RESUMEN
The family Melampittidae is endemic to New Guinea and consists of two monotypic genera: Melampitta lugubris (Lesser Melampitta) and Megalampitta gigantea (Greater Melampitta). Both Melampitta species have scattered and disconnected distributions across New Guinea in the central mountain range and in some of the outlying ranges. While M. lugubris is common and found in most montane regions of the island, M. gigantaea is elusive and known from only six localities in isolated pockets on New Guinea with very specific habitats of limestone and sinkholes. In this project, we apply museomics to determine the population structure and demographic history of these two species. We re-sequenced the genomes of all seven known M. gigantaea samples housed in museum collections as well as 24 M. lugubris samples from across its distribution. By comparing population structure between the two species, we investigate to what extent habitat dependence, such as in M. gigantaea, may affect population connectivity. Phylogenetic and population genomic analyses, as well as acoustic variation revealed that M. gigantaea consists of a single population in contrast to M. lugubris that shows much stronger population structure across the island. We suggest a recent collapse of M. gigantaea into its fragmented habitats as an explanation to its unexpected low diversity and lack of population structure. The deep genetic divergences between the M. lugubris populations on the Vogelkop region, in the western central range and the eastern central range, respectively, suggests that these three populations should be elevated to full species level. This work sheds new light on the mechanisms that have shaped the intriguing distribution of the two species within this family and is a prime example of the importance of museum collections for genomic studies of poorly known and rare species.
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Passeriformes , Animales , Passeriformes/genética , Nueva Guinea , Especificidad de la Especie , Filogenia , Ecosistema , Genética de Población , Filogeografía , GenomaRESUMEN
Thirty-four new species of Rhagovelia are described from the East Papua Composite Terrane of far eastern New Guinea. The new taxa described from this area are as follows: R. yela, R. woa, and R. mbo from Rossel Island; R. tagula, R. kolukolu, and R. riu from Tagula Island; R. bwagabwaga from Misima Island; R. suloga from Woodlark Island; R. torrenticola and R. elongata from Goodenough Island; R. awaetowa from Fergusson Island; R. dibuwa from Normanby Island; R. basima from Fergusson and Normanby islands; R. kalawai from Sideia and Basilaki islands; R. guiagoila from Basilaki, Sideia and Sariba islands; R. tufi, R. bowutu, R. obscura, R. upalai, R. antap, R. goilala, R. udabe, R. watuti, R. peninsularis, R. auga, R. aviavi, R. tekadu, R. sapoi, R. mimani, R. dinga, R. ivimkana, R. loriae, R. grisea, and R. cheesmanae from the Owen Stanley Range of eastern New Guinea. Redescriptions are also provided for five previously described species occurring in this portion of New Guinea: R. peggiae Kirkaldy, R. hirsuta Lansbury, R. priori Lansbury, R. caesius Lansbury and R. aureospicata Lansbury. A regional key is provided for these 39 species of Rhagovelia occurring in the Papuan Peninsula and adjacent island groups, accompanied by figures of the male parameres and other diagnostic morphological structures, and distribution maps for all species.
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Heterópteros , Animales , Masculino , Nueva GuineaRESUMEN
The world's largest butterfly genus Delias, commonly known as Jezebels, comprises ca. 251 species found throughout Asia, Australia, and Melanesia. Most species are endemic to islands in the Indo-Australian Archipelago or to New Guinea and nearby islands in Melanesia, and many species are restricted to montane habitats over 1200 m. We inferred an extensively sampled and well-supported molecular phylogeny of the group to better understand the spatial and temporal dimensions of its diversification. The remarkable diversity of Delias evolved in just ca. 15-16 Myr (crown age). The most recent common ancestor of a clade with most of the species dispersed out of New Guinea ca. 14 Mya, but at least six subsequently diverging lineages dispersed back to the island. Diversification was associated with frequent dispersal of lineages among the islands of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, and the divergence of sister taxa on a single landmass was rare and occurred only on the largest islands, most notably on New Guinea. We conclude that frequent inter-island dispersal during the Neogene-likely facilitated by frequent sea level change-sparked much diversification during that period. Many extant New Guinea lineages started diversifying 5 Mya, suggesting that orogeny facilitated their diversification. Our results largely agree with the most recently proposed species group classification system, and we use our large taxon sample to extend this system to all described species. Finally, we summarize recent insights to speculate how wing pattern evolution, mimicry, and sexual selection might also contribute to these butterflies' rapid speciation and diversification.
