria is the context for a close reading of Charcot's "last words" based upon a final unpublished lesson in 1893. This case history concerns a seventeen-year-old Parisian artisan whose various signs of hysteria developed following a dream in which he imagined himself the victim of a violent assault. Charcot identifies the dream/nightmare as the "original" feature determining traumatic hysteria. The dream sets in motion an overwhelming consciousness followed by a susceptibility to "autosuggestion" producing somatic signs of hysteria. Charcot's final lesson on dreams thus culminates his study of the psychological basis of traumatic hysteria.

[Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) and his contribution to neurology (the 250th anniversary of the birth)]. / Ser Charl'z Bell (1774­1842) i ego vklad v nevrologiyu (k 250-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya).

Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) is Scottish physiologist, surgeon, artist, philosopher and anatomist. Throughout his professional career, Charles Bell made a number of important discoveries and published a large number of scientific papers. Bell first presented a detailed description of the clinical picture of facial palsy (later named after him) and a number of other neurological disorders, as well as important information about referred pain and reciprocal inhibition. Exploring the physical expression of emotions, Bell described the anatomical basis of facial expressions, which became the basis and incentive for Charles Darwin's work in this direction. Being a talented artist, the scientist himself illustrated his publications. Bell was one of the first to integrate scientific research in neuroanatomy with clinical practice. His most significant discoveries are collected in the book «The Nervous System of the Human Body¼ (1830). A number of neurological conditions and patterns were named after him.

The autonomic nervous system and the origins of neurocardiology.

Following new concepts by Bichat in the early 19th century, of organic and animal life centered around the ganglionic nervous system, over 100 years of anatomic studies and physiologic experimentation eventually resulted in Gaskell's 1916 book entitled "The Involuntary Nervous System" and Langley's 1921 book entitled "The Autonomic Nervous System." Neurology and cardiology emerged as specialties of medicine in the early 20th century. Although neurology made several prominent discoveries in neurophysiology during the first half of the 20th century, cardiology developed coronary care units and cardiac catheterization in the 1960s. Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart and noninvasive ambulatory monitoring provided new methodologies to study clinical cardiac arrhythmias. Experimentally, direct cardiac nerve stimulation of sympathetic nerve endings, as well as parasympathetic control of the atrioventricular node, provided the background to new detailed autonomic studies of the heart. Neurocardiology, perhaps initially more directed towards our understanding of sudden cardiac death, ultimately embraced an even significantly more complex scheme of local circuit neurons and near-endless loops of interconnecting neurons in the heart. Intrathoracic extracardiac and intracardiac ganglia have been recharacterized, both anatomically and physiologically, laying the groundwork for potential new therapies of cardiac neuromodulation.

Beyond the Neurologist: Charles Foix as a Poet and a Playwright.

BACKGROUND: Charles Foix (1882-1927) may be mostly remembered today due to his contributions to vascular neurology and the syndromes that bear his name, such as the Foix-Alajouanine syndrome. However, he also developed a literary career and composed poetry and a vast collection of plays, often dealing with biblical themes or figures from Greek mythology. SUMMARY: His poetry was often inspired by his own experiences during the First World War, in which he was assigned to serve as a medical officer in Greece, becoming enamored with his surroundings and the classical lore. KEY MESSAGES: The authors explore Foix's poetry and drama and their relationship to his overall work as a neurologist, including his wartime experiences.

["Witzelsucht". On the introduction and meaning of the term by Hermann Oppenheim in 1890 and its distinction from "moria"]. / Die "Witzelsucht". Über die Einführung und die Bedeutung des Begriffs von Hermann Oppenheim im Jahr 1890 und seine Abgrenzung zur "Moria".

Hermann Oppenheim (1858-1919) was a German neurologist without an academic career, who in his productive period around 1900 made a name for himself during his lifetime as a major player in the history of German neurology with his many contributions to multiple sclerosis, syphilis and the controversial study of traumatic neurosis; however, it is almost unknown that in 1890 he introduced the term "witzelsucht", which is still used internationally today. Moritz Jastrowitz dealt with behavioral abnormalities due to frontal brain injuries 1 year earlier and used the term "moria" for a form of mental disorder associated with a kind of childish behavior and inappropriate jocularity. Oppenheim was critical of this and differentiated his "witzelsucht" from this. With this term he wanted to describe humoristic feeble-mindedness in a much narrower sense, which stands in striking contrast to the usual symptoms in cases of cerebral tumors. Oppenheim recognized the frontal brain, particularly the right brain, to be an important functional unit for humorous behavior. Modern research has confirmed that the processing of humor requires a complex interaction of multiple brain regions. Damage to the right frontal lobe or to connecting structures can lead to the disorder "witzelsucht". Whether a simultaneous damage to the left hemisphere must be present or if this is dependent on the individual dominant hemisphere, needs further research.