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Mariposas Diurnas , Animales , Filogenia , Mariposas Diurnas/genética , Nueva Guinea , Australia , EcosistemaRESUMEN
Germline colonization by retroviruses results in the formation of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Most colonization's occurred millions of years ago. However, in the Australo-Papuan region (Australia and New Guinea), several recent germline colonization events have been discovered. The Wallace Line separates much of Southeast Asia from the Australo-Papuan region restricting faunal and pathogen dispersion. West of the Wallace Line, gibbon ape leukemia viruses (GALVs) have been isolated from captive gibbons. Two microbat species from China appear to have been infected naturally. East of Wallace's Line, the woolly monkey virus (a GALV) and the closely related koala retrovirus (KoRV) have been detected in eutherians and marsupials in the Australo-Papuan region, often vertically transmitted. The detected vertically transmitted GALV-like viruses in Australo-Papuan fauna compared to sporadic horizontal transmission in Southeast Asia and China suggest the GALV-KoRV clade originates in the former region and further models of early-stage genome colonization may be found. We screened 278 samples, seven bat and one rodent family endemic to the Australo-Papuan region and bat and rodent species found on both sides of the Wallace Line. We identified two rodents (Melomys) from Australia and Papua New Guinea and no bat species harboring GALV-like retroviruses. Melomys leucogaster from New Guinea harbored a genomically complete replication-competent retrovirus with a shared integration site among individuals. The integration was only present in some individuals of the species indicating this retrovirus is at the earliest stages of germline colonization of the Melomys genome, providing a new small wild mammal model of early-stage genome colonization.
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Quirópteros , Retrovirus Endógenos , Gammaretrovirus , Marsupiales , Animales , Virus de la Leucemia del Gibón/genética , Nueva Guinea , Gammaretrovirus/genética , Murinae/genética , Marsupiales/genética , Células GerminativasRESUMEN
New Guinea is one of the last regions in the world with vast pristine areas and is home to many endemic species. However, extensive road development plans threaten the island's biodiversity. We quantified habitat fragmentation due to existing and planned roads for 139 terrestrial mammal species in New Guinea. For each species, we calculated the equivalent connected area (ECA) of habitat, a metric that takes into account the area and connectivity of habitat patches in 3 situations: no roads (baseline situation), existing roads (current), and existing and planned roads combined (future). We assessed the effect of roads as the proportion of the ECA remaining in the current and future situations relative to the baseline. To examine whether there were patterns in these relative ECA values, we fitted beta-regression models relating these values to 4 species characteristics: taxonomic order, body mass, diet, and International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List status. On average across species, current ECA was 89% (SD 12) of baseline ECA. Shawmayer's coccymys (Coccymys shawmayeri) had the lowest amount of current ECA relative to the baseline (53%). In the future situation, the average remaining ECA was 71% (SD 20) of baseline ECA. Future remaining ECA was below 50% of the baseline for 28 species. The montane soft-furred paramelomys (Paramelomys mollis) had the lowest future ECA relative to the baseline (36%). In general, currently nonthreatened carnivorous species with a large body mass had the greatest reductions of ECA in the future situation. In conclusion, future road development plans imply extensive additional habitat fragmentation for a large number of terrestrial mammal species in New Guinea. It is therefore important to limit the impact of planned roads, for example, by reconsidering the location of planned roads that intersect habitat of the most threatened species, or by the implementation of mitigation measures such as underpasses.
Impacto de las carreteras planeadas y existentes sobre el hábitat de mamíferos terrestres en Nueva Guinea Resumen Nueva Guinea es una de las últimas regiones del mundo con zonas vírgenes extensas que alberga muchas especies endémicas. Sin embargo, los planes extensivos de desarrollo de carreteras amenazan la biodiversidad de la isla. Cuantificamos la fragmentación del hábitat causada por las carreteras existentes y previstas para 139 especies de mamíferos terrestres de Nueva Guinea. Para cada especie, calculamos el área conectada equivalente (ACE) del hábitat, una medida que considera el área y la conectividad de los fragmentos de hábitat en tres situaciones: sin carreteras (situación de referencia), carreteras existentes (actual) y la combinación de carreteras existentes y previstas (futuro). Evaluamos el efecto de las carreteras como la proporción de ACE que quedaba en las situaciones actual y futura en relación con la situación de referencia. Para examinar si existían patrones en estos valores relativos de ECA, ajustamos modelos de regresión beta relacionando estos valores con cuatro características de las especies: orden taxonómico, masa corporal, dieta y estado en la Lista Roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza. En promedio para todas las especies, la ACE actual fue 89% (DE 12) de la ACE basal. La especie Coccymys shawmayeri presentó la menor cantidad de ACE actual en relación con la base de referencia (53%). En la situación futura, la media de ACE restante fue del 71% (DE 20) de la ACE de referencia. La ACE restante futura fue inferior al 50% de la línea de base para 28 especies. La especie Paramelomys mollis tuvo la ACE futura más baja en relación con la línea base (36%). En general, las especies carnívoras que no están amenazadas actualmente y tienen una masa corporal grande tuvieron la mayor reducción de ACE en la situación futura. Para concluir, la futura construcción de carreteras implica una extensa fragmentación de hábitat adicional para un gran número de especies de mamíferos terrestres en Nueva Guinea. Por esto es importante limitar el impacto de las carreteras planeadas, por ejemplo, reconsiderando la ubicación de las carreteras que cruzan el hábitat de las especies más amenazadas o implementando medidas de mitigación como los pasos subterráneos.
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Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , Animales , Nueva Guinea , Mamíferos , BiodiversidadRESUMEN
The Indigenous peoples of Australia have a rich linguistic and cultural history. How this relates to genetic diversity remains largely unknown because of their limited engagement with genomic studies. Here we analyse the genomes of 159 individuals from four remote Indigenous communities, including people who speak a language (Tiwi) not from the most widespread family (Pama-Nyungan). This large collection of Indigenous Australian genomes was made possible by careful community engagement and consultation. We observe exceptionally strong population structure across Australia, driven by divergence times between communities of 26,000-35,000 years ago and long-term low but stable effective population sizes. This demographic history, including early divergence from Papua New Guinean (47,000 years ago) and Eurasian groups1, has generated the highest proportion of previously undescribed genetic variation seen outside Africa and the most extended homozygosity compared with global samples. A substantial proportion of this variation is not observed in global reference panels or clinical datasets, and variation with predicted functional consequence is more likely to be homozygous than in other populations, with consequent implications for medical genomics2. Our results show that Indigenous Australians are not a single homogeneous genetic group and their genetic relationship with the peoples of New Guinea is not uniform. These patterns imply that the full breadth of Indigenous Australian genetic diversity remains uncharacterized, potentially limiting genomic medicine and equitable healthcare for Indigenous Australians.
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Aborigenas Australianos e Isleños del Estrecho de Torres , Genoma Humano , Variación Estructural del Genoma , Humanos , Australia/etnología , Aborigenas Australianos e Isleños del Estrecho de Torres/genética , Aborigenas Australianos e Isleños del Estrecho de Torres/historia , Conjuntos de Datos como Asunto , Genética Médica , Genoma Humano/genética , Variación Estructural del Genoma/genética , Genómica , Historia Antigua , Homocigoto , Lenguaje , Nueva Guinea/etnología , Densidad de Población , Dinámica PoblacionalRESUMEN
Up to now, 24 genera of Nematoda belonging to the Nippostrongylinae (Heligmonellidae) have been reported from New Guinean murid rodents. Nine of these genera have been reviewed in previous works. In the present work, another 11 genera are re-examined on morphological characters mainly corresponding to the synlophe and to a lesser degree to the bursa. This re-examination leads us to recognize three valid genera: Melomystrongylus, Pogonomystrongylus and Nugininema. The remaining genera appear to us insufficiently described or seem to involve more than one taxon; we consider them genera inquirenda. These are: Mawsonema, Montistrongylus, Parvinema, Missimstrongylus, Flannerystrongylus, Helgenema and Paramelomystrongylus. The genus Rodentanema does not belong to the Nippostrongylinae but to the Herpetostrongylidae (Heligmosomoidea). In addition to the three genera recognized herein, nine other genera of Nippostrongylinae are present in New Guinea: Equilophos, Hasanuddinia, Hasegawanema, Hughjonestrongylus, Lesleyella, Macrostrongylus, Nippostrongylus, Parasabanema and Sanduanensis. Several species attributed to the genera Bunomystrongylus, Chisholmia, Odilia and Sabanema are insufficiently described and their generic assignment could not be rectified or ratified. Consequently, the presence of these latter genera in New Guinean rodents remains unconfirmed, until more complete descriptions or illustrations are provided.
Title: Révision des genres d'Heligmonellidae (Nematoda, Heligmosomoidea) parasites de Muridae de Nouvelle-Guinée. Abstract: Jusqu'à présent, 24 genres de Nématodes appartenant aux Nippostrongylinae (Heligmonellidae) ont été signalés chez des Rongeurs Muridae de Nouvelle Guinée. Parmi ces genres, neuf ont été révisés dans des articles précédents. Dans cet article, 11 autres genres sont réexaminés sur des caractères morphologiques concernant principalement le synlophe et en moindre mesure, la bourse caudale. Trois genres sont considérés comme valides : Melomystrongylus, Pogonomystrongylus et Nugininema. Les genres restants nous paraissent insuffisamment décrits ou représentent plus d'un taxon ; ils sont considérés genera inquirenda. Il s'agit de : Mawsonema, Montistrongylus, Parvinema, Missimstrongylus, Flannerystrongylus, Helgenema et Paramelomystrongylus. Le genre Rodentanema n'appartient pas aux Nippostrongylinae mais aux Herpetostrongylidae (Heligmosomoidea). En plus des trois genres ici reconnus, neuf autres genres de Nippostrongylinae sont présents en Nouvelle Guinée : Equilophos, Hasanuddinia, Hasegawanema, Hughjonestrongylus, Lesleyella, Macrostrongylus, Nippostrongylus, Parasabanema et Sanduanensis. Plusieurs espèces attribuées aux genres Bunomystrongylus, Chisholmia, Odilia et Sabanema sont insuffisamment décrites et leur assignation au niveau générique n'a pas pu être rectifiée ou ratifiée. Jusqu'à ce que des descriptions plus complètes soient apportées, le statut taxonomique de ces derniers genres chez des Rongeurs de Nouvelle Guinée reste incertain.
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Muridae , Nematodos , Animales , Humanos , Nueva Guinea , EtnicidadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this research was to explore factors influencing students at the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) Bachelor of Medical Imaging Science (BMIS) choice to pursue rural radiography careers. METHODS: A survey and focus groups of BMIS students at the UPNG were undertaken. The survey included questions related to sociodemographic variables including gender, age, education, rural background and previous employment; and Likert-type scale questions exploring motivation for rural practice, the promotion of radiography through rural practice and the influence of birthplace and incentives to practice. Focus groups comprising convenience samples of six students each from the second, third and fourth years of study explored the promotion of rural radiography, community-based training internships, the benefits of rural practice and the influence of undergraduate training on future rural practice. RESULTS: There were 54 responses (94.7%) to the survey with strong interest (88.9%) in rural radiography practice; 96.3% (n=52) agreed that undergraduate rural training would also act as a motivator. Rural training was a stronger incentive for females than for males (p=0.02). Not being trained in conventional non-digital film screen imaging at UPNG was a strong barrier to rural practice; while being able to give back to the community, increased professional responsibility, cheaper living, job satisfaction and cultural exchange were all viewed as positive aspects of rural practice. Most students reported a benefit to rural practice, while acknowledging a lack of contemporary imaging equipment in rural facilities. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that UPNG BMIS students would contemplate careers in rural practice and provides evidence to support dedicated undergraduate rural radiography placement. It also highlights the dichotomy in urban and rural services, which suggests the need for greater emphasis on conventional non-digital film screen radiography in the undergraduate program to best support graduates to work and, importantly, work effectively in rural communities. As most students were from rural areas these results must be tempered by the fact that students may simply be wanting to return home rather than reporting explicit rural intent. A more comprehensive study of the medical imaging profession in PNG should be undertaken to validate this study.
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Medicina , Estudiantes de Medicina , Femenino , Masculino , Humanos , Nueva Guinea , Población Rural , RadiografíaRESUMEN
Two formerly monotypic subgenera of Scytocera Redtenbacher, 1891, namely Morocera Gorochov, 2016 stat. nov. and Papucera Gorochov, 2016 stat. nov. are raised to full genus status. The first male of Morocera loriae (Griffini, 1908) and two new species of this genus are described: M. nigrifrons sp. nov. and M. peniculosa sp. nov. In the genus Papucera, formerly only known from P. smaragdifrons Naskrecki & Rentz (2010), P. dentata sp. nov. is described as new species. Four new genera are proposed to accommodate species with unique characters, namely Cuspicera gen. nov. for two species, C. luxoria spec. nov. (typus generis) and C. alata sp. nov., Kaindiagraecia gen. nov. for K. bilobata sp. nov., Glennagraecia gen. nov. for G. curvata sp. nov. and Angustocera gen. nov. for A. plana sp. nov. All data are based on specimens found in historical museum collections in Europe and North America.
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Ortópteros , Masculino , Animales , Nueva Guinea , Distribución AnimalRESUMEN
We consider the distribution of fruit pigeons of the genera Ptilinopus and Ducula on the island of New Guinea. Of the 21 species, between six and eight coexist inside humid lowland forests. We conducted or analyzed 31 surveys at 16 different sites, resurveying some sites in different years. The species coexisting at any single site in a single year are a highly nonrandom selection of the species to which that site is geographically accessible. Their sizes are both much more widely spread and more uniformly spaced than in random sets of species drawn from the locally available species pool. We also present a detailed case study of a highly mobile species that has been recorded on every ornithologically explored island in the West Papuan island group west of New Guinea. That species' rareness on just three well-surveyed islands within the group cannot be due to an inability to reach them. Instead, its local status decreases from abundant resident to rare vagrant in parallel with increasing weight proximity of the other resident species.
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Columbidae , Bosques , Animales , Nueva GuineaRESUMEN
Casualties during the occupation of German New Guinea by the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force starting in September 1914 were limited to six dead during a few initial armed clashes and the loss of RAN submarine AE-1, followed by a few years of tropical disease exposures. A dengue epidemic affected most soldiers within a month of their arrival in Rabaul. Subsequently, a malaria epidemic swept through the occupation forces in January 1915 infecting a majority of the soldiers and killing five. Malaria was eventually controlled by daily draughts of quinine solution. Diarrhoea/dysentery was a particular concern among the local contract labour force. Skin diseases were a major chronic problem of tropical service. Twenty-seven non-combat deaths over 4 years (<1%/year) were considered a 'healthy' outcome for the occupation force which consisted largely of men unfit for active service in the Australian Imperial Force. No one should under-estimate the modern requirement to protect non-immune soldiers or travellers going to Papua New Guinea for extended periods.
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Epidemias , Malaria , Personal Militar , Masculino , Humanos , Nueva Guinea , Australia/epidemiología , Malaria/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Hybridizations between Musa species and subspecies, enabled by their transport via human migration, were proposed to have played an important role in banana domestication. We exploited sequencing data of 226 Musaceae accessions, including wild and cultivated accessions, to characterize the inter(sub)specific hybridization pattern that gave rise to cultivated bananas. We identified 11 genetic pools that contributed to cultivars, including two contributors of unknown origin. Informative alleles for each of these genetic pools were pinpointed and used to obtain genome ancestry mosaics of accessions. Diploid and triploid cultivars had genome mosaics involving three up to possibly seven contributors. The simplest mosaics were found for some diploid cultivars from New Guinea, combining three contributors, i.e., banksii and zebrina representing Musa acuminata subspecies and, more unexpectedly, the New Guinean species Musa schizocarpa. Breakpoints of M. schizocarpa introgressions were found to be conserved between New Guinea cultivars and the other analyzed diploid and triploid cultivars. This suggests that plants bearing these M. schizocarpa introgressions were transported from New Guinea and gave rise to currently cultivated bananas. Many cultivars showed contrasted mosaics with predominant ancestry from their geographical origin across Southeast Asia to New Guinea. This revealed that further diversification occurred in different Southeast Asian regions through hybridization with other Musa (sub)species, including two unknown ancestors that we propose to be M. acuminata ssp. halabanensis and a yet to be characterized M. acuminata subspecies. These results highlighted a dynamic crop formation process that was initiated in New Guinea, with subsequent diversification throughout Southeast Asia.
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Genoma de Planta , Musa , Humanos , Genoma de Planta/genética , Musa/genética , Nueva Guinea , Triploidía , Hibridación GenéticaRESUMEN
A new genus of Cephenniini, Papuamicrus gen. n. (type species Papuamicrus globosus sp. n.) is described based on specimens collected in Papua New Guinea. The new genus belongs to the Cephennomicrus group of genera and is characterized by a highly reductive morphology of the dorsum, lacking pronotal pits and elytral foveae, but having uniquely shaped prosternal and mesoventral processes and a highly unusual for Cephenniini aedeagal structure with a basal lentiform sclerotization situated at middle of a small diaphragm shifted to the basal surface of the median lobe. Updated identification key to the world genera of Cephenniini is given to accommodate the new taxon.
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Escarabajos , Animales , Nueva Guinea , Distribución Animal , Estructuras Animales , Tamaño Corporal , Tamaño de los ÓrganosRESUMEN
Genomic sequence data from worldwide human populations have provided a range of novel insights into our shared ancestry and the historical migrations that have shaped our global genetic diversity. However, a comprehensive understanding of these fundamental questions has been impeded by the lack of inclusion of many Indigenous populations in genomic surveys, including those from the Wallacean archipelago (which comprises islands of present-day Indonesia located east and west of Wallace's and Lydekker's Lines, respectively) and the former continent of Sahul (which once combined New Guinea and Australia during lower sea levels in the Pleistocene). Notably, these regions have been important areas of human evolution throughout the Late Pleistocene, as documented by diverse fossil and archaeological records which attest to the regional presence of multiple hominin species prior to the arrival of anatomically modern human (AMH) migrants. In this review, we collate and discuss key findings from the past decade of population genetic and phylogeographic literature focussed on the hominin history in Wallacea and Sahul. Specifically, we examine the evidence for the timing and direction of the ancient AMH migratory movements and subsequent hominin mixing events, emphasising several novel but consistent results that have important implications for addressing these questions. Finally, we suggest potentially lucrative directions for future genetic research in this key region of human evolution.
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Escarabajos , Hominidae , Animales , Humanos , Hominidae/genética , Migración Humana , Nueva Guinea , Australia , FilogeografíaRESUMEN
Advances in tracking technology have helped elucidate the movements of the planet's largest and most mobile species, but these animals do not represent faunal diversity as a whole. Tracking a more diverse array of animal species will enable testing of broad ecological and evolutionary hypotheses and aid conservation efforts. Small and sedentary species of the tropics make up a huge part of earth's animal diversity and are therefore key to this endeavor. Here, we investigated whether modern satellite tracking is a viable means for measuring the fine-scale movement patterns of such animals. We fitted five-gram solar-powered transmitters to resident songbirds in the rainforests of New Guinea, and analyzed transmission data collected over four years to evaluate movement detection and performance over time. Based upon the distribution of location fixes, and an observed home range shift by one individual, there is excellent potential to detect small movements of a few kilometers. The method also has clear limitations: total transmission periods were often short and punctuated by lapses; precision and accuracy of location fixes was limited and variable between study sites. However, impending reductions in transmitter size and price will alleviate many issues, further expanding options for tracking earth's faunal diversity.
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Pájaros Cantores , Animales , Bosques , Fenómenos de Retorno al Lugar Habitual , Bosque Lluvioso , Nueva Guinea , EcosistemaRESUMEN
A new molecular phylogeny of a remarkable radiation of New Guinean and Australian rodents indicates multiple transitions between biomes and biogeographical regions within the group, and suggests that a key role was played by the geological history of New Guinea.
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Evolución Biológica , Ecosistema , Animales , Australia , Evolución Molecular , Nueva Guinea , Filogenia , Roedores/genéticaRESUMEN
An overview of the representatives of the geocorine true bug genus, Germalus Stl, 1862, distributed in New Guinea is presented. The results include the description of Germalus cucullatus sp. nov., Germalus kontschani sp. nov., Germalus pappi sp. nov., Germalus pulchellus sp. nov. and Germalus sellatus sp. n. and the discussion of their relationship to other Germalus species in the adjacent regions. Key to New Guinean species and distribution maps are provided.
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Heterópteros , Animales , Nueva GuineaRESUMEN
The genera Philmontis Willemse, 1966 and Philmontoides gen. nov. are revised. Both genera are of similar general appearance and share a similar color pattern. They differ in the length of the male pronotum that covers the stridulatory area in Philmontis but leaves it free in Philmontoides, by the length of the prosternal spines, by the absence or presence of spines on the inner margin of the hind femur and the hind knees being provided with a single or with two apical spines. The male titillators of Philmontis are often elongate and rather simple, but always terminate into a small sclerotized disc that is missing in Philmontoides and in which the titillators of most species show striking modifications of the apical areas differing among species. The ovipositor is regularly curved to an acute end in Philmontis but has the dorsal valves expanded around mid-length in Philmontoides. The affinity of Nicsara forcipata Willemse, 1966 with the type species of Philmontis (P. nigrofasciatus Willemse, 1966) is confirmed on basis of the homology of the male cerci and titillators in both species. P. minimus Willemse, 1966, originally described as forma of P. nigrofasciatus, is given full species status. Eleven species are described as new in the genus Philmontis Willemse, 1966: Philmontis angustus sp. nov., P. murmur sp. nov., P. banz sp. nov., P. flexus sp. nov., P. extensus sp. nov., P. spinosus sp. nov., P. angulatus sp. nov., P. profusus sp. nov., P. robustus sp. nov., P. pandus sp. nov. and P. pumilus sp. nov.Lobaspis hageni Dohrn, 1905 is selected as type species of the genus Philmontoides gen. nov. Two species, Nicsara affinis Willemse, 1966 and Philmontis lobatus Naskrecki Rentz, 2010, are newly combined with Philmontoides. Six species are described as new in that genus: Philmontoides globosus sp. nov., P. disjunctus sp. nov., P. striatus sp. nov., P. geminus sp. nov., P. commodus sp. nov., P. wau sp. nov.
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Hemípteros , Ortópteros , Distribución Animal , Animales , Masculino , Nueva GuineaRESUMEN
Sahul unites the world's largest and highest tropical island and the oldest and most arid continent on the backdrop of dynamic environmental conditions. Massive geological uplift in New Guinea is predicted to have acted as a species pump from the late Miocene onward, but the impact of this process on biogeography and diversification remains untested across Sahul as a whole. To address this, we reconstruct the assembly of a recent and diverse radiation of rodents (Murinae: Hydromyini) spanning New Guinea, Australia, and oceanic islands. Using phylogenomic data from 270 specimens, including many recently extinct and highly elusive species, we find that the orogeny and expansion of New Guinea opened ecological opportunity and triggered diversification across a continent. After a single over-water colonization from Asia ca. 8.5 Ma, ancestral Hydromyini were restricted to the tropical rainforest of proto-New Guinea for 3.5 million years. Following a shift in diversification coincident with the orogeny of New Guinea ca. 5 Ma and subsequent colonization of Australia, transitions between geographic regions (n = 24) and biomes (n = 34) become frequent. Recurrent over-water colonization between mainland and islands demonstrate how islands can play a substantial role in the assembly of continental fauna. Our results are consistent with a model of increased ecological opportunity across Sahul following major geological uplift in New Guinea ca. 5 Ma, with sustained diversification facilitated by over-water colonization from the Pleistocene to present. We show how geological processes, biome transitions, and over-water colonization collectively drove the diversification of an expansive continental radiation.